Biochemical Concepts

What are the main components of a triglyceride?

A glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. - Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. They re conn only used to store energy within cells. A polar head group, a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids very nearly describes a phospholipid(phospholipids have only 2 fatty acids). The other answers are not compounds that are readily observed in cells.

Which of the following chemical formulas form the base of monosaccharides?

CH2O -CH2O is the base molecular formula for carbohydrates. Carbohydrates vary based on multiples of this formula.

Which of the following polymer is composed of sugar molecules?

Carbohydrates - carbohydrates and proteins are polymers (a long chain molecule generally composed of repeating single units) but glucose and lipids are not polymers though glucose has the ability to polymerize. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar monomers or monosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide or two sugar monomers connected.

Starch is commonly found in which of the following organisms?

Plants - starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source I feel for cells therefore starch is stored for energy.

Which of the following is a major component found in the walls that enclose plant cells?

Cellulose - the polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of cell walls. Similar to start cellulose is made up of glucose though the linkages in the polymers are different.

Beta amylase is an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into component monosaccharides, but is not produced by humans. Beta amylase is most effective in digesting which of the following?

Cellulose - Starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic bonds between each glucose molecule. Humans can digest starch and glycogen because humans possess alpha amylase, which breaks these alpha linkages. - Cellulose contains beta glycosidic bonds, which can be digested by beta amylase. Since humans do not possess beta amylase protein they are unable to digest cellulose. - Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides that are found in plants and glycogen is found in human liver. All 3 polysaccharides are made from glucose, a monosaccharide.

Arthropods use which of the following carbohydrates to construct their exoskeleton?

Chitin - Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeleton. Chitin is also found an fungi as well. Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants.

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

Chitin -Chitin is a type of polysaccharide that is present in the exoskeletons of arthropods and is the primary substance of the cell wall of fungi. In general, polysaccharides are chains of simple sugars. Another example of a polysaccharide is starch. (Waxes are types of lipids. Hemoglobin is a protein, which is made of amino acids. DNA is a nucleic acid, which is a polymer of nucleotides).

Which of the following molecules is unique to arthropods and some type of fungi?

Chitin. - arthropod use the polysaccharide chitin to build their exoskeletons. Certain types of fungi also use chitin instead of cellulose for building their cell walls.

The monomers of all biological macromolecules are combined by which type of bond

Covalent bond - macromolecules such as proteins nucleic acids and polysaccharides are composed of monomers. Each polymer is made from at least two small monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids nucleic monomers are nucleotides and polysaccharide monomers are monosaccharides. In order to form polymers the monomers must form covalent bonds with each other. For proteins these covalent bonds are peptide bonds and for saccharides they are glycosidic linkages.

Disulfide Bonds are associated with which of the following

Cysteine residue and tertiary structure - whenever you think about disulfide bonds you should think about cysteine. cysteine contains a sulfur atom in the sulfhydrl Group that is capable of forming a disulfide bridge with another sulfur Adam in another cysteine residue. These disulfide bridges contribute to the overall three dimensional structure of the protein namely the tertiary structure. Quarternary structure results from the joining of multiple polypeptide subunits and is driven by hydrophobic interactions. tertiary structure is also driven by hydrophobic interactions it also relies on intermolecular forces between amino acid functions groups such as cysteine sulfhydrl.

Which of the following contains a five carbon sugar

DNA and RNA - remember that all nucleic acids contain nucleotides composed of a pentose five carbon sugar a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA must both contain of five carbon sugar. Harmony contains the pentose ribose while DNA contains a pentose deoxyribose. Glycogen does not contain a five carbon sugar because it is made up of glucose subunits. Glucose contains six carbons.

The DNA and amino acid sequences of two organisms belonging to the same species were analyzed. It was revealed that there was more variability between their DNA sequences as compared to their amino acid sequences. What is one possible explanation for the reduced variability of the amino acid sequence?

Different sequences of DNA me cold for the same amino acid. - and amino acids maybe represented by multiple different codons sequences of base pairs of DNA. This codon degeneracy is what allows for the greater variability of DNA as compared to amino acid sequences. For example a DNA sequence may show variability without affecting the variability of the coaded amino acids

Which of the following is best described as 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage?

Disaccharide - When 2 monosaccharides connected together by a glycosidic linkage into a single unit, the product is called a disaccharide. Strings of monosaccharides linked together are called polysaccharides.

When does glycolysis occur?

During both anaerobic and aerobic respiration - Glycolysis occurs within the cytosol of the cell, during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the first step to generate energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates (Glycolysis does not involve the breakdown of proteins or patty acids. Fermentation can be used to regenerate NAD+, with a byproduct of lactic acid or ethanol during aerobic respiration. Glycolysis will occur simultaneous to fermentation, but will also occur during healthy aerobic respiration).

Which of the following is one of the primary functions of carbohydrates?

