BIO382- exam 3- HW 05/03
Why might a gallstone affect the pancreas? Choose the most accurate answer. (A) A gallstone that blocks the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) will block the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. (B) A gallstone will interfere with bile secretion, and the pancreas cannot work without bile. (C) The pancreas drains through the cystic duct, so anything that blocks that duct will affect it. (D) Anything that irritates the liver will also damage the pancreas because they are so close together.
(A) A gallstone that blocks the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) will block the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
________ interact with bile salts to form micelles needed for lipid absorption. (A) Fatty acids and monoglycerides (B) Complex carbohydrates and monoglycerides (C) Fatty acids and triglycerides (D) Complex carbohydrates and fatty acids (E) Fatty acids and diglycerides
(A) Fatty acids and monoglycerides
Roughly twelve days after ovulation, the corpus luteum becomes nonfunctional and hypothalamic production of ________ increases. (A) GnRH (B) progesterone (C) LH (D) FSH (E) estrogen
(A) GnRH
Which hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland targets the interstitial cells of the testes? (A) LH (B) progesterone (C) testosterone (D) FSH (E) GnRH
(A) LH
Which of the following nutrients is first absorbed into the lymphatic system? (A) Lipids (B) Monosaccharides (C) Carbohydrates (D) Proteins
(A) Lipids
From where are most toxins that are absorbed from food transported? (A) Liver (B) Active muscle (C) Lymphatic vessels (D) Hypothalamus (E) Pancreas
(A) Liver
Menstruation (A) usually lasts eight to eleven days. (B) is the process of shedding the entire functional zone. (C) cannot continue if myometrial contractions occur. (D) usually results in the loss of 500-750 ml of blood. (E) cannot occur if uterine inflammation exists.
(B) is the process of shedding the entire functional zone.
Rugae are (A) present when the stomach is at maximum distention. (B) mucosal ridges in the stomach. (C) pockets in the lining of the stomach that contain secretory cells. (D) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. (E) located in the esophagus.
(B) mucosal ridges in the stomach.
Maltase, sucrase, and lactase are carbohydrases produced by the ________. (A) liver (B) small intestine (C) stomach (D) parotid salivary gland (E) pancreas
(B) small intestine
The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with (A) the entry of chyme into the small intestine. (B) the arrival of food in the stomach. (C) the sight, thought, or smell of food. (D) the entry of chyme into the large intestine. (E) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.
(B) the arrival of food in the stomach
Which hepatic cells are antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response? (A) beta cells (B) hepatocytes (C) Kupffer cells (D) alpha cells (E) islets
(C) Kupffer cells
Which of the following functions of the testes requires the presence of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone? (A) Maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system (B) Stimulation of bone and muscle growth (C) Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (D) Establishment and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
(C) Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
What may be the most likely reason for the existence of polar bodies? (A) They add a hormonal stimulus necessary to trigger ovulation. (B) They act as a back-up in case the secondary oocyte becomes non-viable. (C) They provide a structure for half of the chromosomes after cellular division. (D) They may be fertilized and produce a viable twin. (E) They are important additional sources of estrogen.
(C) They provide a structure for half of the chromosomes after cellular division.
Which pancreatic digestive enzymes digest starches? (A) peptidases (B) lipases (C) carbohydrases (D) proteases (E) nucleases
(C) carbohydrases
Which of the following is the correct path of an egg released during ovulation? (A) infundibulum, fimbriae, uterine tube, uterine cavity (B) uterine tube, fimbriae, infundibulum, uterine cavity (C) fimbriae, infundibulum, uterine tube, uterine cavity (D) uterine cavity, uterine tube, infundibulum, fimbriae
(C) fimbriae, infundibulum, uterine tube, uterine cavity
Gastrin causes (A) inhibition of HCl secretion. (B) the upper esophageal sphincter to open. (C) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells. (D) the conversion of pepsin into pepsinogen. (E) the pyloric sphincter to alternately open and close.
(C) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells.
As tertiary follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of which hormone? (A) estrogen (B) GnRH (C) inhibin (D) LH (E) progesterone
(C) inhibin
Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of (A) vitamins. (B) disaccharides. (C) lipid. (D) protein. (E) complex carbohydrates.
(C) lipid.
