BIOL 1002 FINAL

Instead of a worm, imagine you were looking at a human. The nervous tissue would be made from which tissue layers? A) A B) B C) C D) A and C E) B and C

A) A

You are shown a slide of plant cells that are green, but a bright red ring around their exterior. These cells are most likely: A) Dermal cells of the root cap B) Casparian strip cells C) Xylem D) A and C E) All of the above

A) Dermal cells of the root cap

The cells in the root that make root hairs are derived from which tissue? A) Dermal tissue B) Guard cells C) Ground tissue D) Vascular tissue E) Collenchyma

A) Dermal tissues

Salmon belong to the chordate group, as do humans. Based on this phylogeny, that last common ancestor of humans and Cnidarians also gave rise to A) Echinoderms B) Molluscs C) Annelids D) Arthropods E) All of the above

A) Echinoderms

Your future self studies a short-day plant, like a soybean plant, that uses the phytochrome system to flower in late fall. Suppose that on the first night that is long enough to stimulate flowering in this plant, you flashed red light for 30 minutes during the middle of the night on this short-day plant. What is the likely consequence of this treatment? A) Flowering would be delayed or not happen in the plant. B) Flowering would happen normally in this plant. C) Since new phytochrome protein is always made in the Pr form, there would be no effect on germination. D) Flowering would happen during that night, as soon as the red-light flash stopped. E) B and C are both correct.

A) Flowering would be delayed or not happen in the plant.

Based on the results presented here, describe the role of gibberellin in plant development. A) Gibberellin promotes plant stem growth. B) Increased gibberellin concentration inhibits meristem growth. C) The data shows that increasing gibberellin inside a plant releases axillary meristem from repression. D) Gibberellin increases fruit yield. E) Gibberellin causes roots to grow deeper, allowing more stem growth.

A) Gibberellin promotes plant stem growth.

Hypothesis B suggest that the symbiotic relationship between the host and a proteobacterium as an early (or first) step of eukaryotic cellular evolution. This relationship develops much later in eukaryotic cellular evolution in hypothesis A.Using what you know about eukaryotic cellular evolution, in which hypothesis is the host cell that engulfs the proteobacterium considered an Archaeon cell? A) In hypothesis A only B) In hypothesis B only C) In both hypotheses A and B D) In neither hypothesis A nor B E) There is not enough information to answer the question.

A) In hypothesis A only

Virus B is sensitive to RNAse and the virion (the infective virus particle) doesn't contain the viral polymerase. What can we conclude about the viral genome? A) It must contain a (+) RNA strand. B) It must contain a (-) RNA strand. C) It is a dsRNA genome. D) A and B are true.

A) It must contain a (+) RNA strand

Water, along with dissolved solutes from soil, can enter the root of a plant by traveling through the relatively porous cell walls of plant cells. The Casparian strip of plants is a specialized root structure. 15. Suppose your evil roommate creates a mutant basil plant that is lacking the Casparian strip. Which of the following is a likely phenotype of this mutant basil plant. A) Mis-regulation of stomata opening due to ion imbalance in the plant. B) Slower growth due to lower ATP levels in the root. C) Thicker sap due to higher solute concentration in the xylem. D) All of the above answers are correct. E) None of the potential answers are correct.

A) Mis-regulation of stomata opening due to ion imbalance in the plant

The black-footed ferret is a rodent that lived in Wyoming. In nearly went extinct so to save the species, in 1987 the last 18 black-footed ferrets were captured and brought into a captive breeding program. By 1989, there were 120 black-footed ferrets. These 120 animals in 1989 represented: A) N, the total population size. B) ∆N, the change in population size from 1987 to 1989. C) ∆N/∆t, the rate of change in population size. D) r, the per capita change in population size. E) r, the exponential rate of growth of the population.

A) N, the total population size

You isolate a protist that can live in a minimal culture with no organic molecules added. After some time with your new species, you realize that the protist needs light. This protist would most likely be classified as a A) Photoautotroph B) Chemoautotroph C) Photoheterotroph D) Chemoheterotroph

A) Photoautotroph

Take a look at the sunflower in this picture. Based on what you know about the plant bodies and the structure of the sunflower, what do you think limits how tall sunflowers can grow? A) The height of a sunflower is mostly limited by having to support the weight of the large, heavy flower. B) The height of a sunflower is mostly limited by the amount of water that their roots can take up. C) The height of a sunflower is mostly limited by how much sugar their leaves can produce. D) The height of a sunflower is mostly limited by not enough apical shoot meristems. E) None of the above can be true.