Energy Storage - carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose are primarily used in metabolic pathways to provide energy for the cell. Glucose is the first reactant necessary for driving glycolysis and subsequent cellular respiration in the cell, with the goal of producing AT. Proteins and enzyme serve to catalyze reactions. nucleic acids store genetic material. Lipids form the membranes that surround and protect organelles

Which of the following is not a basic biological building block?

Enzyme - enzymes are proteins which are composed of amino acids. Biomolecules are made of polymers. The monomers in nucleic acids are nucleotides. The monomers and carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Lipids are biomolecules, but their structure does not follow as clear of a pattern as the other three. Depending on the textbook, we may consider fatty acids for hydrocarbons has monomers of lipids. There is some ambiguity with lipids because their structures are diverse and not always chains and repeating subunits.

Which of the following are true of glycogen?

Glucagon stimulates its breakdown - The pancreas secretes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen; insulin is secreted to stimulate its assembly in liver and muscle. Glycogen is a polysaccharide, it is made up of glucose.

Which of the following best describes how energy is stored during cellular respiration?

Glucose - Energy stored in the form of glucose. Cells and turn tap into glucose reserves to fuel cellular respiration. Carbon in glucose also serves as raw materials for the synthesis of other molecules such as amino acids.

What is the main source of carbohydrates used in the human body?

Glucose - glucose is the main source of energy in the human body. It is a six carbon sugar that when fully oxidized, can yield as many as 36 ATP.n the brain and the human body also uses glucose exclusively, go other parts of the body are capable of metabolizing other sugars. When complex sugars are ingested, they are broken down and converted by various enzymes to produce glucose. The glucose then enters into glycolysis to generate cellular energy.

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

Glucose -Glucose is a monosaccharide, consisting of one 6-carbon ring. (Sucrose and Maltose are disaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide).

Identify the molecule that has the chemical formula : C6H12O6.

Glucose - C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for glucose. Most carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose have a molecular formula that is a multiple of CH2O.

Which of the following is a component of starch cellulose and glycogen?

Glucose - Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all made up of units of glucose; however, their overall structures and configurations differ.

Which of the following best describes the form that sugar is stored as in the human body?

Glycogen - Glucose is collectively stored in chains called glycogen. Glycogen can be broken down via glycogenolysis into individual glucose monomers, which the body can catabolize and convert to energy - ATP.

Which of the following is defined as the polysaccharide energy source stored by animals?

Glycogen - glycogen is the polysaccharide used as an are you sourcing animals. Glycogen is a polymer is made up of glucose units and undergoes hydrolysis to release glucose when demand for sugar increases.

Which of the following terms is best defined as a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction?

Glycosidic linkage - is defined as a covalent bond created by dehydration reaction between 2 monosaccharides. the resulting product is a disaccharide.

Which of the following intermolecular interactions is the easiest to disrupt the change in temperature?

Hydrogen bonds - hydrogen bonding can be easily disrupted by changes in temperature. It is important to note that hydrogen bonding is not a true example of a chemical bond but rather an intermolecular force. Hydrogen bonds are essential for the formation of protein structure NDNA base pairing. When proteins and DNA are exposed to heat they degrade as these hydrogen bonds are broken. Covalent bonds which include peptide bonds and ionic bonds are example of real chemical bonds that require high amounts of energy before they can be easily disrupted. These bonds are considered more permanent interactions and other intermolecular forces.

Which of the following terms is defined as the process by which water breaks polymers down into monomers?

Hydrolysis - polymers are broken down into monomers of via hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the rivers of condensation synthesis reaction. In hydrolysis, heading to water molecules break the bond between monomers. In this reaction polymers are broken down when the hydrogen of the water molecules attaches to one monomer and the hydroxyl attaches to the next one.

Which of the following choices is a correct statement about DNA?

In this segment of double stranded DNA the number of guanine bases and the number of cytosine bases should be equal. - Chargaff found that in double stranded DNA the number of guanine bases should be equal to the Number of cytosine bases and the number of adenine bases should be equal to the number of thymine bases. These rules prove to be important pieces of evidence for the idea of complementarity the theory that the DNA base pairs only with a specific other based on its opposite strand. According to Chargaff's rules, the statements regarding guanine and cytosine bases are correct. guanine cytosine bonds are more stable than adenine thymine Bonds.

Which of the following statements is true regarding glycogen?

Increased levels of insulin will increase the amount of glycogen stores in the liver. -recall that glucagon promotes the breakdown glycogen to to glucose whereas insulin promotes formation glycogen from glucose molecules. Both hormone function to regulate glucose levels. You can illuminate choices with galactose because glycogen is made up of glucose, not galactose. You can also limit the answer choice that suggests that glycogen is stored in the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormones insulin and glucagon, but it doesn't store glycogen. The glycogen is actually stored in the liver. Increased levels of insulin increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

Mannose - Mannose is an epimer of glucose, and is a carb. Typically, molecules names ending in "one" will be carbs. (Cholesterol is a lipid, miRNA is a nucleic acid, and lipase is a protein). - Just as suffix "one" signifies a carb, the suffix "ol" indicates a lipid, and suffix "ase" indicates a protein.

