BIOEE1781 Final Study

Which of the Excavates is photosynthetic via the secondary endosymbiosis of a green algae?

Euglenids

Which of the following statements provides evidence for the derivation of plant chloroplasts from endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium?

Exactly three other responses are correct

What environment are halophiles associated with?

Extremely saline environments

A major difference between the chondrichthyans and the ray-finned fishes is that only chondrichthyans have true jaws.

False

ALL photosynthetic organisms are the direct descendants of the single instance of primary endosymbiosis between Cyanobacterium and Eukaryote.

False

According to Figure 18.7 in your text, the frequency of resistant bacteria infecting the middle ear decreases as antibiotic consumption increases over time.

False

According to the theory of kin selection, selection will favor an individual to help his sibling when benefit to the sibling is valued at 5 and the cost of the act is 3.

False

An outgroup is a small population that has been isolated from the main population range.

False

Evolution by natural selection is a random process.

False

Genetic drift usually increases genetic variation in populations.

False

Prokaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus.

False

Sexual selection tends to operate on female traits more than male traits.

False

Stomata are waxy lipids that minimize water loss.

False

The relatedness coefficient between you and your half-brother is less than the relatedness coefficient between you and your cousin.

False

The relatedness coefficient gives the probability that two alleles at a locus within an individual are identical by descent.

False

The tailless whip scorpion can be described as a bilateral invertebrate ecdysozoan, a protostome with two cell layers: endoderm and ectoderm.

False

In both animals and plants, individuals of which sex typically invest more in their offspring?

Females

Which of the following statements about annelids and flatworms is correct?

Flatworms are unsegmented, whereas annelids are segmented.

Why is UV-induced folate damage linked to darker skin pigmentation?

Folate damage causes spina bifida.

Habitat fragmentation can lead to severe genetic drift because:

Individuals become isolated into small populations, all of which are affected by a bottle-neck

Selection differential is measured as the difference between the

Mean of the selected population and the original population before selection

Which of the following is false? All life forms have:

Membrane bound nucleus

Kangaroos and opossums belong to the clade:

Metatherians

Which of the following is characterized by: reduced mitochondria, polar tube, small, unicellular parasites.

Microsporidia

The process by which asexual populations accumulate deleterious mutations (harmful mutations) in an irreversible manner is called:

Muller's Ratchet

Allele W for white wool is dominant over allele w for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Estimate the allelic frequencies in this sample:p = [a] and q = [b]

p=0.9 and q=0.1

Which sex should show HIGHER mate descrimination?

the sex having higher parental investment

Green Plants undergo alternation of generations in which _____.

the sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation

Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is based solely on ___________.

chance events

Review: Which of the following is characteristic of sponges?

choanocytes

Opisthokonts include: 1. Angiosperms 2. Chytrids 3. Liverworts 4. Choanoflagellates 5. Algae 6. Humans

2, 4, and 6

What is speciation?

All of the above

Which of the following are arthropods?

All of the above

Saving the life of your _______________ would do the least for increasing your inclusive fitness.

brother in law

Why was infolding of the cell surface an important step in the evolution of the modern eukaryotic cell?

All of the above are correct.

Which of he following is the MOST inclusive clade?

***Opisthokont Eumetazoa Bilateria Ecdysozoa Deuterostom

What factor(s) increase genetic drift's ability to change allele frequencies? 1 a competitive environment 2 Population size 3 high sexual selection 4 High mutation rates 5 Founder effect

2 and 5

What is the relatedness coefficient of two first cousins (the offspring of full sisters)?

0.125

If the frequency of the "AA" genotype is 0.36 and the frequency of the "Aa" genotype is 0.48 in a population, then under Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, the frequency of mating between the "aa" and "aa" genotypes would be. . .

0.16 x 0.16.

In a diploid organism, what is the relatedness coefficient between a grandmother and a grandson?

0.25

What is the difference in the relatedness coefficient between diploid full siblings (same mother, same father) and diploid half-siblings (same mother, different father)?

0.25

After graduation, you and 19 friends build a raft, sail to a deserted island, and start a new population, totally isolated from the world. Two of your friends carry (that is, are heterozygous for) the recessive cf allele, which in homozygotes causes cystic fibrosis. Assuming that the frequency of this allele does not change (your population is in HWE) as the population grows, what will be the instance of cystic fibrosis on your island once the population grows large?

0.25%

In a population of dominant and recessive alleles for the trait color seen in Snapdragon flowers, the dominant allele frequency is 0.7. What would the recessive allele frequency be?

