Biochemistry

Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?

the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the lone pair of electrons on an oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule

Describe why water is considered a polar molecule?

uneven electron sharing between Oxygen and Hydrogen Atoms

Which bond can be broken by animals?

α-glycosidic bond

What type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers? Where?

A phosphodiester bond is a covalent bond that is mainly found in nucleic acids(DNA and RNA) in which a phosphate group joins adjacent carbons through ester linkages.

What type of bond is found in carbohydrates? Where?

A type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond. Between monosaccharides.

What are the complementary base pairings found in nucleic acids?

A-T/U G-C

Which end is the location of the growing nucleic acid strand?

Always synthesized in the 5'-to-3' direction, meaning that nucleotides are added only to the 3' end of the growing strand.

What is the monomer of a protein? Identify the components of the monomer.

Amino acid carboxyl group (COOH)on one end, amino group on the other end (NH2), central carbon and variable R group(can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic)which determines chemical properties.

What are three properties of water? How did hydrogen bonding allow for each property?

Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water. Since water is attracted to other molecules, adhesive forces pull the water toward other molecules.

How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ?

Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and from animal sources, while unsaturated fats are usually liquid and from plant sources.

What are four functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?

The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses.

Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. Note this is a pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine substitution

Transition mutation. One ring to one ring.

Describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. Note this is a pyrimidine-to-purine substitution

Transversion substitution. Two ting to one ring o vice versa.

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA using the following: Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Difference Strandedness (traditionally) Directionality

Deoxyribose/Ribose AGCT/AGCU Double/single RNA is synthesized 5′ → 3′ DNA is always synthesized in the 5'-to-3' direction

Using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant. .

Is uses adhesion, the attraction to the capillaries

What is a hydrogen bond?

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?

between nitrogen bases

What are the elements found in a lipid?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Some of them also contain nitrogen and phosphorus.

What are the elements found in a carbohydrate?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the elements found in a protein?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and s

What are the elements found in nucleic acids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

What is the structure of an amino acid?

carboxyl group (COOH)on one end, amino groupon the other end (NH2), central carbon and variable R group(can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic)which determines chemical properties.

How are the three different types of lipids different?

membrane lipids are phospho-lipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Which macromolecule(s) contain sulfur?

protein

What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?

storage and expression of genetic information

What is hydrolysis? Provide an example of hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis is the separation of two macromolecules by adding water. Dissolving a salt of a weak acid or base in water is an example of a hydrolysis reaction.

What are the functional groups found in all amino acids?

Carboxyl group COOH and amino group -NH2

What are the three components of a DNA or RNA molecule?

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

What are the three options for the R group? For each R group option, describe the polarity and justify your response.

(1) nonpolar R group, (2) uncharged polar R groups, and (3) those with charged polar R group.

Describe the structure of a steroid.

17 carbon atoms—arranged in four rings conventionally denoted by the letters A, B, C, and D—bonded to 28 hydrogen atoms. 4 fused rings

How many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing?

2

Identify the number of hydrogen bonds found between two nitrogenous bases.

2

What are the components of a phospholipid?

2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol backbone

What are the ends called and what is found at each end?

5' and 3'

What are the ends of a protein called and what is found at each end?

At one end, the polypeptide has a free amino group, and this end is called the amino terminus (or N-terminus). The other end, which has a free carboxyl group, is known as the carboxyl terminus (or C-terminus).

What are the components of a fat molecule?

Glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

What are three functions of proteins in living organisms?

It helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions.

Describe the structure of the nucleic acid polymer.

Linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides

What are the four macromolecules?

Lipid, carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid

Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus?

Lipids, nucleic acid

Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Identify the components of the monomer.

Monosaccharide. CH2O

Describe the structure of a carbohydrate polymer.

Multiple monosaccharides joined by O

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? Identify the components of the monomer.

Nucleotides pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Tertiary description and type of bonds

Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. It is generally stabilized by outside polar hydrophilic hydrogen and ionic bond interactions.

What type of bond is found between protein monomers? Where?

Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers linked to each other via peptide bonds.

Secondary description and type of bonds

Regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. Hydrogen bonds

What is dehydration? Provide an example of dehydration.

Removal of water. Formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides in carbohydrates, the formation of lipids with one glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids are examples of dehydration synthesis

Starch vs. Cellulose What type of bond is found in starch? What type of bond is found in cellulose?

Starch is easy to digest, plants use it to store energy, can be eaten by humans, weaker. Cellulose is hard to digest, used to support structure in plants, can't be eaten be consumer by humans, stronger. α-glycosidic bond β 1-4 glycosidic linkages

What are three functions of lipids in living organisms?

Storing energy, padding, and insulation

What are parts found in all nucleotides?

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water.

Surface tension is caused by the the attraction of water molecules to itself, cohesion. A water striding isn't putting enough force into the water to break surface tension.

Describe how a nonpolar to polar R group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein.

The R-groups stick out on the side of a polypeptide, freeing them to chemically interact with one another. Side chain interactions form each protein's specific structure, a structure uniquely capable of performing that protein's cellular function.

How does the R group affect the folding of the protein? (include polar and nonpolar R groups)

The R-groups stick out on the side of a polypeptide, freeing them to chemically interact with one another. Side chain interactions form each protein's specific structure, a structure uniquely capable of performing that protein's cellular function.

Primary description and type of bonds

The linear sequence of amino acids within a protein is considered the primary structure of the protein.

Quaternary description and type of bonds

The quaternary structure of a protein is the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement. The subunits are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains.