Bio20 - blood

Red blood cell membranes contain glycoproteins and glycolipids that determine your ABO blood type and proteins that determine your Rh (+/-) blood type.

- ABO blood type is determined by the presence of A, B, both (AB), or neither (O) of the A or B antigens. - Rh blood type is determined by the presence of (+) or lack of (-) the D antigen.

Anti-D serum is used to test for Rh factor.

- Agglutination of the anti-D sample means the blood is Rh positive - Without agglutination of anti-D, the blood is Rh negative

The blood plasma may also contain antibodies, depending on the ABO and Rh blood types.

- If you have blood type A, you will have anti-B antibodies. - If you have blood type B, you will have anti-A antibodies. - If you have blood type O, you will have both anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies. - If you have blood type AB, you will NOT have any anti-A nor anti-B antibodies. - No one has anti-D (Rh) antibodies unless they are Rh- AND have been previously exposed to Rh+ blood.

Blood can only be donated from a person with a specific ABO antigen to a person without antibodies for that antigen. Otherwise, agglutination (clumping) will occur.

- Type A cannot donate to Type B or Type O because they both have anti-A antibodies. - Type B cannot donate to Type A or Type O because they both have anti-B antibodies. - Type AB cannot donate to Type A because they have anti-B antibodies or - Type B because they have anti-A antibodies. - Type O can potentially donate to everyone because their blood has no antigen to attack. However, Type O should first have its own anti-A and anti-B antibodies removed. - Rh+ blood should not be transfused to an Rh- person; however, Rh- blood can be donated to an Rh+ person.

The sera that cause agglutination determine the blood type, as shown in the third column.

- When only anti-A causes agglutination, the blood type is A - When only anti-B causes agglutination, the blood type is B - When BOTH anti-A and anti-B cause agglutination, the blood type is AB - When neither of the sera causes agglutination, the blood type is O PREV

antibody

an immune system protein that is found in most body fluids, especially blood plasma. antibodies bind to antigens to aid the immune response.

Antigen

any substance that is capable of causing an immune reaction. these are usually proteins, glycoproteins, ir glycolipids

serum/sera

fluid containing antibodies

Anti-A

means antibody A, which binds to antigen A.

Anti-B

means antibody B, which binds to antigen B.

Anti-D

means antibody D, which binds to antigen D.

type A

red blood cells with A antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies

type B

red blood cells with B antigens and plasma with anti-A anitibodies

type AB

red blood cells with both a and b antigens, and plasma with neither anti-a nor anti-b antibodies

type O

red blood cells with neither A nor B antigen, but plasma with both anti-A and and anti-B antibodies

Anti-B

shows agglutination

Anti-D

shows agglutination

Anti-A

shows no agglutination

agglutinin

substance causing clumping in an agglutination process. antibodies in blood typing are agglutinins

Agglutination

the clumping of cells bound antigens, as occurs when antibodies attach to ABO and D(Rh) antigens

agglutinogen

the substance being clumped in an agglutination reaction. antigens in blood typing are agglutinogens

Anti-D serum

used to test for Rh factor. Agglutination of the anti-D sample means the blood is Rh positive.