0.3

If gene A has a frequency of 0.70 and gene a is at 0.30, what is the frequency of the heterozygote?

0.42

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is 0.09. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele?

0.49

In humans, Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh-negative individuals do not. If the Rh-positive phenotype is produced by a dominant allele (A), and the Rh-negative phenotype is due to a recessive allele (a), what is the frequency of the Rh-positive allele if 84% of a population is Rh-positive?

0.60

The two-fold cost of sex dictates that asexual organisms reproduce faster than sexual organisms because: 1) sexual organisms need to produce both males and females so only half the population can "give birth" to new offspring 2) All the offspring of asexual organisms can "give birth" to their own offspring 3) Asexual organisms are always smaller and therefore require less resources to reproduce 4) Sexual organisms are more advanced and therefore take longer to mature

1 and 2

Millipedes and Centipedes are: 1. Myriapods 2. Arthropods 3. Protostomes 4. Ecdysozoans 5. Deuterostomes 6. Lophotrochozoans

1, 2, 3, 4

Dinosaurs include: 1. Ornithischians 2. Saurischians 3. Sauropods 4. Theropods 5. Birds 6. Pterosaurs

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

You are on an early fossil bird dig with the famous paleontologist Luis Chiappe in China. In one layer you notice that there 13 species of fossil birds at the start of the layer. Luis tells you that he found 25 species at the start of the layer above and that 14 of these are new (they originated in your layer). How many must have gone extinct in your layer?

2

Anthropocene End of Mesozoic End of Paleozoic Cambrian Explosion

10 kya 65 Mya 250 Mya 540 Mya

You find that the standing diversity of snail species at one time stage is 26 species (T2). At a previous time stage, you also find that the standing diversity (T1) of snail species was 11 species. What are possibilities for the number of originations and extinctions for snail species in this area?

19 originations, 4 extinctions

A random sample of 10,000 patrons of Wegman's in Ithaca, NY shows that 9980 have 5 fingers and 20 show the dominant 6 finger condition. How many of the 20 people with 6 fingers would be expected to be heterozygotes? [HINT: you should carry out your calculation with at least three decimal places]

20 of the 20 will be heterozygotes

The end of the Paleozoic (or the Permian/Triassic boundary) occurred when?

250 Mya

Which of the following belong to Dikarya? 1. Chytrids 2. Microsporidia 3. Ascomycota 4. Basidiomycota 5. Arbuscular mycorrhizae

3 and 4

Deformed frogs (often with extranumerary limbs) have been featured in the media lately. Suppose that the deformed frogs are the result of a parasite infection and that in a nearby Ithaca pond, we know that there is a parasite resistance allele in the population. The allele has a frequency of 20% and is a RECESSIVE allele. What percentage of the population will be suceptible to the parasite but still carry an allele for resistance?

32%

In the laboratory, you set up an experimental mating between a male and female fruit fly that are both heterozygous (Aa) at a locus where the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is lethal at the early embryo stage. In a large sample of 100 surviving offspring, how many do you expect to have the homozygous dominant (AA) genotype?

33% of offspring will be AA.

Brown hair (B) is dominant to blond hair (b). If there are 168 brown hairs in a population of 200, what is the predicted frequency of homozygous dominant?

36%

Approximately 1 out of every 2,500 Caucasians in the United States is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?

4%

You are an archaeologist exploring the ancestors of Wombats extensively in Australia in order to generate an origination-extinction graph. You find that at the end of one geological stage, there were 34 species (T1). There are 9 originations and 2 extinctions. What is the standing diversity at the next geological time stage (T2)?

41

If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population are heterozygous?

42%

You find a fossilized fern from the Devonian Period. Which range contains the correct age of the fossil?

540 million years to 250 million years

Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic that distinguishes all Chordates from other clades?

A coelom

Which of the following can result in genetic divergence that leads to speciation?

All of the other responses can result in genetic divergence that leads to speciation.

A characteristic that distinguishes chordates from other animals is:

A notochord

A bacillus is:

A rod-like cell

Which of these hypothetical scenarios would illustrate the founder effect?

A spaceship lands on Earth, collects several families from rural Kentucky, and transports them to a new planet to start a colony.

All of the following could be components of Darwinian 'fitness' except:

All of them could be components of Darwinian fitness.

On this Manhattan plot the APOE locus is most likely:

A. is found on chromosome 19 B. a region where DNA sequence variants are correlated with a trait of interest **** A and B

The body plan of most fungi is a mass of filamentous cells. Which of the following is NOT a feature that applies to most members of the Fungi?

