Biodiv test #4

How long ago did Earth form?

4.6 billion years ago

____ is a process that occurs to allow organisms to survive in their changing environments.

Adaptation

which fungi phylum makes shrooms?

Basdiomycota bc when ur tripping u wanna hear music with good bass

______ is the variety of species present on this planet.

Biodiversity

weird examples of mammals are

monotremes, marsupials, and placental animals

The biological species concept uses ___ ___ to designate separate species. this is a test question memorize it

reproductive isolation

Birds are related to

reptiles

protists are ____

single celled, both autrophic and heterotrophic, multiply by binary fission, have a nucleus (therefore eukaryotic)

The process of speciation is generally a very ____ process, often taking millions of years to occur completely.

slow

How many mass extinctions have there been?

5

what is a prokaryote

A single celled organism with no nucleus

which domains include prokaryotic organisms?

Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea

Fossil evidence indicates that as few as 4 different species within the genus _____ existed one to two million years ago.

Homo

Today, modern ____ _____ is the only member of the genus to have survived and has replaced other hominin species on Earth.

Homo sapiens

_____ fungi, which describes a relationship in which fungi benefits and the host is harmed, are known to cause diseases in both plants and animals.

Parasitic

The mass extinction at the end of the ____ period (about 250 MYA) is thought to have killed off as many as ___ percent of the animal species. The first _____ and dinosaurs appeared.

Permian; 83%; mammals

______ is the ultimate source of species diversity and occurs over time as organisms respond to changes in the environment.

Speciation

Of the described species, approximately 382,000 species are plants, 140,000 are fungi, and 1.5 million species are animals. T/F

T

Scientists generally agree that many more species exist than are formally described, but they disagree about how many there really are. T/F

T

The total number of species on the planet is an estimated calculation offered by scientists. T/F

T

The 4th mass extinction occurred about 200 MYA at the end of the ____ period. This extinction eliminated ___ percent of all existing animal species including reptiles, early dinosaurs, and the first mammals. After the extinction event, angiosperms spread and modern ____ appeared.

Triassic; 48%; insects

biodiversity hotspots include:

coral reefs, rain forests, and areas of high biodiversity in need of protection

The adults typically reproduce _____.

sexually

animals are part of which supergroup?

Opisthokonts bc they dont go to the orthodontist

what is a mollusc

an invertebrate animal with a hard shell

a coelomate is a ___ ___

body cavity

Kingdom Animalia is a branch on the _____ tree that contains the ____, _____ organisms.

eukaryotic; multicellular; heterotrophic

which event in Earth's history occured the earliest?

evolution of prokaryotes

Fungi are composed of microscopic, threadlike filaments, called _____ that form a multicellular, fungal body called _____.

hyphae; mycelium

Several characteristics unique to this kingdom is the fact that they ______ their food and their cells lack ___ ___.

ingest; cell walls

mycelium is very cool bc

it flows underground and as a result all fungi are the same organism, kinda like the swamps in avatar

What is sexual selection?

just a type of natural selection

Location of the bacterial chromosome is called ____ ___

nucleoid region

protists have a _____

nucleus

Another type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a fungi and the roots of _____.

plants

What are the kingdoms?

plants, prokaryotes, protists, animals, fungi (PPP AF)

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules ____ ____

plasma membrane

formation of a membrane is not important in _____ ____

prokaryotic evolution

Today, taxonomists generated a new level of biological classification, called the _____, to better explain the relationships among protists.

supergroup

Caitlin is a

vertebrate

What's an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

what are the domains, bae?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eurokaryota

so a vertebrate is___

an animal With a backbone

What is a eurkaryote?

an single or multi celled organism with a nucleus

what are reasons that plant diversity is important to preserve?

Many medicines used to treat illnesses and diseases are derived from plants. also Many organisms, including humans, depend on plants for food. also Plants play an important role in the various cycles, such as carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorous, on Earth. also Plant diversity is important to maintain stable ecosystems and provide nutrients and shelter to many organisms in the community.

______ fungi are particularly important because they assist the plant with the uptake of water and nutrients, ____ the surface area of the roots.

Mycorrhizal; increasing

The 1st mass extinction occurred at the end of the ____ period. The ___ ____ at this time would have been dominated by invertebrates and early vertebrates. After the extinction event, over 50 percent of marine species went extinct but made way for the first _____ fishes.

Ordovician; sea animals; jawed

a prezygotic isolating mechanism is _____

a reproductive isolating mechanism that occurs BEFORE the formation of a zygote

sympatric selection is when

a species evolves into two separate species but still live in the same area

For example, a lichen is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between an ____ and a fungi in phylum ____.

algae; Ascomycota-- this question is stupid and too specific

All members of the ____ family belong to the grouping known as ______; a special grouping to note _____ apes.

ape; hominids (with a d); bipedal (two legged)

Protists have the ability to conduct photosynthesis, like an ____ _____, but also ingest food like a ____ ___.

autotrophic plant; heterotrophic animal

benefits of fungi include ____ and ____

beer and wine

protists multiply by ____

binary fission

Sticky gel-like coating outside of the cell wall is called ____-

capsule

Structure that provides support and shapes the cells is called ____ _____

cell wall

In fact, human-induced ___ ____ by the increase in ___ __ in the atmosphere is the greatest threat to biodiversity.

climate change; greenhouse gases

ocean acidification effects which organisms?

