BIO111 Test 6

Some major changes that occurred in horse body size, foot anatomy and tooth morphology are hypothesized to be due to natural selection because of ... A.) changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from forest to grasslands. B.) changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from grasslands to forest. C.) changing climates from dry to wet. D.) changing climates from wet to dry. E.) increase in reproduction of larger animals due to lack of water in the dry environment.

A.) changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from forest to grasslands.

The term evolution is used to describe: A.) heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. B.) any change in an individual that can be observed. C.) changes in the number of individuals in a population due to mating. D.) the ability of an individual organism to pass on what is learned, through experience, to the next generation. E.) any change in an individual organism that occurs in somatic cells.

A.) heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called A.) homology. B.) analogy. C.) commonality. D.) convergence. E.) analogy and convergence are correct.

A.) homology.

English ivy (Hedera helix) and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees. As you can tell from their scientific name these plants are not closely related, but yet they have both evolved similar morphological structures used for the same purpose. What type of evolution is this? A.) Divergent B.) Convergent. C.) Radial D.) Bivalent. E.) None of the above.

B.) Convergent.

The Modern Synthesis of evolution is based on A.) observations of the formation of new species. B.) Darwin's ideas and modern concepts of genetics. C.) experimental studies of populations performed by Darwin. D.) recent concepts of adaptation and reproduction. E.) recent developments of DNA replication and PCR machines.

B.) Darwin's ideas and modern concepts of genetics.

The concept of a species was proposed by A.) Charles Darwin. B.) John Ray. C.) Carolus Darwin. D.) George Cuvier

B.) John Ray.

Did Darwin develop his theory of evolution through experimentation or observation or other methods? A.) Experimentation. B.) Observation. C.) Both experimentation and observation because he collected samples but also worked experimentally with finches. D.) Mathematical analysis of experimental data.

B.) Observation.

Similarity in evolutionarily unrelated groups due to adaptation to similar environments is called A.) concentric evolution. B.) convergent evolution. C.) biogeographic evolution. D.) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. E.) both biogeographic and convergent evolution.

B.) convergent evolution.

A species that is naturally found only in a particular location is called A.) extinct. B.) endemic. C.) extinct due to the action of humans. D.) exotic. E.) transitional.

B.) endemic.

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was A.) animals tend toward "human perfection." B.) only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce. C.) population size of humans can. D.) inheritance of acquired characteristics. E.) none of these. Charles Darwin was influenced by John Ray not Thomas Malthus.

B.) only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce.

In humans, structures that show developmental homology include A.) eyes and nose. B.) temporary gill slits and bony tail. C.) legs and arms. D.) lungs and stomach. E.) both eyes and nose and lungs and stomach.

B.) temporary gill slits and bony tail.

Why was it important that Darwin visited islands, and then compared island species with continental species? A.) Because Darwin found unique species on the islands. These island species did not have any of the characteristics of their ancestral continental species. B.) Because Darwin's attention was drawn to the uniqueness of the island species, even though they retained some resemblance to continental species. C.) Because Darwin's attention was drawn to the uniqueness and variety of finches on the islands, determining that their adaptations came from eating different food than continental species. D.) Because Darwin saw very low reproductive survival rates on the island as compared to the mainland. E.) Because Darwin observed continental species of finch flying to the islands.

C.) Because Darwin's attention was drawn to the uniqueness and variety of finches on the islands, determining that their adaptations came from eating different food than continental species.

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection" can be demonstrated by which of the following examples? A.) A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches. The exercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck and legs. This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe's offspring. B.) A monkey accidentally drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay, she recovers the fruit and eats it. She discovers that the fruit is cleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water. She continues to wash fruit in the bay before eating. Her offspring see what she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water. Soon the whole population is washing their fruit. C.) Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sand on the beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the others are darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but one by one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand colored turtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes to a darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that are also sand colored when they are born. D.) A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has the ability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water. The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of prey and eaten.