A) The height of a sunflower is mostly limited by having to support the weight of the large, heavy flower.

Assuming the data represented in this graph accurate, what can we deduce about limb development in animals? A) The humerus is a homologous structure. B) Individual digits evolved independently multiple times. C) The shoulder joint of lungfish is similar to the shoulder of tiktaalik. D) Once digits evolved, animals stopped doing extinct. E) All of the above are true.

A) The humerus is a homologous structure

Your roommate mutants a plant to allow Pr to be imported into the nucleus. Based on what you know about Pr, what is the phenotype of this mutant plant? A) The mutant plant will reverse the expression of light response genes. B) The mutant plant will probably look like a wildtype plant (a plant that wasn't mutated). C) The mutant plant will have inverted circadian clocks, thinking it is day during night and vice versa. D) The mutant plant will grow at night but metabolically slow down during the day. E) A and C are correct

A) The mutant plant will reverse the expression of light response genes.

Suppose you build a phylogeny of these animals from the DNA sequence of the RNA polymerase gene and it looked different than the one in above. Select the true statements about these two different phylogenies. A) When a phylogeny based on DNA and a phylogeny based on morphology aren't the same, the molecular phylogeny is always more correct. B) Since the molecular phylogeny and the morphological phylogeny aren't the same, both phylogenies are suspect and should not be regarded. C) Morphological phylogenies will always look the same, no matter the morphological trait used to build the cladogram. D) A and C are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) When a phylogeny based on DNA and a phylogeny based on morphology aren't the same, the molecular phylogeny is always more correct.

Suppose the patient from whom this sample is taken is a healthy young adult. The doctor recommends a topical ointment applied to the affect skin area as treatment against this infective agent. Could this treatment be effective? A) Yes, because the eukaryotic cells of the infective agent have their cytoplasm linked and so the drug just needs to enter one cell to access all of the cells. B) No, eukaryotic cells of the infective agent are too similar to human cells to treat with chemicals. C) Yes, humans are not eukaryotes so drugs will work against the eukaryotic cells of the infective agent and not damage human cells. D) No, ointment will only get onto the cells at the surface and not affect the cells that have penetrated the tissue. E) B and D are both true.

A) Yes, because the eukaryotic cells of the infective agent have their cytoplasm linked and so the drug just needs to enter one cell to access all of the cells.

The WEREWOLF gene of Arabidopsis is a negative regulator of root hair development. The gene codes for the WEREWOLF protein, which suppresses root hair development. When WEREWOLF protein is present, root hairs will not form. The WEREWOLF promoter was fused to GFP, and the figure shows a root tip of plant expressing GFP in the panel on the left. In the panel on the right, a root tip from a plant that cannot make WEREWOLF protein is shown. In which zone(s) of the root would you expect to find werewolf protein not expressed in every root surface cell? A) Zone of maturation B) Zone of elongation C) Zone of cell division D) B and C

A) Zone of maturation

David Baltimore described a scheme for classifying viruses based on how the virus produces mRNA. The table shows the results of testing five viruses (A-E) for nuclease sensitivity (DNAse is an enzyme that destroys DNA, RNAse is an enzyme that destroys RNA), the ability of the viral genome to act as an mRNA, and the presence (+) or absence (-) of each virus's own polymerase. 26. Use the information in the table to figure out which virus meets the Baltimore requirements for a bacteriophage? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A) a

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored insect that walks on four pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes E) a lizard that can live in the desert with little water

A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding A) increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. B) increase in the number of bird parasites in South America. C) decrease in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. D) decrease in the number of bird parasites in South America. E) elimination of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

A) increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

Consider the Marquette Campus as its own ecosystem and answer the following questions about the Marquette Campus Ecosystem. The NPP of the Marquette Campus Ecosystem is most likely a __________ and the NEP of the Marquette Campus Ecosystem is most likely a ____________. A) positive number; negative number B) negative number; negative number C) positive number; positive number D) negative number; positive number E) Not enough information to answer this question

A) positive number; negative number

Imagine that this leaf was attached to a plant growing in well-watered soil and high light in a small glass chamber. How will the plant respond if you exhaled repeatedly into the otherwise sealed chamber? A) stomata will close even as photosynthesis increases B) stomata will close and so photosynthesis declines C) stomata do not respond, but photosynthesis increases D) stomata will open in response to CO2 buildup E) the leaf will wilt and photosynthesis will stop due to O2 buildup

A) stomata will close even as photosynthesis increases

The most likely drug given by the doctors will attack the infective agent by A) stopping viral DNA polymerase. B) attacking LPS. C) inhibiting ATP production. D) stopping cell wall synthesis. E) Any of the above mechanisms would by a safe treatment option to cure your evil roommate of the infection.

