Biod 121 Nutrition exam review

1. ____________can lead to serious consequences including heat exhaustion, cramps and heatstroke. 2. For every _____________ lost during a workout 2 ½ to 3 cups of fluid should be consumed during the exercise or afterwards. 3. Sports beverages are good for events lasting greater than 60 minutes and provide ____________, sodium and potassium which will stimulate thirst and make the beverage taste good.

1. Dehydration 2. pound 3. carbohydrates

1. A friend of yours is a weight lifter. He just purchased a supplement of vitamin B-6. What are the side effects of mega doses of this vitamin? 2. Why would he consider taking this?

1. Megadoses of B-6 from supplements can cause hand and foot numbness as well as irreversible nerve damage. 2. Weight lifters use large amounts to build muscle mass.

1. ___________energy balance occurs when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure resulting in weight gain. 2. A ____________ energy balance occurs when intake is less than energy expended resulting in a weight loss. 3. Most adults should be in a state of energy ___________ where energy intake is equal to energy output. This results in weight maintenance.

1. Positive 2. negative 3. balance

(1)The extrusion reflex must disappear before an infant is ready to eat what? (2)At what age does the extrusion reflex disappear?

1. The infant is then ready to try solid foods.2. The extrusion reflex disappears between 4-6 months of age.

1. During growth spurts adolescents have increased need for calcium for bone formation and iron to prevent ____________. 2. A typical diet is also low in __________, fat soluble vitamins and folate. 3. Teenagers should moderate their intake of fast food, sugar laden snacks and ____________ ______________ and focus on nutrient dense food choices from the five food groups. The media, peer pressure, concern over appearance and exertion of independence all affect their food choices.

1. anemia 2. zinc 3. sugary beverages

1. Undernutrition is the most common form of ____________ in developed as well as developing countries. 2. Food insecurity is the inability to get enough food or the quality and variety of the food is inadequate to meet ____________ needs.

1. malnutrition 2. nutrient

If a fudge brownie has 14 grams of carbohydrates, 2 gram of protein and 9 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie?

14 x 4 = 56 2 x 4 = 8 9 x 9 = 81 56 + 8 + 81 = 145 calories

The least number of calories that Joe should consume in order to lose weight but continue to meet his nutrient needs is ___________.

1500 calories

The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000 calories daily. You should not consume any more than 65% of your calories from carbohydrates. How many grams of carbohydrates should you eat in a day?

325 grams (2000 x .65 = 1300 1300calories / 4 = 325 grams of carbs

According to MyPlate, fruits and vegetables should make up ____ of the plate.

50%

Symptoms of Heatstroke include: select all that apply Nausea/vomiting An internal temperature of 104 degrees Dry, hot skin Muscle cramps

An internal temperature of 104 degrees Dry, hot skin

According to the Dietary Guidelines 2020-2025 there are three key dietary principles. List two of the principles.

Answers (2 of the three): 1. Meet nutritional needs from nutrient dense foods 2. Choose a variety of options from each food group 3. Pay attention to portion size

Chloe wants to lower her blood pressure and decrease her sodium intake. What type of diet would you recommend?

Answers could include: The DASH Diet or a diet focused on fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low fat dairy products. (The Mediterranean Diet would also be acceptable)

Jeff weighed 6 pounds at birth. If he has adequate nutrition and is growing at a normal pattern, Jeff should weigh approximately how many pounds at 6 months?

Around 12 pounds

Explain why the quality of food is more important than the quantity of food in older adults.

As we age our calorie needs decline but nutrient needs are still important. To prevent weight gain and disease, the quantity of food needs to decline.

Describe atherosclerosis, the role of certain fats in its development and how to lower risk for development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is when plaques form in the arteries, inhibiting proper blood flow and adding to higher blood pressure. It increases risk for strokes or heart attacks. It is associated with high levels of LDL and/or low levels of HDL. Smoking cessation, exercise, weight management and blood pressure control can lower risk.

What is the formula (including units) to calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI = weight (kg) / height^2(meters)

Jess is a high school senior and plays volleyball for her school team. She was recently diagnosed with thinning bones and a stress fracture. What mineral is deficient in her diet?

Calcium

Along with stretching, list the 2 other categories of physical exercise shown to be beneficial to overall health.

Cardio or aerobic exercise Resistance training

You are advising a client who only eats a plant-based diet. How would you explain complete vs incomplete proteins and how would they make sure to have complementary proteins.

Complete proteins are derived from animals and contain all essential amino acids. Other than a few exceptions, plants provide incomplete proteins where more than 1 essential amino acid is lacking. For someone on a plant-based diet, they need to consume a combination of at least 2 incomplete proteins.

Briefly explain the Binge Purge Cycle.

Consuming large quantities of food over a short period is referred to as a binge. Laxatives or vomiting are methods to get rid of the excess calories. This is referred to as a purge. An individual alternates between the two.

What screening tool can be used to evaluate an elderly individual's risk for malnutrition?

DETERMINE

Define macronutrients

Define macronutrients

What does DASH stand for?

Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension

Define the term Disordered Eating.

Disordered Eating is a short term change in normal eating patterns caused by stress or illness

Why is it recommended to not consume high calorie drinks like colas and alcohol for weight loss and maintenance?

Drinks can have high calories but not lead to a feeling of fullness or satiety, so people will also ingest food as well and exceed their calorie intake or allowance for weight loss and maintenance.