Identify the correct match. (A) inhibin/stimulates FSH secretion (B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone/inhibits FSH secretion (C) luteinizing hormone/stimulates interstitial cells (D) estrogen/produced by interstitial cells (E) androgen/stimulates male climacteric
(C) luteinizing hormone/stimulates interstitial cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? (A) plasma protein synthesis (B) vitamin storage (C) nutrient absorption (D) bile production
(C) nutrient absorption
A high sperm count would result in __________. (A) release of more follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (B) release of more testosterone (C) release of more insulin (D) increased libido
(C) release of more insulin
If pregnancy does not occur __________. (A) GnRH secretion decreases (B) the endometrial functional zone will continue to thicken (C) the corpus luteum will degenerate (D) progesterone levels increase
(C) the corpus luteum will degenerate
Which of the following is a role the lymphatic system plays in digestive processes? (A) Secretes glucagon for glucose metabolism (B) Absorbs vitamin K (C) Produces vitamin D3 that is needed for calcium absorption (D) Absorbs and carries lipids to the general circulation (E) Secretes enzymes for chemical breakdown of food
(D) Absorbs and carries lipids to the general circulation
Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? Select the best answer. (A) In the presence of FSH, some secondary follicles develop into tertiary follicles. (B) The release of inhibin from the developing follicles triggers a negative feedback mechanism, which suppresses FSH secretion. (C) LH suppression is linked to levels of estrogen released from developing follicles. (D) As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase causing FSH levels to decrease.
(D) As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase causing FSH levels to decrease.
Which of the following answer choices correctly describes the release or effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)? Select the best answer. (A) The completion of meiosis 2 by the secondary oocyte depends on the presence of LH. (B) A surge of LH causes the secondary follicle to rupture and to release a secondary oocyte. (C) LH is produced and secreted in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen. (D) In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum.
(D) In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum.
Which of the following is absorbed and transported by intestinal capillaries? (A) Triglyceride (B) Short peptide (C) Fatty acid (D) Monosaccharide
(D) Monosaccharide
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the ovarian and uterine cycles? (A) The menstrual cycle begins as progesterone levels rise. (B) Progesterone is dominant in the first half of the female reproductive cycle. (C) FSH and LH are ovarian hormones. (D) Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation
(D) Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation
Use the graph below to determine the correct match between hormone and associated event during the female reproductive cycle. (A) Progesterone levels increase steadily during the follicular phase and decline in the luteal phase. (B) Inhibin levels are highest in the follicular phase and lowest in the luteal phase. (C) An increase in estrogen levels parallels an increase in progesterone levels in the follicular phase. (D) Progesterone levels peak when the corpus luteum is fully developed after ovulation.
(D) Progesterone levels peak when the corpus luteum is fully developed after ovulation.
What is the name of the layer of skeletal muscle that relaxes or contracts to move the testes away from or toward the body as needed to maintain acceptable testicular temperatures? (A) corpus spongiosum (B) tunica albuginea (C) corpora cavernosa (D) cremaster
(D) cremaster
Regarding the chemical events in digestion, which of the following forms chylomicrons? (A) carbohydrates (B) proteins (C) peptides (D) lipids (E) nucleic acids
(D) lipids
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach? (A) gastrin (B) HCl (C) gastric inhibitory peptide (D) secretin (E) cholecystokinin
(D) secretin
Which of the following is a gastrointestinal hormone that increases the rate of bile secretion by the liver? (A) gastrin (B) gastric inhibitory peptide (C) pepsin (D) secretin (E) cholecystokinin
(D) secretin
Ducts from which of the following open into the mouth behind the teeth on either side of the lingual frenulum? (A) pancreas (B) lingual salivary glands (C) sublingual salivary glands (D) submandibular salivary glands (E) parotid salivary glands
(D) submandibular salivary glands
During the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle, (A) ovulation occurs. (B) a new functional layer is formed in the vagina. (C) the corpus albicans releases hormones. (D) uterine glands enlarge. (E) the old functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off.
(D) uterine glands enlarge.
The fluids contributed by the seminiferous tubules and epididymis account for about how much of the volume of semen? (A) 50% (B) 10% (C) 75% (D) 25% (E) 5%
(E) 5%
Which of the following is regulated by skeletal muscle? (A) Nonspecific defense against pathogens that enter with food (B) Absorption of fluid (C) Reflexes that move food through the stomach and intestines (D) Nutrient absorption (E) Entrance of food
(E) Entrance of food
Choose the correct statement regarding semen. (A) Seminal fluid contains an abundant amount of a waxy material called smegma. (B) Seminal fluid contains a prostatic enzyme, which functions in liquefying clotted semen. (C) A normal sperm count ranges from 5 million to 15 million spermatozoa per milliliter of semen. (D) Of the total volume of seminal fluid, the prostate contributes about 60 percent. (E) Semen contains glandular secretions with a distinct ionic and nutrient composition.
(E) Semen contains glandular secretions with a distinct ionic and nutrient composition.
The lesser omentum is (A) a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. (B) a major portion of the stomach. (C) important in the digestion of fats. (D) attached to the stomach at the greater curvature. (E) a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the liver.
(E) a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the liver.