Absorptive heterotrophism Parasitic, saprobic, predatory, or mutualistic nutritional mode Cells with chitin Spore forming *All of the other options apply to Fungi

Any variation that can help an organism survive in its environment is called a(n):

Adaptation

Which of the following statements is false regarding chloroplasts and mitochondria?

All eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The formula for FST is: An FST value of 1 is indicative of:

All subpopulations being fixed for different alleles

The graph above shows results of two simulations, both depicting the rise in frequency of beneficial allele in a population of infinite size. The strength of selection and the starting frequency are the same, but in one simulation the beneficial allele is dominant and in the other it is recessive. Neither allele is fixed by 500 generations. If given enough time, will both of these alleles reach fixation in the population?

Allele 1 will not reach fixation, but allele 2 will.

- dinoflagellates, ciliates, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Malaria Alveolates - brown algae, diatoms Stramenopiles - euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma, Sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, Leishmaniasis Excavates - slime molds, Amoeba

Alveolates Stramenophiles Excavates Amoebazoan

Paramecium belong to which group(s)?

Alveolates and Ciliates

What is the least inclusive (smallest) clade that kangaroo and snake belong to?

Amniotes

Amphibians lack a(n) ______________ which excludes them from amniotes.

Amniotic egg

Which group is the sister clade to Amniotes?

Amphibians

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Annelids are Deuterostomes

"Prokaryotes" include:

Archaea and Bacteria

A characteristic of the arthropods is their rigid exoskeleton. Which of the following statements regarding the exoskeleton is FALSE?

Arthropod joints are uniformly thick, to permit fexibility.

Nematodes are most closely related to _____.

Arthropods

Which of the following produces spores in an ascus?

Ascomycota

Which of the following has septate hyphae?

Ascomycota & Basidiomycota

Which two groups are most related in an evolutionary sense?

Ascomycota & Basidiomycota

Wing color patterns in Heliconius butterflies are an example of... A. Batesian mimicry B. Mullerian mimicry C. Convergent evolution

B and C

Given the continuous distribution of skin pigmentation in humans, melanin production is likely to...

Be coded for by many genes

Why are phylogenies such important tools in evolutionary biology?

Because the relationships described by phylogenies are based on the best available evidence. Because the relationships described by phylogenies are based on different lines of evidence, including morphology, DNA, and fossils. Because the relationships described by phylogenies are hypothetical relationships that can be tested with additional evidence. Because the relationships described by phylogenies are developed with advanced statistical tools that can clarify complex relationships and generate additional hypotheses. ****All of the above

Stromatolites...

C. are rocks that are formed from biofilms of cyanobacteria trapping layers of sediment AND D. offer some of the earliest evidence for life.

If you help your sister, you will raise one child and she will raise three children. If you do not help, you will raise two children and she will raise two children. What is the cost to you for helping and the benefit to your sister?

C=1, B=1

Which of the following is in the correct order?

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

The _____________ is older than the _____________ which is older than the _____________ which is older than the_____________ .

Cambrian, Silurian, Carboniferous, Triassic

Pikaia is a fossil ___________ found in the Burgess Shale which contains fossils from the ____________ .

Cephalochordate; Cambrian Explosion

Having a notochord that extends to the tip of the body is a synapomorphy for:

Cephalochordates

An animal has a siphon, a mantle, complex eyes, and is a highly mobile, and is intelligent marine predator. Which of the following is the smallest clade to which it belongs?

Cephalopoda

What is the least inclusive (smallest) clade for Cephalochordates, Cyclostomes, and Chondrichthyes?

Chordates

Which of the following has flagellated gametes and is known for infecting and killing amphibians?

Chytrids

How are UV exposure, vitamin D, and folate linked to skin pigmentation?

Closer to the equator darker pigmentation protects against folate damage, further away from the equator there is less UV exposure and a greater selection pressure for lighter pigmentation in order to synthesize vitamin D.

Nematodes are ___________ while earthworms are ____________ and flatworms are___________.

Ecdysozoans, Lophotrochozoans, Lophotrochozoans

Which of the following is one of the four unities of life?

DNA and RNA triplet code for amino acids biochemical metabolism via ATP cellular composition all of the above

How is folate linked with natural selection in high-UV areas?

Darker pigmentation protects against UV-induced destruction of folate, increasing reproductive success

Who first published the concept that organisms evolve by natural selection?

Darwin and Wallace published at the same time

Which one of these is NOT one of the principles of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)?

Development is not responsive to the environment, and therefore new developmental variants are independent of environmental influences.