What term is used to classify eating disorders or abnormal eating patterns that don't meet the criteria for Anorexia or Bulimia?

Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified or Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders

Define the term energy balance

Energy balance is defined as energy intake being equal to energy expended

Define the role of enzymes in digestion. Are enzymes an example of the chemical or mechanical process of digestion?

Enzymes role is to breakdown food particles into smaller parts and readies the nutrients for absorption. Enzymes are an example of chemical digestion

What is a dietary assessment?

Evaluation of an individual's dietary intake (or what they eat) to determine any deficiencies or problematic areas.

Which of the following is not characteristic of disordered eating? Use of stereoids Striving for perfection Exercising for fitness Shape preoccupation

Exercising for fitness

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Macro-minerals are needed in smaller amounts compared to trace minerals.

FALSE: Micro or trace minerals are needed only in small amounts. Or Macro-minerals are needed in larger amounts compared to trace minerals.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Current recommendations are for 30-45 minutes of activity per day for adults.

FALSE: Current recommendations are for 60-90 minutes of activity per day for adults.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the oxygen units together.

False: The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the carbon units together.

What term describes "inadequate food to meet nutrient needs due to poor food quality and variety"?

Food insecurity

Which person is at a greater risk for health issues related to being overweight or obese? Explain your answer. Janet has a BMI of 24 and a waist to hip ratio of .8. Fred has a BMI of 25 and a waist to hip ratio of 1.0

Fred The desired hip to waist ratio in males is <0.9 and in females < 0.8. A BMI of 18-24.9 is considered healthy A BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight A BMI of 30 or greater is considered obese Exceeding the respective values would be indicative of a health risk

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation? Excess glucose is stored as glycogen Hormones are responsible for control High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels The pancreas influences blood sugar regulation

Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

What is the function of glucagon?

Glucagon is released from the pancreas. This hormone converts liver glycogen to glucose and improves blood sugar to greater than 70 mg/dl.

List two examples of Cognitive external forces that can influence eating habits and comment on your personal experience with each of them.

Habits, Comfort foods, Advertising, Social Factors, Nutritional Value

define inorganic

Inorganic - any substance that does not contain carbon

According to the module, environment, heredity and ______________ are three factors that affect an individual's aging process.

Lifestyle

A ______ is needed in large amounts in the body, whereas ______ are needed in small amounts.

Macronutrient; micronutrients

Protein is considered both

Macronutrients and Organic

Vitamins are considered both

Macronutrients and Organic

Which population would be least likely to experience malnutrition? Moderate middle class family Children living in the inner city A 85 year old widow Homeless individual

Moderate middle class family

Which of the following is linked to physical activity? Select all that apply. Increased stress level Mood improvement Increased productivity Decreased bone health Decreased lean body mass

Mood improvement Increased productivity

List two clinical symptoms that a physician may observe that would lead her to suspect an iron deficiency in a patient.

Pale skin, poor temperature regulation, fatigue and loss of appetite

Which of the following may pose a choking hazard for children younger than 5 years of age?

Peanut butter

What compound is broken down to form ATP when the muscle stores are depleted? How long can this compound maintain muscle contractions?

Phosphocreatine (PCr) is broken down into phosphate and creatine to form more ATP. PCr can maintain muscle contractions for approximately 10 seconds

Which of the following questions is NOT true of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? The BMR is the minimal amount of calories used by the body in a fasting state when resting Males have a higher BMR than females Pregnancy increases the BMR Physical activity is a component of the BMR

Physical activity is a component of the BMR

Specify four reasons that an older adult would benefit from taking a multivitamin.

Physical limitations, dental issues, taste changes all decrease food intake. Social isolation and depression and lack of money or transportation can limit nutrient intake.

Tom is on a diet restricting his consumption of amino acids. Which macromolecule would he be limiting?

Protein

What term describes the state when protein intake is equivalent to the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

Match the vitamin to the deficiency Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Thiamin

Pyridoxine microcytic hypochromic anemia Vitamin B12 megaloblastic anemia Vitamin C scurvy Thiamin beriberi

For individuals with a BMI of >30, drastic weight loss measures can be taken like surgery. Explain how bariatric surgery works to help someone lose weight and name a specific example and how it works.

Surgeries can restrict the size of the stomach so larger quantities of food make the patient uncomfortable or sick. Gastric banding is when an adjustable gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the size of the stomach Gastroplastic or stomach stapling works by reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing a small portion of the small intestine Gastric balloon is an additional approach for weight loss surgery. A gastric balloon is made out of soft silicone and the deflated form is inserted through your esophagus into the stomach.

Which of the following would be an example of a weight loss program that is part of a social support? Hospitals Community colleges that offer classes TOPS (take off pounds sensibly) Physician Dietitian

TOPS

Define Target Zone as related to heart rate.

Target zone is 60%-90% of a person's maximum heart rate.

Sphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Name two sphincters discussed in the module and using your own words, briefly describe their functions.

The esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach. The ileocecal sphincter prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine.

Explain the difference between Internal and External drives that influence our desire to eat.

The internal drive is hunger and is associated with negative sensations like churning, growling and pain in the stomach. External drives have to do with appetite and are associated with positive food sensations and lead us to eat when we are not hungry.

List a dietary treatment for diarrhea.

Treatment usually requires increased fluid consumption to prevent dehydration. A diet of broth, tea, toast, and low fiber foods should be consumed, as tolerated.

Name the food groups that vegans will include in their diet and those that they avoid.