Which gastrointestinal hormone targets the pancreas and stimulates the release of insulin by the islets? (A) intrinsic factor (B) cholecystokinin (C) secretin (D) gastric lipase (E) gastric inhibitory peptide
(E) gastric inhibitory peptide
Which of the following consists of double sheets of serous membrane and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels? (A) lamina propria (B) serosa (C) adventitia (D) submucosa (E) mesenteries
(E) mesenteries
The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle continues until rising ________ levels mark the arrival of the secretory phase. (A) FSH (B) estrogen (C) GnRH (D) LH (E) progesterone
(E) progesterone
The ovary does not release a mature gamete. Instead, a ________ is released. (A) oogonia (B) zygote (C) primary oocyte (D) oocyte (E) secondary oocyte
(E) secondary oocyte
Sperm production occurs in the (A) seminal vesicles. (B) epididymis. (C) ductus deferens. (D) rete testis. (E) seminiferous tubules.
(E) seminiferous tubules.
The hormone secretin functions to (A) convert trypsinogen into trypsin. (B) stimulate the release of enzymes from the pancreas. (C) activate chymotrypsin. (D) decrease the pH of chyme. (E) stimulate the release of sodium bicarbonate.
(E) stimulate the release of sodium bicarbonate.
Interstitial cells produce (A) FSH. (B) androgen-inhibiting protein. (C) sperm. (D) nutrients. (E) testosterone.
(E) testosterone.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, (A) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. (B) the release of secretin inhibits parietal and chief cell action. (C) local reflexes in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses activate. (D) the stomach responds to distention and a decrease in pH. (E) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active.
(E) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active.
Identify which class of macromolecules to which each enzyme or substance belongs. Carbohydrates | Proteins | Lipids
Carbs- pancreatic amylase, salivary amylase, lactase Proteins- pepsin, dipeptidases, trypsin Lipids- lingual lipase, bile, pancreatic lipase
Which type of cell is labeled "C"?
Spermatozoa
The following statements describe events associated with the follicular and luteal phases of the female reproductive cycle. Start in the brain End with the disintegration of a part in the ovary.
The hypothalamus releases GnRH. The anterior pituitary gland produces FSH and LH. FSH stimulates secondary follicles to develop into tertiary follicles. Developing follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin. Negative feedback due to presence of inhibin leads to a decrease in FSH secretion. A surge in LH triggers ovulation of a secondary ovulation. The ruptured follicle turns into the corpus lute. The corpus luteal secretes progesterone. Without fertilization, the corpus degenerates and progesterone secretion declines.
The liver further converts it into ____, which is stored in the ....
bile, gall bladder
When red blood cells are old or injured, the spleen breaks them down and converts the heme from their hemoglobin into....
bilirubin
Distributes nutrients
cardiovascular system
When you eat fat, the cells of your small intestine release the hormone....
cholecystokinin
Identify the structures labeled "C."
circular fold
Abdominal pressure is increased during defecation by the ____ of the _____ system.
diaphragm respiratory
Hormones coordinate digestive activity
endocrine system
What is the function of the organ labeled "G"?
store & concentrate bile (gallbladder)
Based on this initial assessment, what organs do you think might be involved in this woman's illness, and why? Choose the two most likely organs involved in her illness. (A) Liver, because of the yellow coloration in her eyes, which indicates that the liver is not processing bilirubin. (B) Heart, because her heart rate has not increased in response to pain. (C) Kidneys, because they should be cleaning the wastes out of her blood − her yellow eyes indicate that waste is building up in her blood. (D) Spleen, because of the pain on the right side of her abdomen. (E) Pancreas, because of the elevated blood glucose. (F) Stomach, because the pain occurs after eating. (G) Gall bladder, because it stores bile and might be related to the bilirubin buildup in her blood.
(A) Liver, because of the yellow coloration in her eyes, which indicates that the liver is not processing bilirubin. (G) Gall bladder, because it stores bile and might be related to the bilirubin buildup in her blood.
Which of the following correctly matches the region along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where chemical digestion first begins for each class of macromolecule? (A) Oral cavity; carbohydrates (B) Small intestine; proteins (C) Stomach; lipids (D) Small intestine; carbohydrates
(A) Oral cavity; carbohydrates
The nurse asked whether she has noticed a change in her stools. The woman answered that they were hard to flush (they float) and kind of gray-looking. Why did the nurse ask about stools? Choose the best explanation for the nurse's question. (A) Someone with difficulty converting bilirubin into bile will have trouble digesting fats, and they will go out in the stool. (B) The most likely cause of trouble with the liver and gall bladder would be a blockage in the descending colon, and that would cause constipation. (C) Someone with too much bilirubin in the blood will have yellow stools full of bilirubin. (D) Someone with difficulty digesting fats will have constipation.