coral reefs, molluscs, and protists that have shells of calcium carbonate

Semifluid solution that contains the chemical cellular components of the cell to sustain life is called _____

cytoplasm

a saprophyte is an organism that lives off of

dead or decaying organic material

caitlin's real name should be

debbie

the decline of tropical rainforests is due primarily to ____

deforestation

Over time, a species may not be able to adapt to a change in its climate, habitat, or food source, and may naturally go ____.

extinct

Rotating filament that propels the cell through the environment is called ______

flagellum

The ___ ___ indicates that species have become extinct throughout the history of life.

fossil record

Origami Doesnt Please The Caitlin

geological time periods are O->D->P->T->C

The loss of many species is _____ and occurs no matter how well adapted those species were before the event.

global

mammals possess _____ for camoflauge and tempurate regulations and _____ glands that produce milk to nurse young

hair; mammary

Fungi also have life cycle that consists of both ____ (n) and ______ (2n) states, and both sexual and asexual reproduction.

haploid; diploid

Nutritionally, all fungi are ______ organisms that digest organic material outside the body and absorb the molecules released.

heterotrophic

If the rate of species loss is ____ the rate of speciation, then there is a general ____ of biodiversity.

higher than; loss

According to the evolutionary tree, the _____ group split from the other apes _-_ MYA.

hominins (with an n); 5-6

Previously placed into a single _____, divisions within the protists were typically assigned based on whether the organisms were autotrophs, heterotrophs, or saprophytic.

kingdom

In a ____, the algae that live in the filaments, or the _____, of the fungus provide the organism with _____, the end products of photosynthesis.

lichen; hyphae; carbohydrates

some arthropod examples are:

lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes

The record that has been left behind and used to describe the evolution of life has noted several sudden and global extinction events, known as __ ___. These events tend to not only mark the boundaries of ___ ___ ___ but also usually represent significant shifts in the evolution of life.

mass extinction; geological time periods

In some instances, impact events, such as an asteroid impact, or rapid changes in the environment do not leave organisms time to adapt and leads to loss of many species very rapidly, called ____ ____.

mass extinctions

Fungi do not have true sexes, but rather what are called ____ ____.

mating types

As the fungi grow and spread, the fungus provides the algae with protection, ______, and water.

minerals

The organisms are typically _____ and have a ______ dominated life cycle in which the only haploid cells produced by the organism is the gametes (reproductive cells).

motile (they can ****ing move); diploid

Fungi are typically _____ eukaryotic organisms

multicellular

a reproductive part of fungi is a ____

mushroom

All protists are highly organized eukaryotes, and therefore possess a _____, which contains the DNA, and specialized membrane-bound organelles.

nucleus

Organize the levels of biological organization (species, ecosystem, community, population, organism) from simplest to complex

organism-->species-->population-->community-->ecosystem

Kingdom Protista is the link between the single-celled _______ bacteria and archaeans, and the multi-celled _____ fungi, plants, and animals.

prokaryotic; eukaryotic

Malaria is a ____ parastie

protist

the first group to have an amniotic egg was _____

reptiles

Site of protein synthesis is called ____

ribosomes

Fungi's manner of obtaining nutrients makes them especially helpful in many ecosystems since they decompose organic material or are ______.

saprophytic

In an experiment done with 2 species of cichild fish, females were unable to recognise males of their own species under monochromatic light. This shows that females are choosing males based on color differences only. This is an example of:

sexual selection

Protists are also generally classified as being _______, but also may be collections of cells, that do not form the tissues associated with other eukaryotic organisms.

single-celled

New species form as a result of ______

some members of the population exploiting a new food source and only mating with members of the population that eat this food source, OR a response to changes in shelter availability, OR a response to changes in local climate conditions, OR an organism from one population no longer recognizing another organism as a potential mate OR two populations becoming geographically isolated from one another

The rate of speciation and the rate of _____ shapes the patterns of diversity on planet Earth.

species loss

Today, the rate of ___ ____ is comparable to those periods of mass extinctions, and ___ ____ are considered the driving force behind the current biodiversity crisis.

species loss; human activities

each ______ is believed to have evolved from a single common ancestor, and thus all members are most closely related to each other than to organisms outside that group

supergroup

Fungi are also capable of forming beneficial _____ relationships with many algae and plant species.

symbiotic

sexual selection can lead to____

sympatric selection

which of the following is a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

temporal isolation, bc this is when 2 species have mating seasons during different seasons

What is reproductive isolation?

the inability of 2 species to breed successfully due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences.

speciation in ****ing engilsh is _____

when one species evoles into two species

What is an invertebrate?

An animal without a backbone

Segmented worms: Serial repetition of segments, setae, possessing a true coelom, and well-developed organ systems, such as digestive and nervous systems, are defining characteristics of which phylum?

Annelids

The 5th mass extinction, ____ extinction, occurred about 65 MYA. This extinction eliminated all ____ and many reptiles and allowed for the rise of mammals.

Cretaceous; dinosaurs

Approximately 360 MYA (million years ago), at the end of the _____ period, the second mass extinction wiped out 50% percent of animal species on land and in seas. Shortly after the extinction event, the ____ ____, such as insects, amphibians, and early reptiles, appeared.

Devonian; terrestrial animals

Protists belong to which domain?

Eukarya bc protists are not prokaryotes bc they have nucleuses

Protists are eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Currently, there are approximately 8.7 million species that have been identified and described. T/F

F bc 8.7 million is just a guesss that they made for how many there are

If you include bacteria and viruses, recent studies have indicated a realistic estimation of total biodiversity is up to 100 million species. T/F

F it's 8.7 million u *******