Vegans will consume plant foods only

List 2 vitamins or minerals that are lacking in a child's diet who is a vegetarian.

Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, calcium, iron and zinc are all correct

Match the following vitamins with the correct statement or deficiency. Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin E Retinal

Vitamin K Small amounts of this vitamin are synthesized in the intestinal tract. Vitamin D Osteomalacia is the result of inadequate intake of _______ Vitamin E The chemical name of this vitamin is Tocopherol Retinal Helps the eye adjust from bright light to dim light.

Which of the following is an organic micronutrient? Proteins Carbohydrates Water Vitamins Minerals

Vitamins

Hypogeusia results when an individual is deficient in what mineral? Define the term hypogeusia.

Zinc; A reduced or inability to taste

Which eating disorder best describes the following scenario? Caitlin is trying out for a school play and decides to lose a little weight. Before long her friends start to make remarks about how good she looks. To speed up the process she begins to exercise several times a day. Before long she has lost 10 pounds but feels like she needs to lose more because every time she looks in the mirror all she can see are her fat thighs

anorexia nervosa

Match the following health message with the correct concept. The health messages conveyed by the MyPlate illustrates the concepts of: balance Moderation variety

balance: calorie and portion size moderation: increase consumption of some groups and limit consumption of others variety: consume all food groups

"The amount of a substance (like a vitamin) that is absorbed into the bloodstream and is available to the body to use" is the definition of what word?

bioavailability

Each of the following are Physiological factors related to aging except: Economic factors Medications Chronic disease Digestive system changes

economic factors

Comparing the amount of oxygen consumed with the amount of carbon dioxide expired measures a person's energy expenditure using ________________.

indirect calorimetry

Minerals required in amounts less than 100 milligrams daily are categorized as __1_____ minerals. Those required in amounts greater than 100 milligrams are categorized as ___2____ minerals.

trace; major

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed.

true

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Intuitive eating can be a key strategy in preventing eating disorders.

true

True or False: Vitamins contain both water and fat soluble forms.

true

The increased incidence of overweight/obese children and teens and poor diet habits has resulted in all the following for this age group except:

type 1 diabetes

Name the vitamin that collagen synthesis and antioxidant activity are dependent upon.

vitamin c

The bioavailability (absorption) of minerals can be affected by several types of interactions. (1) State the interaction from the list that best describes what is occurring in the situation below. (2) List whether the interaction increases or decreases bioavailability. Phil uses an iron skillet to cook meat with stewed tomatoes or another vitamin C source. A. Mineral-mineral interaction B. Vitamin-mineral interaction C. Fiber-mineral interaction

(1) B. Vitamin-mineral interaction. (2)Bioavailability will increase.

Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency a. Iron b. Selenium c. Iodide d. Calcium

1 b - selenium A particular type of heart disease 2 d - calcium Osteoporosis 3 c - iodide Congenital hypothyroidism in children 4 a - iron Anemia resulting from a low hematocrit and hemoglobin level

1. To prevent dehydration two hormones are secreted. ____________ is secreted from the adrenal glands to conserve sodium and water. 2. The pituitary glands release __________ __________ to decrease urine output.

1. Aldosterone 2. antidiuretic hormone

As a dietitian, a client comes to you after her annual physical. Her physician diagnosed her as being obese and informed her that she needs to change her diet habits before she develops heart disease or diabetes. (1) The Dietary Guidelines recommend making every bite count. Explain to the client what this statement means. (2) Discuss the types of beverages you recommend to avoid added sugars and saturated fats.

1. Focus on nutrient dense foods and beverages and limit those with added sugar, saturated fats and sodium. Benefits add up over time.2. Low fat or fat free milk, fortified soy milk, lactose free dairy and water

______________is the internal drive to find and eat food. Often experienced as a 2. ______________ sensation.

1. Hunger 2. negative

Below are two clients with digestive ailments. For each of them explain which fiber should be added to their diet and how it will improve their symptoms. Client 1 suffers from constipation Client 2 has high cholesterol

1. Insoluble fiber can improve constipation. It does not dissolve in water and is not broken down by intestinal bacteria so it increases stool mass and speed of passage through the large intestine. 2. Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption and fat, so it's associated with lowering cholesterol (and it provides satiety). Soluble fiber dissolves in water creating an intestinal barrier to block absorption.

1. Prior to delivery, hormones prepare the breast for milk production. __________ is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland for milk production. 2. As the baby suckles oxytocin stimulates the __________ and the letdown reflex to secrete milk. 3. During the first few days following birth colostrum, which is high in protein and __________ __________, is secreted. This helps protect the intestinal health of the infant.

1. Prolactin 2. lobules 3. immune factors

1. Lack of this vitamin can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. 2. Xeropthalmia is a result of a deficiency of _______________.

1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin A

___________ obesity. 2. Females have a pear shape often referred to as __________ obesity. 3. The shape that has the highest health risks associated with it is the __________ shape.

1. android 2. gynoid 3. apple

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Insoluble Fiber d. Soluble Fiber e. Functional Fiber 1. ____ Examples include sucrose and maltose 2. ____ Examples include fructose and galactose 3. ____ Added to food for intestinal health 4. ____ Dissolves in the GI tract 5. ____ Also called non fermentable fiber

1. b. Disaccharides Examples include sucrose and maltose 2. a. Monosaccharides Examples include fructose and galactose 3. e. Functional Fiber Added to food for intestinal health 4. d. Soluble Fiber Dissolves in the GI tract 5. c. Insoluble Fiber Also called non fermentable fiber

1. The first stage of gestation, during which rapid cell division occurs is known as the ___________ stage. 2. Development occurs from about week two through the ___________ week and is called the embryonic stage. The fetal stage occurs from week nine to the end of the pregnancy and is a period of growth. 3. All pregnancies are divided into three equal time periods, known as trimesters, each lasting approximately 13-14 weeks. A baby born after the thirty seventh week of pregnancy is considered ___________ term.