(A) Someone with difficulty converting bilirubin into bile will have trouble digesting fats, and they will go out in the stool.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) The process of oogenesis is very similar to spermatogenesis. (B) Only one ovum is produced from each primary oocyte that completes oogenesis. (C) Ovum production begins before birth and ends at menopause. (D) Female gametes are produced in the ovaries.
(A) The process of oogenesis is very similar to spermatogenesis.
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. Surgical removal of this organ would result in decreased __________. (A) breakdown of triglycerides (B) breakdown of fatty acids (C) transport of amino acids into chylomicrons (D) breakdown of polypeptides
(A) breakdown of triglycerides
Just prior to menses, (A) estrogen and progesterone levels drop. (B) the corpus luteum is formed. (C) secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium. (D) a new uterine lining is formed. (E) ovulation occurs.
(A) estrogen and progesterone levels drop.
The increase in FSH that occurs by day 5 of the ovarian cycle triggers (A) formation of a tertiary follicle. (B) pregnancy. (C) menopause. (D) ovulation. (E) menstruation.
(A) formation of a tertiary follicle.
In which of the following organs does bacterial digestion occur? (A) large intestine (B) liver (C) small intestine (D) stomach
(A) large intestine
Part of the support network surrounding developing sperm cells are nourishing cells called (A) nurse cells. (B) seminiferous cells. (C) spermatozoa. (D) interstitial cells. (E) spermatogonia.
(A) nurse cells.
Slender, tightly coiled tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the (A) rete testis. (B) ejaculatory ducts. (C) efferent ducts. (D) epididymis. (E) ductus deferens.
(A) rete testis.
Which of the following contraceptive strategies will least likely result in an unwanted pregnancy? (A) vasectomy (B) tubal ligation (C) condom (D) diaphragm (E) intra-uterine device
(A) vasectomy
As in males, ________ from the hypothalamus regulates reproductive function in females; however, its levels change throughout the ovarian cycle. (A) progesterone (B) GnRH (C) estrogen (D) LH (E) FSH
(B) GnRH
Testosterone most directly exhibits negative feedback on__________. (A) Interstitial endocrine cell stimulation (B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion (C) Luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion (D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion
(B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion
What part of the autonomic system appears to be activated in this client? (A) Parasympathetic, because that's the system that activates the digestive tract, and she's having pain in her digestive tract. (B) Sympathetic − you can tell because the sympathetic system causes most of her signs and symptoms. (C) Central nervous system, because pain is perceived by the brain. (D) Peripheral motor system, because she's moving around.
(B) Sympathetic − you can tell because the sympathetic system causes most of her signs and symptoms.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) The proliferative and secretory phases are parts of the uterine cycle. (B) The ovarian cycle is also known as the menstrual cycle. (C) The follicular phase and the luteal phase are parts of the ovarian cycle. (D) The uterine cycle is a series of changes in the endometrium structure.
(B) The ovarian cycle is also known as the menstrual cycle.
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin that is important in glucose metabolism? (A) vitamin E (B) biotin (C) vitamin D (D) vitamin B5 (E) vitamin K
(B) biotin
The largest area of the stomach is called the (A) sphincter. (B) body. (C) cardia. (D) pylorus. (E) fundus.
(B) body.
The ________ is a layer of follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte on day 14 of a 28-day cycle. (A) corpus albicans (B) corona radiata (C) isthmus (D) antrum (E) zona pellucida
(B) corona radiata
The greater omentum is connected to the __________. (A) liver (B) greater curvature (C) duodenum (D) lesser omentum
(B) greater curvature
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______________, while the chief cells secrete ______________. (A) intrinsic factor; HCl (B) intrinsic factor and HCl; pepsinogen (C) pepsinogen; pepsin (D) pepsin; HCl
(B) intrinsic factor and HCl; pepsinogen
Stores lipids in yellow marrow
skeletal system
Contraction of the ____ forces the ____into the _____, where it emulsifies fats and aids in their digestion.
gall bladder bile duodenum
Red blood cells contain the protein...
hemoglobin
Storage of excess lipids occurs in the ______ of the ____ system.
hypodermis integumentary
Hunger and satiation are controlled by the ____of the _____ system_
hypothalamus nervous
Which portion of the small intestine is labeled "F"?
ileum (empties into large intestine)
Produces vitamin D3
integumentary system
Clotting factors are produced by the _____ in the ______ system.
liver digestive
Reflexes coordinate movement of materials along digestive tract
nervous system
Which of the following is NOT a component of semen? sperm enzyme nurse cells antibiotic protein
nurse cells
Insulin is secreted by the ____ of the _____ system.
pancreas endocrine