C.) Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sand on the beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the others are darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but one by one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand colored turtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes to a darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that are also sand colored when they are born.

The result of natural selection is A.) extinction. B.) catastrophism. C.) adaptation. D.) synthesis. E.) behavioral change.

C.) adaptation.

The long snout of the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, of South America, and the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, of Australia, are animals of different evolutionary lineages that are both adapted to eating ants. This is an example of A.) selective breeding. B.) anatomical homology. C.) analogous traits. D.) artificial selection. E.) Both analogous traits and artificial selection are correct.

C.) analogous traits.

The island fox, Urocyon littoralis, is only found on the Channel Island off the coast of California. This species is not found on the mainland where the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, lives. This species would be considered to be A.) extinct B.) a transitional form. C.) endemic. D.) exotic. E.) an ancestral form.

C.) endemic.

The bacterium Bacillus tumefaciens has been harnessed in biotechnology because it can insert a gene from one species of plant into another. This can occur in nature and is referred to as A.) vestigal transer. B.) homology. C.) horizontal gene transfer. D.) vertical evolution. E.) exon shuffling through endocytosis.

C.) horizontal gene transfer.

When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four-legged animals. These bones are called ... A.) convergent traits. B.) analogous structures. C.) vestigial structures. D.) homologous structures. E.) both homologous and analogous structures.

C.) vestigial structures.

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa, have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of A.) selective breeding. B.) transitional forms. C.) homologous traits. D.) convergent evolution. E.) concave evolution.

D.) convergent evolution.

Molecular homologies are shown in A.) all organisms using DNA to store information. B.) access to cellular information via RNA. C.) proteins being the functional products of most genes. D.) similarities in biochemical pathways. E.) All of the choices are correct.

E.) All of the choices are correct.

You are all excited because you just purchased a male guppy that has red, blue and green colors on its fins and tail. Your guppies at home do not have this combination of colors. You place the new male in with three females for mating purposes. After three weeks you have many new baby guppies and most of them have the new color combination. This is an example of which type of selection? A.) Natural. B.) Environmental. C.) Analogous. D.) Convergent. E.) Artificial.

E.) Artificial

How did Thomas Malthus's ideas, about human population, affect Darwin's ideas on natural selection? A.) Darwin decided that if human population increased with each successive generation, all animals and plants must reproduce using the same principles. B.) Darwin abandoned his idea of natural selection because Malthus' work proved that populations would continually double in number with each generation. C.) Thomas Malthus believed that human populations declined when temperature drops, therefore Darwin concluded that all plant species will not reproduce in cold temperatures. D.) Malthus believed that only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce, Darwin contradicted Malthus's theories and said that all species will continue to survive and reproduce indefinitely. E.) Malthus theorized that only a fraction of any human population will survive and reproduce. Darwin's observations during his voyage on the Beagle, supported Malthus' theory.

E.) Malthus theorized that only a fraction of any human population will survive and reproduce. Darwin's observations during his voyage on the Beagle, supported Malthus' theory.

Vertical evolution arises from A.) genetic mutations. B.) gene duplication. C.) exon shuffling. D.) genetic mutations and gene duplication. E.) genetic mutations, gene duplication and exon shuffling.

E.) genetic mutations, gene duplication and exon shuffling.

Evolution, viewed on a small scale, as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time, is called A.) macroevolution. B.) speciation. C.) genetic evolution. D.) phenotypic evolution. E.) microevolution.

E.) microevolution.

You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and a manatee swims close to the glass. On his front flippers you see fingernails. You think, what possible use could fingernails be to a manatee, then you realize they are of no use at all. Which of the following best explains the presence of fingernails on a manatee? A.) they are remnants of the bones used by fish for their fins. B.) they are homologous structures. C.) the bones are protruding from the fins and only look like fingernails, even though every manatee in the tank looks like it has fingernails. D.) convergent evolution has occurred. E.) they are vestigial structures.

E.) they are vestigial structures.