1. blastogenic 2. eighth 3. full

1. A deficiency of thiamin results in beriberi which translates to I can't I can't. Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin and the symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, ____________ and death. 2. Ariboflavinosis results from a riboflavin deficiency leading to an inflamed tongue known as glossitis and ____________ , cracks around the mouth. 3. A deficiency of folate and vitamin ____________ both result in megaloblastic anemia, formation of large immature red blood cells

1. dementia 2. cheilosis 3. B-12

Nature and nurture both play a role in determining our weight. Mark each statement as nature or nurture. 1. Your body's set point _____________. 2. Identical twins often share the same body type ________________. 3. High fat diets and inactivity promote weight gain _______________.

1. nature 2. nature 3. nurture

1. Human milk or formula should meet the total nutrient needs for the first __________ months of life. 2. Both are rich in __________ to provide a concentrated source of calories and for brain and nervous system development. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid are long chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye development. Solid foods can be introduced at 6 months of age. 3. A new food should be introduced at the rate of one per week to check for __________ .

1. six 2. fat 3. allergies

1. _____________ are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their bioavailability. 2. Minerals needed in amounts > 100 mg per day are called major minerals while those needed in quantities < 100 mg daily are ____________ minerals. 3. Would vitamins or minerals be more likely to be destroyed during the cooking process?

1. vitamins and/or minerals 2. trace 3. Vitamins

Loraine is a pregnant female who was overweight prior to her pregnancy. At her clinic visit, she wanted to know what an appropriate amount of weight gain during pregnancy would be. Choose the correct response.

15 to 25 pounds

Match the following scenario with the correct aging process. Usual Aging Successful Aging Dean has been a semi vegetarian for several years and practices yoga three times a week. At the age of 70 he takes one blood pressure pill but has no other health concerns and remains active.

2. successful aging

Jenn is a 50 year old health care worker. During her annual physical, her physician measures her weight and body fat percentage. What would be the appropriate body fat percentage range for Jenn?

20%-35%

Fats provide ___ kcal of energy/gram

9

Explain how a calorie (the general term), a Calorie (the dietary term) and a kilocalorie are related.

A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Food calories (Calories) is expressed in terms of kilocalories. Or Calorie = 1 kilocalorie = 1,000 calories

For (A) a hypoglycemic state, and (B) a hyperglycemic state, list the hormones that the pancreas would release in each state and how the hormones would influence blood glucose levels.

A. Glucagon - will break down glycogen stores in liver to increase blood glucose levels B. Insulin - increases cellular uptake of glucose to lower blood glucose levels

Jules is in her first trimester of pregnancy and is concerned because she has found herself craving dirt and ice. (A) What is the name of this condition and (B) why do the cravings occur?

A. Pica B. nutrient deficiency

List (A) the three types of FATS, (B) at least 2 of their functions, and (C) at least 2 common sources of the nutrient in the diet.

A. Triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids B. Energy source, structure, and regulation C. fats, oils, meats, and dairy products; (few fruits/vegetables like avocado, olives or coconuts)

The biological value of a protein is different in _____(A)_______ vs plant sources. _____(B)_______ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or _____(C)_______ protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called protein- calorie malnutrition

A. animal B. Animal C. incomplete

Specific parts of the GI tract include the ______(A)_______, esophagus, stomach, ______(B)_______ , large intestine and rectum. Other organs such as the liver, ______(C)__________ and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract.

A. mouth B. small intestine C. gallbladder

Which of the below would be a sound dietary suggestion to help an underweight person gain weight. Only eating at meal times Keep beverages only to water Add healthy fats to meals increase fluid consumption to increase satiety

Add healthy fats to meals

Briefly explain the term "aging" in relation to adults and when the process begins.

Adults experience physical and physiological changes that occur in body structure and functions. These changes begin after the age of 30.

Which of the following populations would not be advised to use the general BMI? Select all that apply: Children Pregnant/breastfeeding moms Short stature adults Muscular individuals Elderly

All

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: They are organic Are absorbed into the lymph system All are synthesized by the body Are stored in large quantities

All are synthesized by the body

A friend recently had her annual physical, and her doctor informed her that her Vitamin A levels were too low. As a nurse, she comes to you for advice on what foods to consume to increase her vitamin A intake. Provide 4 examples of foods that are rich in preformed Vitamin A.

All of the following are good sources of preformed Vitamin A- liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt and eggs

Breastfeeding is recommended for the first year of life. However there are numerous factors that can influence a woman's decision to breastfeed. Name two of the influences.

All the following are appropriate: education, social concerns, working, physical ability

Which of the following is/are false regarding calorie and nutrient needs during pregnancy? Choose all that apply. Quality is more important than quantity Focus on nutrient dense foods An additional 50 grams of protein is required daily to meet needs Calorie needs double

An additional 50 grams of protein is required daily to meet needs Calorie needs double

Discuss two differences between aerobic and anaerobic activity.