A) stopping viral DNA polymerase

A complete lifecycle of Plasmodium includes alternating between mammalian and mosquito hosts because A) the only possible way the protist can spread from mammal to mammal is through mosquitos. B) only in one host, the mosquito, can the protist reproduce sexually. C) mosquitos are required to continually re-infect the mammal after the mammalian immune system clears all the protist from the blood stream. D) the protist cells terminally differentiate in the mosquito and need to reset their developmental stages in mammalian cells. E) All of the above

A) the only possible way the protist can spread from mammal to mammal is through mosquitos.

The data displays the juvenile mortality rate of 13 different song sparrow populations on an island. The line is the best fit is statistically significantly. These data reveal which feature about this population? A) Density dependent birth rate B) Density dependent death rate C) As a population approaches carrying capacity, mortality rate increases D) The transition to a K-selected population E) All of the above

B or E?

How many sperm cells are required to ensure every ovule forms a viable seed? A) 1 B) 2 C) 12 D) 6 E) 3

B) 2

Suppose you measured the GPP of each zone over a 10-year period. Which zone would have the largest GPP per unit volume over that time period? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) They would all have equivalent GPP per unit volume

B) 2

This image shows a rain-shadow. Based on the movement of air on Planet X, which location(s) could this image accurately represent? A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 B) 2 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1 and 4 E) 3 only

B) 2 and 4

Select the evolutionary adaptation from the choices that is most likely represented by the letter A in the graph. A) An adaptation that addresses increased UV radiation from the sun. B) An adaptation that addresses increased water loss over the body of the plant. C) An adaptation that addresses structural limitations in the plant body imposed by gravity. D) An adaptation that addresses movement of water throughout the plant body. E) An adaptation that addresses movement of offspring away from the parent plants.

B) An adaptation that addresses increased water loss over the body of the plant.

The mature biofilm shown in the image contains channels in the structure to allow for the movement of water through the biofilm. Select the statements about biofilms that are true also for complex multicellular eukaryotes, but not for simple multicellular eukaryotes. A) Not every cell in a biofilm is in contact with the external environment. B) Biofilms contain cells that have become highly specialized for certain functions. C) Only some of the cells in a Biofilm are actively reproducing. D) The body of a biofilm contains extra-cellular architecture that is built by the cells within the structure. E) All of the above are correct answers to the question

B) Biofilms contain cells that have become highly specialized for certain functions.

There are two cells labeled in the figure. Which statement below accurately describes those cells? A) C is a sink cell that exports sugar via active transport. B) C is a sink cell that imports sugar via active transport. C) D is both a source and sink cell, sugar moves into the cell from the xylem. D) A and C are true. E) B and C are true.

B) C is a sink cell that imports sugar via active transport.

Given the information, which of the following is the most likely the infective agent? A) S. aureus, a bacteria that can switch between gram negative and gram positive. B) C. albicans, a yeast like fungus. C) A mature biofilm. D) Z.zindanous , a archaea species. E) Not enough information to determine.

B) C. albicans, a yeast-like fungus

Assuming Hadley cells for form on Planet X just like Earth, which direction would the ocean currents move at the location marked by the letter A on the image? The curved arrow indicates the direction of rotation of Planet X. A) Clockwise, bringing cold polar water towards the equator. B) Counter-clockwise, bringing cold polar water towards the equator. C) Clockwise, bringing warm equatorial water towards the pole. D) Counter-clockwise, bringing warm equatorial water towards the pole. E) There is not enough information provided to answer the question.

B) Counter-clockwise, bringing cold polar water towards the equator.

Which population is most likely to experience a decline and why? A) France, because that population is more likely to suffer diseases. B) France, because the majority of its population is beyond reproductive age. C) India, because France has an even population distribution which means the France population is K-selected. D) India, because pyramid-shaped population distribution indicate a population above the carrying capacity. E) India, because the majority of its population is young and less likely to survive.

B) France, because the majority of its population is beyond reproductive age.