Which taxon forms an endosymbiotic relationship with coral?

Dinoflagellates

A fire spreads through a forest decreasing the habitat and food available. Individuals with smaller body size are able to thrive better in this environment with fewer resources. Body size in the population decreases over generations. This is an example of _______ selection

Directional selection

What type of plots are used in GWAS?

Manhattan Plots

A population of 2000 blue-footed boobies that lives on the Galápagos Island of Española. Webbed feet are a recessive trait, which makes it much easier for these individuals to maneuver in the water than those without webbing. Half of this population shows the dominant trait. A new island, Isla Nueva, is formed through volcanic activity about 20 miles from the other islands of the Galápagos. During the recent hurricane season, 12 boobies were floated to Isla Nueva on a large raft of vegetation. As time passed (after several generations), the Isla Nueva booby population began to grow. There are now 482 non-webbed boobies and 18 webbed boobies on Isla Nueva. These two populations differ from one another due to what phenomenon?

Founder effect

Which of these represents a true difference between founder events and bottlenecks?

Founder events include movement to a new, previously uncolonized area

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the figure shown below?

Fruit flies can evolve greatly increased life spans in just a dozen or so generations, when selection is strong.

Which of the following answer choices is the most inclusive node for heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb it as small molecules?

Fungi

GWAS stands for...

Genome-Wide Association Studies

Which of the following groups of organisms might require the largest clade (monophyletic group) to accommodate all organisms represented in the set of taxa?

Glaucophytes, "Green Algae" and Excavates

Which of the following is the most inclusive animal clade?

Gnathostomes

Consider a population of organisms. Which of the following will cause the population's genotype frequencies, but not allele frequencies, to deviate from Hardy-Weinberg expectations?

Homozygous recessive individuals prefer to mate with other homozygous recessive individuals.

In a population of infinite size, which statement accurately describes the eventual fate of a new beneficial allele?

If it is dominant it will rise to high frequency but will not reach fixation; if it is recessive it will reach fixation

How is vitamin D linked to human pigmentation?

In areas with lower amounts of UV light, UV exposure increases reproductive success; therefore it may be advantageous to have lighter pigmentation

The Burgess Shale is famous because...

It contains fossils from the Cambrian explosion

Traditionally, human males with the genetic disease hemophilia often died before they reached reproductive age. If modern medical treatment allows most hemophiliacs to lead long and fruitful lives, what will happen to the frequency of the allele responsible for hemophilia?

It should increase in frequency.

Which best describes the theory of punctuated equilibrium?

It states that species generally remain stable but this stasis is occasionally interrupted by rapid evolutionary change.

The figures below illustrate that the optimal size of individual offspring for this hypothetical species is the product of the (number of offspring)*(the survival probability of individual offspring) and that the optimal offspring size is between 2 and 3 "units." Assume that there is genetic variation in the size of offspring a female can produce, and that this variation is partially heritable. Imagine now that this hypothetical species is brought into captivity and that the survival of smaller offspring increases dramatically (dashed line on figure b below). All else being equal, what do you predict will happen to the optimal offspring size that maximizes parental fitness?

It will decrease.

Lizards and snakes belong to the clade:

Lepidosaurs

Walking through the forest, you find a species of Green Plant that has a protected embryo, but apparently no seeds. To which set of taxa could this plant belong?

Liverwort, Moss, or Fern

Which of the following statements about vertebrate phylogeny is INCORRECT?

Lobe-finned fishes and ray-finned fishes form a clade

Coelacanths and Lungfishes are:

Lobe-finned vertebrates

Which of the following is the most inclusive clade?

Lophotrochozoa

The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic represent?

Major Eras in the correct order of occurrence.

In which sex do individuals typically have higher variation in reproductive success?

Males

The ______ are the sister clade to the Reptiles.

Mammals

According to Figure 17.3 in your Zimmer & Emlen text, which of the following is correct?

Mandrills share a more recent common ancestor with humans than they do with members of Tarsiiformes.

The formula for FST is: Which of these scenarios will result in the least differentiated set of populations considering the relationship between FST, migration rate (m), and the size of the population being considered (N).

N=100 and m=100

What would you predict would be the outcome of natural selection on a mutation that increases fertility early in life but increases susceptibility to cancerous growths later in life?

Natural selection would favor individuals with the mutation because the fitness effects early in life would be bigger than the harm the mutation causes in old age.

Which taxon is the closest relative to the Arthropods?