Anaerobic activity is accomplished without oxygen. Aerobic activity uses oxygen. Anaerobic activity lasts approximately for two to three minutes. Aerobic activity is used in events lasting longer than 2 minutes.

An individual who has low numbers of red blood cells and a low hemoglobin would be diagnosed with what condition?

Anemia

The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources. ____ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. ____ sources are considered lower quality or incomplete protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called ____.

Animal; plant; protein-calorie malnutrition

What is the translation of anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

Anorexia Nervosa translates to a denial of appetite. Bulimia translates as Ox hunger.

An individual's health can be assessed using the ABCDEs of nutritional assessment. Give a brief description of what A stands for.

Anthropometrics- measurements of body composition such as height and weight

What is atherosclerosis (make sure to address lipoprotein associated with the disease)?

Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaques block blood flow in the arteries (leading to heart attacks, strokes and high blood pressure.. One of its causes is high levels of LDL, which can deposit cholesterol in the arteries leading to the plaque formation.

Which of the following are true? The average adult requires 8 cups of fluid a day A well hydrated individual has dark yellow urine Dehydration has no impact on performance Athletes require additional fluids to regulate body temperature

Athletes require additional fluids to regulate body temperature

What are the requirements for someone to be eligible to take medications, go on an extremely low-calorie diet, or have bariatric surgery?

BMI of >30, or >27 with co-morbid health risks.

What table can be used to determine if an individual is in a healthy weight range, an overweight range or is considered obese? Would this table be appropriate for a muscular individual?

Body Mass Index Table No it would not be appropriate

Which of the following statements is/are true. Choose all that apply. Breastfeeding is always easy for mom and baby Both formula and breastmilk meet the infant's needs Formula is more economical than breastfeeding Breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk of diabetes for both mom and baby

Both formula and breastmilk meet the infant's needs Breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk of diabetes for both mom and baby

Optimal performance requires adequate energy and nutrient intake. List the macromolecule where the majority of energy intake should come from and provide one tissue where a form of this nutrient would be stored.

Carbohydrates which are stored in the liver or muscle (optional: the stored carbohydrate is called glycogen)

List at least 3 macromolecule classes that are sources of energy.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A fat is an organic micronutrient that functions to regulate body processes and provide structure.

FALSE: Fat is an organic MACROnutrient that functions to regulate body processes and provide structure.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hyperglycemia.

FALSE: Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. OR High blood sugar levels are referred to as hyperglycemia.

True or false. If false, rewrite to make the statement true. Nurture is the influence of genetic factors that play a role in body composition

FALSE: Nature is the influence of genetic factors that play a role in body composition OR nurture is the influence of environmental factors that play a role in body composition.

True and false. If the statement is false, rewrite the statement to make it true. The daily standards of calorie control for females is 1,300 and 1,600 for males.

FALSE: The daily standards of calorie control for females is 1,200 and 1,500 for males.

True or false. If false, re-write the statement to make a truth. The gallbladder produces bile for digestion and excess is stored in the liver.

FALSE: The liver produces bile for digestion and it is stored in the gallbladder.

True or False. If False, explain why it is false. All essential vitamins are synthesized by the human body.

False Most essential vitamins can not be synthesized by the human body. (optional: They must be consumed in the diet.) OR: Certain essential vitamins can be synthesized by the body

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Prolactin is a thick yellowish substance rich in protein and immune factors.

False, Colostrum is a thick yellowish substance rich in protein and immune factors. OR Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland to produce breastmilk

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. High consumption of protein is necessary to build muscle in strength training.

False, Resistance exercise is what builds the muscle in strength training. OR Carbohydrates are the most important nutrient for optimum performance.

True or False. If False, explain why it is false. Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of processes including digestive processes, absorption and being an energy source.

False, Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of processes including digestive processes, absorption and metabolism. OR Vitamins are not an energy source for cells.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. When initiating an exercise routine one should start with 60 minutes daily.

False, When initiating an exercise routine one should start with 30 minutes daily.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Vitamins promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes.

False. Nutrients promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Nutrition is the science that links foods to health and weight.

False: Nutrition is the science that links foods to health and disease.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Science now shows that individuals must be active for a continuous period of 60 minutes for it to be beneficial.

False: Science now shows that increments of activity that add up to 60 minutes can be just as beneficial.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Nutritional value and taste are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

False: Taste and texture are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. The water soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts.

False: The water soluble vitamins have a low likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts. OR The fat soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts.

List at least 3 types of nutrients listed on a nutrition facts label/panel.

Fat (saturated/trans/cholesterol) Minerals (Sodium/Potassium) Carbohydrates (Fiber/Sugars) Protein Vitamins and Minerals (Vitamin C/A/B, calcium, iron, etc. - varies per product)

Why are ketones produced to meet energy needs in pregnancy?

Fat is being used for energy. There is inadequate carbohydrate intake.

Older adults consume excess amounts of each of the following except: Sodium Fiber Fat Carbohydrates

Fiber

Define the term Food Jag.

Food jag is the desire to eat the same foods or a certain color of food at each meal.

What is the definition of a nutrient-dense food? List 1 example of a nutrient dense food.

Foods that contain a high amount of vitamins and minerals that our bodies use as fuel. Examples: Any fruit or vegetable would count as a nutrient dense food.

