Biochem Midterm: NUTRITION
water soluble fiber
A __________ is a component of fruits, legumes, and oats.
water
A person can survive only eight to ten days without ____, whereas it takes weeks or even months to die from a lack of food.
vitamins and minerals
Both ___ and ____ are needed by the body in very small amounts to trigger the thousands of chemical reactions necessary to maintain good health.
triacylglycerols
Excess dietary fat is stored as __________ in adipose tissues, but high levels of dietary fats can also increase the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
vitamin or mineral
If there is a missing or deficient ____ or ____—or link—anywhere in this chain, this process may break down, with potentially devastating health effects.
fats
Once digested and absorbed, it help the body absorbs certain vitamins. It is stored in the body cushions vital organs and protects us from extreme cold and heat.
water
Our joints and soft tissues depend on the cushioning that ____ provides for them
insoluble fibers
The ________ are prevalent in vegetable grains.
chemical metabolic
The ability of an organism to use a particular food material depends upon its ______ composition and upon the _____ pathways available to the organism.
65
The human body is __ percent water
dietary fiber
The intake of food materials that cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes
nutrition
The use of foods by organisms
sugar glucose
When carbohydrates are broken down by the body, the ______ is produced
triacylglycerols and glycogen
When dietary carbohydrate consumption exceeds the energy needs of the individual, excess carbohydrate is converted to _______ and _____ for long-term energy storage.
Pectins and gums
____ and ____ are water soluble fiber materials that form viscous gel-like suspensions in the digestive system, slowing the rate of absorption of many nutrients, including carbohydrates, and lowering serum cholesterol in many cases.
Cellulose and hemicellulose
____ and ____ insoluble fiber material that stimulates regular function of the colon.
phospholipids
_______ are essential components of all biological membranes.
Fatty acids
_________ and triglycerols can be used as fuels by many tissues in the human body
Lignins
absorb organic molecules in the digestive system. It bind cholesterol and clear it from the digestive system, reducing the risk of heart disease.
water
also maintains the natural balance between dissolved salts and water inside and outside of cells.
water
circulates through our blood and lymphatic system, transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing wastes through urine and sweat.
glucose
critical to help maintain tissue protein, metabolize fat, and fuel the central nervous system.
Carbohydrates
essential components of nucleotides, nucleic acids, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
80-95
fruits and vegetables are __to __ percent water
35
grains, such as oats and rice, can have as much as __ percent water.
water
has no caloric value and therefore is not an energy source
Carbohydrates
human body's key source of energy, providing 4 calories of energy per gram.
caffeine and alcohol
increase the output of urine and thus dehydrate the body.
8-10
it takes an average of ___ to ___ cups to replenish the water our bodies lose each day.
50
meats are made up of __ percent water
Fats
most concentrated of the energy-producing nutrients, so our bodies need only very small amounts.
Fats
play an important role in building the membranes that surround our cells and in helping blood to clot.
Dietary proteins
powerful compounds that build and repair body tissues, from hair and fingernails to muscles.
macronutrients
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Fats
provide 9 calories of energy per gram
protein
provides 4 calories of energy per gram, the body uses it for energy only if carbohydrate and fat intake is insufficient.
water
ranks as the most important nutrient
proteins
speed up chemical reactions in the body, serve as chemical messengers, fight infection, and transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
ketone bodies
when dietary carbohydrate intake is low, _________ are formed from acetate units to provide metabolic fuel for the brain and other organs.
water
without it in our diets we could not digest or absorb the foods we eat or eliminate the body's digestive waste.