Nematodes

A certain fruit fly locus comes in two alleles, Y and y. Fly genotypes have the following relative fitness levels: YY: 0.2 Yy: 0.5 yy: 0.2 Assuming a large population, which of the following is true?

None of the above

Selective harvesting of large individuals from wild fish or game populations likely imposes selection that can lead to. . .

None of the other responses indicates an expected outcome of selection imposed by selective harvesting of large individuals.

Which of the following statements about mitochondria is FALSE?

None of the other statements about mitochondria are FALSE

Which of the following is an example of mechanical reproductive isolation?

None of the these represent mechanical reproductive isolation

Assume that a phenotype is determined by a gene with simple Mendelian inheritance. There are two alleles at this locus. Under which of the following scenarios will natural selection be most likely to cause a rapid change in the genotype frequencies in this population?

One of the two alleles just arose from a new mutation. It is dominant to the other allele, and it confers high fitness.

Tuna, Salmon, Trout, and Cod are all examples of fish that do not belong to Chondrichthyes or Lobe-finned vertebrates. What group of fish do they belong to? _____________

Osteichthyes

Which of these is the least inclusive (smallest) taxon for crustacea and insecta?

Pancrustaceans

Refer to the graphs below, which depict frequency changes of one allele in three simulated populations (each line represents a unique simulation). Based on the results of these simulations, which of the following statements is true?

Population 3 has a larger effective population size than populations 1 and 2.

Assume a neutral locus with two alleles (A and a) that is found in four small, reproductively-isolated populations of equal size. The four populations have the following starting frequencies (p) of allele A: Population W (p=0.1), Population X (p=0.5), Population Y (p=0.6) and Population Z (p=0.8). Which population is most likely to be the first to lose allelic diversity (in other words, which population is likely to first reach fixation for either allele at this locus?)?

Population W

The least inclusive (smallest) taxonomic group that includes both Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa is:

Protosomes

Which of the following is an example of a fossil?

Pterosaur tracks in stone Coprolites You Answered Leaf impressions in stone Mineralized dinosaur bones (all of the above)

The most inclusive taxon is:

Reptiles

A natural disaster caused the mean tail length in a population of lizards on an island to change from 4.0 cm to 5.2 cm. The next generation of lizards had a mean tail length of 4.9 cm. What is the selection differential (S) and the response to selection (R)?

S = 1.2 cm, R = 0.9 cm

In a population of birds the mean wing span is 7.4 cm before a selection event. After a selection event the mean wing span is 5.2 cm. The offspring mean is 6.5 cm. What is the selection differential and the response to selection?

S= -2.2 cm, R = -0.9 cm

The table shown below gives four scenarios (labeled 1-4) for the average number of offspring produced by individuals with each of three possible genotypes. Imagine a population where the alleles A and a are equal in frequency (i.e. both are at a frequency of 0.5). Under which scenario will this population reach an equilibrium in which one allele is lost from the population?

Scenario 3

Lagerstätten refers to...

Sedimentary deposits with exceptional fossil preservation

What two opposing agents of selection influence the virulence of a pathogen?

Selection for rapid within-host replication and selection for between-host transmission.

Which of the following is an example of speciation through vicariance?

Sister species of snapping shrimp live on either side of the Isthmus of Panama.

For many years it was thought that variation in skin pigmentation was due to selection from skin cancer. Why is it now thought that skin cancer is unlikely to be the main selective force?

Skin cancer occurs very late in life after reproduction

Which disease(s) is/are caused by Trypanosoma?

Sleeping Sickness, Chagas' disease and Leishmaniasis

How might an evolutionary biologist explain why a species of birds has evolved a larger beak size through natural selection?

Some members of the ancestral population had larger beaks than others. If larger beak size was advantageous, they would be more likely to survive and reproduce. As such, large beaked birds increased in frequency relative to small beaked birds.

Which of the following statements about speciation is correct?

Speciation can begin with post-zygotic barriers and continue via reinforcement.

Which of the following statements about speciation is NOT correct?

Speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation.

In a population of birds, those that lay fewer eggs are more likely to have their entire batch of eggs wiped out by disease or predators. Birds that lay too many eggs have trouble feeding the large amount of offspring and they become malnourished and die. Birds that lay a medium amount of eggs are more likely to have more offspring survive until adulthood. This is an example of _____ selection.

Stabilizing Selection

In what type of selection is the mean phenotype favored?

Stabilizing Selection

An intrusion cuts through a layer of rock which formed during the Triassic Period. During which of the following could the intrusion have formed?