Match the terms with the correct description: Formed by the end of week eight Fetus Allows for the transfer of waste products Placenta Formed following a period of rapid cell division Embryo Union of an egg and sperm Zygote

Formed by the end of week eight Fetus Allows for the transfer of waste products Placenta Formed following a period of rapid cell division Embryo Union of an egg and sperm Zygote

You purchase a container of Apple Juice marketed for children. The label states that this juice contains Vitamin D and E. This is an example of a product that has been ___________________. Briefly explain your answer. Fortified Enriched

Fortified- vitamins added to a product that are not normally in the food product.

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation? Hormones are responsible for control High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels Excess glucose is stored as glycogen

Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

Briefly explain to Sam what is occurring in an individual who has a goiter. Include the mineral that is deficient.

Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a deficiency of iodide.

Which of the following are true concerning the Healthy People program? Select all that apply. Government sponsored program to improve the nation's health Reviews and updates the Nutrition Facts labels The program is updated every 10 years An objective and goal of the program is to encourage physical fitness

Government sponsored program to improve the nation's health The program is updated every 10 years An objective and goal of the program is to encourage physical fitness

Which of the following individuals would be more likely to be dehydrated and not recognize that they are thirsty? Choose all that apply. Grace, a 90 year old widow Frank, a twenty five year old teacher Bailey, an active three year old Jill, a middle aged secretary

Grace, a 90 year old widow Bailey, an active three year old

Provide one example of the effects of anorexia on each of the following: hair, heart and blood

Hair- brittle or thin Heart- slow heart rate, low blood pressure or heart disease Blood- anemia

You are grocery shopping and notice on a bag of steel cut oats, there is a heart and it says "Oatmeal may help to reduce cholesterol!". Which type of claim would this advertising be?

Health claim

Explain the cause and symptoms of heartburn.

Heartburn is a burning sensation in the esophagus due to an improper closing of a sphincter that allows stomach acids to enter into the esophagus.

Which form of iron is most easily absorbed? What types of food contain this type of iron?

Heme iron is more easily absorbed. It is found in animal flesh (meats)

Name three factors that may negatively affect iron absorption.

High fiber intake or Pica both adversely affects absorption. Zinc supplements can also interfere with iron absorption as well as other minerals.

Define Hunger and list the primary cause in the United States.

Hunger is a painful sensation caused by a lack of food. Poverty is the primary cause.

One of your patient's reports a reduced sense of smell. You suspect a zinc deficiency and explain that a reduced sense of smell is a condition called ______________________.

Hyposmia (Anosmia is complete loss of smell)

Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Include cause, on-set, symptoms and treatment in your answer

In both type 1 and 2 diabetes blood glucose levels are high, or there is hyperglycemia, so both also have similar symptoms (excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss and ketosis). Causes, treatment and time of onset are different between type 1 and 2 diabetes: -Type 1 is when the pancreas doesn't make any insulin, treatment is exogenous insulin and generally has onset in childhood-early adulthood and is rarer than type 2. -Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance or when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, treatment includes insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs, it is linked to being overweight/diet, and generally has an onset in adulthood

What are ions?

Ions are minerals that have an electrical charge and are called electrolytes.

What are two complications of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy?

Iron deficiency may lead to preterm delivery, low birth weight, increased risk of fetal death

Name three concerns that occur during the school age years that may impact a child's nutritional status.

Lack of regular meals, excess fat consumption, increased incidence of obesity and cardiovascular disease as well as diabetes.

Jill considers herself a vegetarian, and you observe her eating a salad with feta cheese, boiled eggs and a creamy dressing made with buttermilk. What type of diet is this considered.

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

List 3 hormones associated with satiety. Explain how at least 1 works to decrease hunger.

Leptin -alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal. Serotonin - affects motility and communicates with the brain for satiety. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - slows down stomach emptying to give a feeling of fullness (also increases bile production and release from gallbladder).

What are lipoproteins comprised of?

Lipoproteins are lipids surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol.

Define the term Low Birth Weight.

Low Birth Weight-An infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds, regardless of gestational age

You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A mother brings a child to the clinic who has had severe weight loss, has a skin and bones appearance and severe growth impairment. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering from?

Marasmus

Determine the maximum heart rate and the target zone for a 55 year old

Maximum heart rate 220 - 55 = 165 target zone 165 x 0.6 = 99 to 165 x 0.9 = 148.5 = 149 (rounding up from 148.5) beats/minute

Along with nutrition label reading and keeping a food journal, what are at least 2 more recommended behaviors for controlling calories? (Note: Behavior modification and behavior-modification strategies are not to be listed as a recommendation.)

Measuring portion sizes limiting high fat foods limiting empty calorie foods/foods high in sugar

List 3 organs of the gastrointestinal tract and state their functions.

Mouth - hold and mechanically digests food Esophagus - passageway for food Stomach - Hold volume of food and mechanically and chemically digests it Small intestine - Site of digestion and absorption of nutrients Large intestine - Reabsorbs water and some vitamins Rectum - Passes undigested foodstuffs from the body

Jen rarely eats breakfast or lunch. She has her main meal around 5 O'Clock then takes a bag of chips to the coach to munch on while watching TV. She goes to bed around 11 but Jen normally awakens around 2 am and has a snack before falling back asleep. Which eating disorder would you choose as her diagnosis? Binge Eating Disorder Bulimia Nervosa Night Eating Syndrome Anorexia Nervosa

Night Eating Syndrome

What is the difference between essential vs nonessential amino acids?

Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body or converted from other existing matter. There 11 are nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids are 9 amino acids that we must consume through the diet as our bodies cannot naturally synthesize them.