Which of the following best represent the building blocks of polymers?

Monomers - Polymers are built up from monomers. Polymers are placed into different classes based on different natures of the monomers that make up their structure.

Which of the following best represents the smallest unit of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides - monosaccharides are the smallest unit of carbohydrates. A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides joined together. A string of monosaccharides linked together is polysaccharide.

Which of the following structures remains constant when the protein is in its denatured form?

Primary structure - Denaturation of the protein involves the breakdown of non-covalent bonds between amino acid residues. The formation of non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonding and Vander Waals forces lead to higher order structure such as secondary tertiary and quaternary structure. Upon denaturation these non-covalent bonds in the protein chain are broken and the protein reverts back to its primary structure. The primary structural the amino acid sequence joined together by peptide bonds which are covalent. Covalent bonds are much stronger and more permanent and hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces and can endure denaturation.\ environmental conditions such as temperature and pH contribute to the denaturation of protein.

What event would activate a G protein?

Replacement of GDP with GTP - G proteins our second messengers involved in cell signaling and propagation of the effects within the cell. G protein receptors in the plasma membrane find to extracellular ligands, causing them to recruit G proteins. Inactive G proteins carry ADP. Once they buying 2G protein protein receptors in the membrane this GDP molecule is removed and the GTP molecule is substituted to activate the G protein.

Which of the following carbohydrates does not have the molecular formula of C6H12O6?

Ribose - carbohydrates have an empirical formula of CH2O. The most common types of carbohydrates are pentoses, five carbon carbohydrates and hexoses, six carbon carbohydrates. All six carbon carbohydrates share the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose galactose and mannose are all hexoses. The only difference between these three carbohydrates is their relative orientation of hydroxyl groups on the carbons. Ribose is a pentose and has a different molecular formula. Remember that all nucleic acids contain five carbon rings

which of the following macromolecules is found in only in plants and is described as a polysaccharide consisting entirely of glucose molecules?

Starch - Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source of fuel for cells; therefore, starch is stored for energy.

What are the components of the DNA backbone?

Sugar and phosphate groups - the backbone of DNA is made up deoxyribose sugars linked to phosphate groups. These units are joined by phospodiester Bonds into chains. Nitrogenous bases are bound to the sugars of these groups and enjoying DNA strands together by hydrogen bonds with their complementary base pairs. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are not found in DNA. Alpha Link glucose residues describe the type of polysaccharide namely glycogen. Glisan roll and fatty acids describe the type of lipid known as a triglyceride. Triglycerides and glycogen are primarily used in energy storage.

Carbohydrates are made of which of the following subunits?

Sugars - carbohydrates are polymers form from simple sugars. The Amino acids form proteins. Lipids are another class of subunits that make up fats.

What would happen to a group of lipids in the polar solvent?

The lipids would group together. - lipids are composed of hydrocarbon chains and are very nonpolar. Pullers solvents interact well with Polar solutes but do not salivate nonpolar solutes. Lipids are placed in a polar solvent they will group together to minimize surface contact with the solvent these droplets of lipids or micelles, act like containers for the lipid keeping them grouped together instead of being distributed to the solvent. The lipids to not precipitate as they are not necessarily in a solid form. Even lips in the liquid form can form micelles.

Phosphodiester Bonds forms between which two molecules?

The phosphate group and the three prime Carbon on pentose sugar. - by looking at the name phosphodiester Bond you should realize that a phosphate group is involved. Phosphodiester bond occurs between the phosphate group and A pentose sugar in the DNA backbone. The phosphate group from one nucleotide binds to the three prime carbon on pentose sugar from the other nucleotide. Nitrogenous spaces are attached to the one prime carbon of the ring by a glycosidic linkage

Of the following is true of amino acids but not of carbohydrates?

The presence of nitrogen Adams. - amino acids get the first half of their names from the presence of an amine group NH3, which contains the nitrogen atom. Both amino acids and carbohydrates are linked together by covalent bonds through dehydration synthesis. Both amino acids and carbohydrates have carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and oxygen atoms.

Which of the following is false regarding lipids?

Triglycerides and phospholipids have 2 carbon cholesterol backbone. - plasma membranes is mostly made up of phospholipids. Phospholipids are lipid molecules that contain both polar and nonpolar regions. This ampiphatic nature of phospholipids is very important in plasma membrane. Several hormones of the endocrine System are derived from steroids a type of lipid. Some examples of steroid derived hormones include testosterone estrogen and cortisol therefore lipids are precursors to molecules in the endocrine system. By definition unsaturated fatty acids contain carbon to carbon double bonds. This role is a three carbon molecules and forms the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids. Triglycerides three fatty acids one attached to each of the Carbon in glyceryl. Phospholipids used to glycerol carbons to bind fatty acids and the third to bind a phosphate Group.