The Jurassic Period

The graph above shows results of two simulations, both depicting the rise in frequency of beneficial allele in a population of infinite size. The strength of selection and the starting frequency are the same, but in one simulation the beneficial allele is dominant and in the other it is recessive. Neither allele is fixed by 500 generations. Which simulation shows results for a dominant and which shows results for a recessive allele?

The allele in simulation one is dominant and the allele in simulation two is recessive.

When evolutionary biologists refer to the hominin clade, to what are they referring?

The genus Homo and many species closely related to humans, including Australopithecus, Paranthropus, but not chimpanzees.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a maladaptation that makes us vulnerable to diseases?

The high virulence of pathogens allows them to replicate rapidly.

The function of the cuticle is to keep water from evaporating from the plant body, and was critical feature for early land plants.

True

Two fossil strata (#1 on the top; #2 on the bottom) display different macroevolutionary patterns. 1) 2) Which of the statements about these two fossil series is FALSE?

The organism in stratum 2 is evolving gradually.

When choosing the best tree to serve as a hypothesis, you should choose the tree that has

The smallest number of character state changes

In which taxa do birds belong?

Theropods

Sauropods are the sister clade to _______ ?

Theropods

The oldest primate fossils date back 55 million years.

True

Which of these statements is TRUE of nematodes?

They have a digestive system with two openings.

Which of the following statements about mollusks is true?

They have trochophore larvae.

Which of the following statements about annelids is FALSE?

They have two shells secreted by a mantle.

Why are offspring born early in life potentially "worth more" in terms of the fitness of their parents?

They may also reproduce early, thus increasing the rate of spread of alleles in the population.

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only ten remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

This situation illustrates a population bottleneck.

Which of the following do archaea possess?

Triplet code for amino acids

A highly differentiated set of populations could be expected to have a relatively low migration rate.

True

According to the Hardy-Weinberg law, in the absence of forces acting to change allele frequencies, the proportions of genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation.

True

All members of the clade formed by "Green algae" and Land Plants have chlorophylls a and b.

True

Archosaurs include crocodiles and dinosaurs.

True

Birds are dinosaurs.

True

Cis-Regulatory elements are non-coding regions of a gene that transcription factors bind to.

True

Endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium led to the development of chloroplasts in eukaryotes.

True

Eukaryotic cells share a more recent common ancestor with Archaea than they do with Bacteria.

True

Evo-devo researchers have found that many developmental genes are shared in animals ranging from worms to humans.

True

Evolution is not always the result of natural selection.

True

Fungi generally carry out external digestion.

True

GWAS can involve samples from hundreds or thousands of individuals.

True

Gene co-option is when an ancestral gene is recruited and repurposed to perform a new function.

True

Genetic drift has a larger impact on smaller populations because sampling error is larger and the probability of fixation of alleles is therefore higher.

True

If the frequency of the A allele is p and the frequency of the a allele is q, then the Hardy-Weinberg frequency of Aa heterozygotes will be 2pq.

True

In a population where the heterozygote has a greater fitness than the homozygotes, it can be expected that no alleles will reach fixation.

True

LUCA likely had DNA and RNA.

True

LUCA likely had a genetic code composed of triplets that coded for amino acids.

True

Selection that favors altruism for the propagation of alleles in a "family" is called kin selection.

True

Staphylococcus and Bacillus anthracis are in the same clade.

True

The Red Queen effect can be used to explain the persistence of sexual reproduction.

True

The first Hominid to emerge from Africa was in the genus Homo.

True

Unlike the chloroplasts in many other organisms, chloroplasts in glaucophytes have a peptidoglycan layer in between a double membrane, and for this reason are believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria.

True

Which of the following does not support the predictions of Hamilton's rule?

Twenty percent of 'in-law' bee-eaters that are not related to other birds at the nest will help raise the young anyway.

Why is natural selection weaker on traits expressed late in life?

Typically, traits expressed late in life have neither a fitness advantage nor disadvantage.

Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis Cyanobacteria E. coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Lyme disease, syphilis

Unnamed Taxa Photosynthetic Proteobacteria Spirochetes

Tunicates belong to which group?

Urochordates

Which of the following is an example of proteobacteria:

Vibrio cholerae

When does sexual conflict occur?

When interests of mating partners or potential partners are opposed

The graph above depicts the change in frequency for a recessive advantageous allele in two different populations, both of infinite size. The strength of selection is the same in both populations. If given enough time, will the allele become fixed in each of these populations?

Yes, in both cases the allele will be fixed by natural selection.