The Paleolithic or Caveman Diet (aka Paleo) is based on the idea that human ancestors up to 10,000 years ago ate a very different diet than our modern one, and a change back to the type of eating of our ancestors will help dieters to lose weight by decreasing appetite and increasing energy by matching our eating to our genes. During the paleolithic period, people were hunter gatherers, so any food commonly farmed would be eliminated, thus dieters cannot consume diary, legumes, refined sugar, salt, potatoes, processed foods or grains. Along with weight loss, the diet touts improved glucose tolerance, blood pressure control, lower triglycerides and appetite management. Because of the need of fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds and wild, grass-fed or unfarmed meats, the paleo diet can be very expensive to maintain. Celebrities like Jack Osbourne, Megan Fox and Jessica Biel are rumored to eat via the Paleo diet.

Part 1: Yes, options for evidence include: quick weight loss, celebrity endorsement, limited selection of foods, expensive , cure all, does not recognize role of exercise Part 2: Low Carbohydrate because of the grain restrictions

Paul is a 50 year old male. Julie is a 30 year old female. Would his maximum heart rate be higher or lower than Julie's maximum heart rate? Show your calculations.

Paul's maximum heart rate 220 - 50 = 170 beats per minute Julie's maximum heart rate 220-30 = 190 beats per minute Paul's would be lower.

There are two main factors that are related to nutrient needs of adults and nutrition concerns that occur with aging. These factors are?

Physiological changes and psychosocial needs

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids? Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels A relationship has been found between a diet high in fat and cardiovascular disease Some fat is necessary in our diet To lower blood cholesterol levels choose foods made with unsaturated fats

Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels

Name at least 2 examples of when positive energy balance is necessary.

Pregnancy and growth spurts in childhood and adolescence

Define protein calorie malnutrition.

Protein calorie malnutrition is inadequate intake of protein and calories over a period of time which leads to muscle wasting, and increased risk of infection due to a compromised immune system.

Which macromolecule type plays a role in structural components, regulates body function, and enzyme production?

Proteins

What form of vitamin A is Beta-carotene considered to be?

Provitamin A or Carotenoids (either answer is appropriate)

What term refers to a loss of lean muscle and an increase in fat stores?

Sarcopenic obesity

Match the following characteristics to the correct eating disorder: Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa Self denial of food leads to feeling empowered Food provides comfort Difficulty controlling impulses Very competitive and obsessive Rituals involving food and calorie counting Normal weight for height is typical

Self denial of food leads to feeling empowered Anorexia Nervosa Food provides comfort Bulimia Nervosa Difficulty controlling impulses Bulimia Nervosa Very competitive and obsessive Anorexia Nervosa Rituals involving food and calorie counting Anorexia Nervosa Normal weight for height is typical Bulimia Nervosa

Kai has always been a "yo-yo" dieter, in that he loses weight, but then eventually goes back to his previous overweight status. What is this concept called and name the hormone that is hypothesized to be involved.

Set point theory; leptin

Patrick was comparing two nutrition labels for snacks at the grocery store. Snack #1 had 168 calories per serving and 7 g of total fat, while Snack #2 had 195 calories and 5 g of fat. Which snack would be the better choice for Patrick's weight loss goals and why?

Snack #1 because when looking at labels and comparing products, remember that calories are important, regardless of whether they come from fat, carbohydrates, or protein.

Certain minerals may contribute to high blood pressure. Choose all that apply. Calcium Sodium Magnesium Chloride

Sodium Chloride

What are three strategies being used by the World Food Bank to counter undernutrition?

The World Food Bank is currently working to implement three approaches to counter undernutrition; increasing diversity of the food supply, fortifying food with nutrients and providing nutrient supplementation.

A 47 year old female has come to the clinic for help losing weight. For the past 4 months she has worked to eat only low-fat and fat-free foods, but she has not lost weight. Why might consuming fat-free and low-fat foods not lead to weight loss?

The calorie difference between low-fat and its regular counterpart can be marginal as extra sugar (or salt) can be used to improve the taste. Additionally, the lack of fat or simply the knowledge that the product is lower in calories, may lead you to actually eat more of a low-fat product. The end result is often the consumption of more calories than if you had just ingested the regular product initially.

Name the three components of the Female Athlete Triad

The female athlete triad involves disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods and osteoporosis related to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake.

Name three benefits that occur from regular physical activity

There are many benefits that occur from regular physical activity. These include increased cardiovascular function, reduced stress, lower blood pressure, weight loss/control, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved sleep, improved immune function, and improved blood glucose control, slowing of the aging process and an improved self-image.

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: They are organic They provide energy Are absorbed into the lymph system Are stored in large quantities

They provide energy

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Foods that are often high in starch are also a good source of fiber.

True

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon double bond. in the fatty acid.

True

Explain the difference between undernutrition and malnutrition

Undernutrition is a specific state when nutrient intake does not meet the needs of the body. Malnutrition relates to the ill-effects of an unbalanced diet and can come from either undernutrition or overnutrition.

Breastfeeding mom's require 1800 calories and increased vitamin intake. List 2 vitamins that need to be increased while breastfeeding.

Vitamins A, E, C and Riboflavin are all correct

Paul is in high school and participates in several sports. There is a vending machine with water and sports beverages. He doesn't know what the difference between these two beverages would be. Explain when water would be appropriate and when sports beverages are recommended.