Which of the following molecules most likely appeared first during the emergence of life? A) Proteins B) RNA C) DNA D) Carbohydrates E) They all had to appear at the same time

B) RNA

During cation exchange in the soil, plant roots release CO2 into the soil. This CO2 reacts with H2O in the soil to form H2CO3, which releases an H+. This H+ neutralize the slight negative charge of soil particles, causing the release of cations that the roots can absorb. Where does the CO2 that plant roots release come from? A) The CO2 enters the plant body through the guard cells and travels to the roots through the xylem. B) The CO2 enters the plant body through the guard cells and travels to the roots through the phloem. C) Every living plant cell produces CO2 via cellular respiration so the CO2 secreted by the root cells most likely comes from those cells. D) Root hairs absorb the CO2 from the soil and then other dermal cells of the root secrete it back into the soil. E) The roots absorb CO2 from the atmosphere to release it in the soil.

B) The CO2 enters the plant body through the guard cells and travels to the roots through the phloem.

Which statement below best describes how these type viruses can cause such different symptoms? A) H1N1 and H5N1 are actually different classes of viruses and are only called "flu" for shorthand. B) The H and N proteins can have different isoforms and the different isoforms can causes different symptoms. C) The influenza virus is not alive, and so it can't infect humans and cause disease. D) The flu virus recombines with host DNA upon infection and symptoms are dependent upon the results of that recombination. E) None of the above.

B) The H and N proteins can have different isoforms and the different isoforms can causes different symptoms.

Suppose your evil roommate tries to poison you by watering your favorite basil plant with water that contains large quantities of lead (Pb). How would this affect your basil plant? A) The lead (Pb) would get into the leaves through the guard cells. B) The lead (Pb) would enter the plant through the roots and then diffuse into the leaves. C) There would be no tissues of the plant with increased lead (Pb) levels. D) A and B are true. E) None of the above are true.

B) The lead (Pb) would enter the plant through the roots and then diffuse into the leaves.

You make measurements of the water pressure in and around the sunflower plant. The water pressure of the air is -55 MPa. You take a large syringe and pierce the plant at the arrow, getting the tip of the needle into a xylem. The syringe is empty and you use it to decrease the pressure inside the xylem so the water potential decreases to -3.0 MPa at the arrow. How will this change effect the water movement in this plant? A) Less water is likely to enter the roots from the soil. B) The leaves will dry out as water flows backwards in the xylem from leaves to stem. C) Due to the change in water potential, sugars will be imported into leaves instead of exported. D) Photosynthesis will increase because the guard cells are able to be open. E) Water movement inside the plant will stop because the xylem cells will be damaged and die.

B) The leaves will dry out as water flows backwards in the xylem from leaves to stem.

Influenza primarily attacks respiratory cells, HIV attack white blood cells, and the polio virus attacks nerve cells. How does each virus know which cell to attack? A) All these viruses enter all cell types in a human, but only replicates in certain cells. B) Viruses gain entry into human cells by attaching to cell surface molecules and cell surface molecules changes depending on the cell type. C) The virus in each case is derived from that kind of cell and therefore can only enter that type of cell. D) Different cells can have virus-specific phagocytosis that kills the virus. E) Our immune system isn't good at clearing viral infections and that is how viruses get specificity, through random chance.

B) Viruses gain entry into human cells by attaching to cell surface molecules and cell surface molecules changes depending on the cell type.

Suppose that you bioengineered bacteria and increased the rate of nitrogen fixation tenfold in the Marquette Campus Ecosystem. Would you expect a tenfold increase in primary productivity of the Marquette Campus Ecosystem? A) No, because there would be a higher increase in herbivory. B) Yes, because nitrogen is the only limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. C) No, because stoma would stay closed due to an ion imbalance. D) Yes, because with more nitrogen the plant has access to more carbon dioxide. E) No, because there are other limiting nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems besides nitrogen.

B) Yes, because nitrogen is the only limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems.

The amniotes evolved the ability to reproduce by laying eggs that have shells. The major advantage of shelled eggs is that the embryo needs only a small amount of yolk for development. they do not have to be laid in a moist environment. the shells increase evaporation from the egg. nitrogenous wastes can be excreted across the shell. a shell contributes to the efficiency of gas exchange with the environment. A) the embryo needs only a small amount of yolk for development B) they do not have to be laid in a moist environment C) the shells increase evaporation from the egg D) nitrogenous wastes can be excreted across the shell E) a shell contributes to the efficiency of gas exchange with the environment

B) they do not have to be laid in a moist environment

If you mapped the pattern of spacing of humans in the Marquette Campus Ecosystem, you would most likely observe A) random spacing. B) inverted spacing. C) uniform spacing. D) staggered spacing. E) clumped spacing

C or E?