The graphs above show the results of simulations of the effect or selection on deleterious alleles. Population size is infinite in both simulations and the starting frequency and the strength of selection are the same. The allele in the bottom simulation is not eliminated entirely from the population. Would this change if the population was finite in size?

Yes, it would likely be eliminated. Selection would bring the allele down to low frequency, and it would have a high chance of getting eliminated by drift.

Elephant seals were common in the early 19th century but were hunted almost to extinction. Today their numbers have increased again, but the species has little genetic variation. We can say the species has experienced ______________.

a bottleneck

Thirty people are assigned to live in a spaceship that is exploring other galaxies. The journey will take several hundred years and will be completed by the descendants of these crew members. The gene pool of the population on this ship when it returns is most likely to reflect:

a bottleneck effect

Which one of the following is not a characteristic shared by all mollusks?

a mantle soft-bodies radula coelom *Answer all of the others are mollusk characteristics

Which of the following populations is likely to experience the highest degree of genetic drift?

a population founded by a single pregnant female

Which of the following is a lophotrochozoan?

a slug

In which organism would you expect to find the highest degree of sexual dimorphism resulting from sexual selection?

a species in which males have similar reproductive success, but females have high variance in the number of offspring they produce

The phylogeny of Green Plants shows clear evolutionary trends, including. . .

a switch from haploid to diploid as the dominant phase of their life cycle.

When did humans migrate to South America? In 1974, the skull of a female human was found in a cave in Brazil. 14C decays into 14N with a half-life of 5,730 years. Analysis of the 14C content of the skull gave a decay of 75% (75% was 14N and 25% was 14C). How long ago did the woman die?

about 11Kya

According to the evolutionary theory of senescence, one explanation for aging is the accumulation of mutations that are ________ early in life and _________ late in life.

advantageous; disadvantageous

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a reproductive isolating mechanism?

all of the above could be reproductive isolating mechanisms

What condition(s) is/are associated with evolutionary change in populations?

all of the other answers cause evolutionary change in populations

Enhanced or exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics can occur as a result of:

all of these can result in enhanced/exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics

Which of the following statements about genetic drift are TRUE?

all of these statements about genetic drift are true

Fungi are different from plants because fungi:

all the other choices are correct

When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, _________________________.

allele frequencies stay the same

In the opossum example used in the textbook, female opossums that lived on the mainland (where more predators were also found). . .

allocated more to reproduction in their first breeding season than did the island opossums.

A universal feature of the life cycles of land plants is. . .

alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.

Under which of the following conditions would you expect rapid evolution of species to occur?

among populations exposed to spatially variable climatic and environmental changes

In studies of fruit flies, mice, and other model lab organisms, artificial selection for increased lifespan would most likely result in which of the following?

an increase in lifespan but a decrease in fecundity

Steno's principle of cross-cutting states that:

an intrusion is always younger than the layers it is cross-cutting.

Which of the following statements is accurate?

apes and hominins are more closely related to old world monkeys than to new world monkeys

Fungi are different from plants because fungi:

are heterotrophs have filamentous bodies have cell walls made of chitin *all of the other choices are correct

Jaws

arose from gill arches in early fishes

For which one of the following groups would the biological definition of species be LEAST useful?

asexual bacteria

The most common mode of reproduction among bacteria is:

asexual, via fission

Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of different species from mating with each other?

behvioral isolation

Competition between members of one sex for mating access to the other sex is often much stronger among males than among females. This is, in part, due to a fundamental difference between the sexes in terms of the types of gametes they produce. Which of the following are the expectations on how sexual selection should operate in such species?

both of the options are correct

The common ancestor of octopus and humans did not have a complex eye. However, the development of all complex eyes within Bilateria are controlled in part by the Pax-6 gene. This means that the Octopus eye and the Human eye are an example of...

convergent evolution deep homology homoplasy ***all of the above

A student finds some sea lettuce on the beach and wants to know if she is looking at the sporophyte or gametophyte stage. To find out, she would need to _____.

count the chromosomes within a cell undergoing mitosis

Lampreys and Hagfish are united as the __________ clade.

cyclostome

Echinoderms are ____________, and thus are more closely related to ____________ than to _____________.

deuterostomes / chordates / ecdysozoa

Which of the following is the synapomorphy for Pterosaurs?

elongated finger to support wing

Where are mitochondria derived from?

endosymbiosis of proteobacteria

The classic example of ________ is an insect colony, with sterile females acting as workers to assist their mother in the production of additional offspring.

eusociality

In which model are both alleles maintained in the population?

exactly two of the above answers are correct

Fern gametophytes are _____.

free-living, multicellular organisms

When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:

gametic isolation

When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____.

gametophyte generation

On a remote Pacific island, a species of hares (rabbits) can be found that has very short, reduced ears. During a storm, a box containing live, domesticated rabbits is washed over the side of a ship and eventually washed onto the shore of the island. Within only a few generations, the population of hares has changed so that 50% of the hares have short ears and 50% have long ears. This would be an example of microevolution through ____________.

gene flow

Speciation requires _________.

genetic isolation

"Anagenesis" is best defined as. . .

gradual change over time as seen in the fossil record.