Water would be appropriate for activities lasting less than 60 minutes (light to moderate) Sports beverages would be appropriate in those lasting greater than 60 minutes (endurance)

When establishing an exercise program, each of the following are true except: The focus should be on disease prevention Rewards can be a good incentive Weighing oneself is important Lack of knowledge can hinder your progress Exercises to improve flexibility and balance should be part of the routine

Weighing oneself is important

Other than the percentage of body fat and location of fat, name at least 2 other important indicators of obesity.

Weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip-ratio

Jeff is a wrestler and has been trying to lose weight, he has restricted his intake of protein, sodium and especially fluids. Recently he noticed a change in the color of his urine and is dehydrated. State how Jeff's urine color has changed and explain why it has occurred.

When there is inadequate fluid intake the urine becomes concentrated and appears darker in color. (Urine color should be pale to clear yellow.)

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions. a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Insoluble Fiber d. Soluble Fiber e. Functional Fiber

a - monosaccharides An example is galactose e - functional fiber Promotes intestinal health and is added to foods c - insoluble fiber Not broken down by bacteria in the GI tract b - disaccharides Maltose and sucrose are examples d - soluble fiber Dissolves and provide satiety

The monomer (single unit that can be absorbed) proteins are digested into

amino acids

Which enzyme primarily digests starch?

amylase

Which method below is used to determine a person's body fat by measuring the fat layer just under the skin at several locations using a caliper?

anthropometrics

_________ describes how certain factors can prevent us from reaching our weight loss goals.

behavior modification

Which eating disorder best describes this scenario? Caitlin is going through a rough spot in her marriage and has no close friends to turn to for advice. Lately she has found that cooking helps to relieve her stress. Last night she made brownies and ate most of the pan before her husband came home from work. Today she decided to make cookies to take to work but ended up eating most of the batter before she could bake them. The cookie dough just made her feel so good about herself.

binge eating disorder

Vitamin C is important in the formation of ________ . Like Vitamin A and E it works as an antioxidant scavenging free radicals. Combining _____ with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption. A deficiency results in scurvy which can be prevented by consuming ______. This vitamin is often marketed as a cure for the common cold.

collagen; iron; citrus fruits

The state of ________________ nutrition can be achieved by eating a variety of foods which provide all the essential nutrients Malnutrition can either be a nutritional state of _______(A)__________ or ______(B)________ nutrition.

desirable A. over B. under

Match the following behavior modification strategies with the correct statement. A. Cognitive Restructuring B. Chain Breaking C. Stimulus Control D. Contingency Management E. Self Monitoring

e - self monitoring Keeping a food diary helps you track calories. c - stimulus control To avoid overeating at a party you keep a low cal drink in your hands and stay away from the food. a - cognitive restructuring You shift your thoughts on food from allowed and not allowed to moderation.

Which of the following is NOT a sensory external force that influences our eating: Taste Smell Color Texture Emotion/memory

emotion/memory

Which of the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment has to do with review of the person's living conditions, and background history?

environmental

Which type of diffusion can move substances down concentration gradients utilizing a transporter?

facilitated diffusion

According to MyPlate, what types of food should we increase in our diet?

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy

List a dietary treatment for diverticulosis

increase fiber intake

Water found inside a cell is considered ________________; water as part of the blood is considered ______________.

intracellular; extracellular

The central nervous system prefers to use glucose for energy, but if it is unavailable, the CNS can use _______. Protein Ketones Glycerol Amino acids Fatty acids

ketones

Using the guidelines for Body Mass Index someone with a body mass index of greater than 31 would be considered _____________.

obese

Using the guidelines for Body Mass Index someone with a body mass index of greater than 30 would be considered ____.Measuring the heat produced in a sealed chamber can be used to determine a person's energy expenditure. This method is called ________

obese; direct calorimetry

Extracellular water volume relies on _______and ________ concentrations.

sodium and chloride

Jill is trying to reduce her calories and increase her activity level to lose weight. Her favorite go to snack for when she is bored, hungry, stressed, watching TV, etc. are salt and vinegar potato chips. She always keeps a bag or two in her pantry. On a recent grocery store trip, Jill decided to not purchase any chips so that her house would be void of them for the next week. What kind of behavior modification is Jill demonstrating?

stimulus control

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. For patients who are overweight, they must work to control calories, increase physical activity and have behavior modification.

true

1. The rate at which we age is influenced by several factors including lifestyle, environment and ____________. 2. Physical and ____(A)________ changes that are an expected part of aging such as increased fatty tissue, high blood pressure and declining bone and lean body mass is referred to as ____(B)________ aging. Individuals who make wise diet and lifestyle choices can decrease the risk for disease and age-related decline of functions occur at a slower rate. This is called Successful aging.

1.) heredity 2.) A. physiological B. usual

Which of the following is NOT recognized as a primary eating disorder? Anorexia Nervosa Female Athlete Triad Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating disorder

Female Athlete Triad

List two groups of people that may be eligible to qualify to participate in the food pantry program:

Homeless, elderly, anyone requiring some assistance, low income

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

Hunger is the internal drive to find and eat food. Appetite is the external drive that encourages us to find and eat food . Hunger is related to the negative sensations caused by the lack of food, while Appetite is related to the pleasurable sensations involved with eating food we enjoy.

True or False. If False, explain why it is false. Vitamins A,D,E and K are considered fat soluble vitamins.

True

Define the term Undernutrition as it is used in the module.

Undernutrition is the lack of adequate food to meet nutrient needs over a period of time.