Using the controls, you can determine that the unknown amount of gibberellin in the experimental plant (B) is approximately A) zero. B) 0.01 μg/mL. C) 0.1 μg/mL. D) 1.0 μg/mL. E) There is not enough information to determine

C) 0.1 μg/mL.

You compare the energy requirements for different songbird clutch size (the number of eggs that hatch per nest). When three or less baby birds were present in a nest, the average size of each baby bird was 19.5 grams. When 4-8 baby birds were present, the average size was 18.25 grams. When more than 8 baby birds were present in a clutch, the average size was 17.6 grams. Select the clutch size that requires the greatest energy expenditure by the parent birds? A) A clutch of 1 baby bird. B) A clutch of 7 baby birds. C) A clutch of 14 baby birds. D) A clutch of 3 baby birds. E) There is not enough information to answer the question.

C) A clutch of 14 baby birds

While all the cells of a plant need nutrients to live, the body of the plant can be divided into different regions. Some plant body regions are called sources and these are regions of the plant that produce carbohydrates. Sinks are regions of the plant body that require input of carbohydrates to fuel growth and respiration. The arrows traveling through the vascular tissue in the image show the direction of the flow of water. Based on the information in the image, what is the vascular tissue labeled B and how does water flow through it? A) B is phloem and water moves into the phloem via active transport and out of the phloem due to osmotic pressure. B) B is xylem and water moves in and out of the xylem based on osmotic pressure. C) B is phloem and water moves into and out of the phloem via osmotic pressure. D) B is xylem and water moves into the xylem at the root and out of the xylem in the leaf. E) B is phloem and water moves into and out of the phloem via active transport.

C) B is phloem and water moves into and out of the phloem via osmotic pressure.

Instead of a worm, imagine you were looking at a human. Muscles would be made from which tissue layers? A) A B) B C) C D) A and C E) B and C

C) C

Using the chart as a guide, which animals have radial symmetry? A) Echnioderms, Cnidarians, and Brachiopods B) Echnioderms and Cnidarians C) Cnidarians only D) No animals have radial symmetry

C) Cnidarians only

Hurray! You conclusively determine that the new species your evil roommate found belongs in the group Bilateria. Based on this, you can conclude that the animal is a A) Acoelomate B) Pseudocoelomate C) Coelomate D) There is not enough information to determine E) If the animal is in the group Bilateria, it is not a coelomate

C) Coelomate

Land plants, fungi, animals, and protists are all eukaryotes. Choanoflagellates is a protist clade that is more closely related to animals than land plants, fungi, and other protists. Which of the following statements accurately explains why we currently think that animals share a more recent common ancestor with choanoflagellates than with fungi. A) Choanoflagellates and animals are multicellular and fungi are not. B) Choanoflagellates and animals are eukaryotes that are derived from an achaeal cell and fungi are eukaryotes derived from a bacterial cell. C) Conserved DNA and RNA sequences of choanoflagellates are more similar to animals than to fungi. D) Choanoflagellates have pharyngeal slits and fungi do not. E) All the above answers are accurate explanations of why we currently think that animals share a more recent common ancestor with choanoflagellates than with fungi.

C) Conserved DNA and RNA sequences of choanoflagellates are more similar to animals than to fungi.

How many of these species probably have a cell wall that partly consists of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? A) Only 1 B) Exactly 2 C) Exactly 3 D) Exactly 4 E) All 5

C) Exactly 3

Gram-negative bacteria have various unique morphologies. Suppose your summer research project is to synthesize a chemical that stops gram-negative growth without harming gram- positive bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotic cells. Which of the following approaches, if successful, could yield such a chemical? A) Gram-negative bacteria usually generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen as the final electron acceptor, so targeting that mechanism will stop their growth. B) Gram-negative bacteria form biofilms, so targeting that aspect of their biology will stop their growth. C) Gram-negative bacteria have two lipid bilayers, so targeting that aspect of their biology will stop their growth. D) Gram-negative bacteria secrete digestive enzymes, so targeting that aspect of their biology will stop their growth. E) There is no unique biology about gram-negative bacteria. Surrender is our only option!

C) Gram-negative bacteria have two lipid bilayers, so targeting that aspect of their biology will stop their growth.