Which of the following is an example of anagenesis?

gradual changes in gene frequencies within a population

Which one of the following is an example of evo-devo?

heterochromy

In Drosophila, the allele for normal-length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial wings (vestigial wings are stubby little curls that cannot be used for flight). In a population of 1,000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this trait?

homozygote dominant = 0.16; heterozygote = 0.48

Hominins include:

humans and all extinct species branching from the human lineage after the split from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees

In Drosophila, males usually perform a characteristic courtship dance in order to attract females and females will make a choice between the males. What type of sexual selection is responsible for this behavior in fruit flies?

intersexual selection

Alternation of generations _____.

is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular

The gametophyte generation of a moss _____.

is haploid

The jawless fishes include

lampreys and hagfishes

Which of the following might cause a population bottleneck effect?

large scale, indiscriminant death of half a population of trees due to a nearby volcanic eruption

Which of the following is an example of cladogenesis?

lineage splitting that results in the formation of a new species

Which of the following is NOT an example of a pre-zygotic reproductive barrier?

low hybrid fitness

In a situation in which individuals heterozygous at a simple Mendelian locus have higher fitness than all homozygous individuals, you would expect natural selection on the trait conferred by that locus to . . .

maintain genetic variation in the population.

What synapomorphies unite the metatherians and eutherians?

no external eggs, young retained internally

Bacteria lack the following:

nuclear membrane

Annelids are most closely related to _____.

octopi

Which of the names commonly used to describe the following groups of organisms, represent actual monophyletic groups? 1. Birds (including all feathered tetrapods) 2. Reptiles (including turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes) 3. Bony Fish (including ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes) 4. Mammals (including monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals) 5. Vertebrates (including jawless fishes and all Gnathostomes)

only 1, 4, 5

Imagine that part of a population of flies is blown from the California coast to an offshore island. The island flies have no contact with the mainland flies for 10,000 years. Then an earthquake rearranges the landscape and the island is rejoined to the mainland. The former island flies can now mingle freely with the mainland flies. If attempts at mating between flies from the two groups are successful and the resulting baby flies grow up strong and healthy and have offspring of their own, you could conclude that _________.

over the past 10,000 years, no speciation occurred in these flies

The influence of genetic drift on allele frequencies increases as . . .

population size decreases

Under Hamilton's rule, which of the following options gives the highest total fitness for an individual in a typical diploid species?

produce 10 offspring, give no help to relatives

Which of the following is not a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

production of sterile hybrids

The earthworm is a common inhabitant of gardens. Which of the following terms does NOT apply to this animal?

pseudocoelomate

What would be the correct way to rearrange p + q = 1 to solve for the recessive allele frequency?

q= 1 - p

In a population of 10 mice that display brown and white coat color, what would be the recessive and dominant allele frequency, if 4 display the recessive phenotype of brown?

recessive (brown) = 0.63; dominant (white) = 0.37

Genetic drift:

reduces genetic variation within a population can lead to divergence between populations b and c are correct

Natural selection __________________, while sexual selection __________________.

results from differences in survival and reproduction, results from differences in the ability to mate and fertilize eggs.

In which model of selection are both alleles maintained in a population?

selection against both homozygotes

Within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the _________; in non-vascular plants, it is the __________.

sporophyte; gametophyte

Unlike the other mechanisms that can cause microevolution, natural selection always works in concert with ______ to make organisms more fit.

the environment

All but one are examples of the synapomorphy which unites the Opisthokonts. Which does not belong?

the two flagella of a dinoflagellate

Which of the following characterizes ALL eukaryotes?

they all have a membrane enclosed nucleus

Mosses are limited mostly to moist environments because _____.

they have swimming sperm

Urochrodates are the sister group to which clade?

vertebrates

Genetic drift is most likely to be an important evolutionary force in:

very small populations

From the evolution of mosses to the evolution of angiosperms, the gametophyte generation _______.

was severely reduced in size