In a post-apocalyptic future as imagined in "Mad Max Fury Road", plants were grown via hydroponic culture. Suppose you were the plant expert hired to make that movie set as real as possible. The director wants to use filtered, purified water in the hydroponic plants to keep the plants pure. What is your advice? A) Yes, pure water is the best thing for hydroponics. B) No, when grown in water, plants need very small amounts of nutrients in the water. C) No, pure water will too much of an osmotic challenge to the roots and the plant will die. D) No, with hydroponics the water needs dissolved sugar in it so the root can get the energy they need to grow. E) B, C and D are true.

C) No, pure water will too much of an osmotic challenge to the roots and the plant will die.

Hypothesis B suggest that the symbiotic relationship between the host and a proteobacterium as an early (or first) step of eukaryotic cellular evolution. This relationship develops much later in eukaryotic cellular evolution in hypothesis A. 24. Supposing that hypothesis B is actually how eukaryotic cells evolved, select the organelles that you would predict NOT contain ribosomes (the structures involved in protein synthesis) in an eukaryotic cell alive today. A) Golgi apparatus B) Plasma membrane C) Nucleus D) A and B E) All of the above

C) Nucleus

Suppose there is a magical drug that does not affect human cells. But it completely kills the protist that causes African sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei. Which of the following could be how this magical chemical accomplishes this feat? A) The drug reduces mitochondria function; killing cells with one mitochondrion but cells with B) The drug stops phospholipids in all plasma membranes so the protist can't swim by undulating the plasma membrane. C) The drug destroys chloroplasts and human cells don't have chloroplasts. D) A and C would kill T. brucei but not harm human cells. E) All of the above would kill T. brucei but not harm human cells.

C) The drug destroys chloroplasts and human cells don't have chloroplasts.

The mayhaw fruit trees produce a fruit that has never been cultivated by humans. Two mayhaw trees are growing in a field. They are identical in every way, except that tree #1 contains a mutation that causes the mayhaw berries it produces to have very little of the sugary flesh and twice as many seeds per berry. Tree #2 produces average mayhaw berries with an average amount of seeds. Which tree will have more offspring that live to maturity? A) The mutated tree #1 because it produces more seeds. B) The mutated tree #1 because smaller berries travel better in the wind. C) The normal tree #2 because it seeds have more flesh to nourish the developing seeds. D) The normal tree #2 because the seeds from this tree will be better dispersed. E) Both C and D are true.

C) The normal tree #2 because it seeds have more flesh to nourish the developing seeds.

Phytochrome mRNA synthesizes the Pr protein. Exposure to light with more red wavelengths than far-red wavelengths (like sunlight!), causes a conformational change in the Pr protein to become Pfr. Pfr can move into the nucleus to activate transcription of other genes, but Pr can not. Pfr can be converted back to Pr when more far-red light than red-light (at night!) is present. Suppose you were studying seeds instead of leaves and you discover that these leaves use the phytochrome Pr/Pfr system to detect light. In seeds, the genes that Pfr activates start the germination process. What affect would a 12 hour exposure to far-right light have on seeds? A) All the phytochrome in the seed would be destroyed. B) Phytochrome would change transcription in the seed. C) The phytochrome protein would be in an inactive form. D) Both A and B are correct E) None of the answers are correct.

C) The phytochrome protein would be in an inactive form.

Your evil roommate generates a mutant species of this angiosperm plant in which the generative cell of the pollen grain is made but cannot divide. Which of the following is a likely consequence of such a mutation? A) Nothing, the generative cell will form sperm as usual. B) The germ tube will not be made. C) The plant will flower but will not produce any seeds or fruit. D) The plant will not make the flower. E) Fruit will be produced, but the fruit will contain half the number of seeds

C) The plant will flower but will not produce any seeds or fruit.

The flu virus is an enveloped virus, meaning the virion (the infectious viral particle outside of a cell) is surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Which mechanism below best describes how the flu virus leaves an infected cell? A) The virus enters the endoplasmic reticulum and exits the after traveling through the endomembrane system. B) So many viruses are made inside the infected cell that it bursts the cell open. C) The virus buds off from the plasma membrane of infected cells. D) The virus spreads from cell to cell via cytoplasmic pores that link the cytoplasm of cells. E) The virus polymerizes actin behind it and shoots from cell to cell.

C) The virus buds off from the plasma membrane of infected cells.

The syringe is full and you inject more water into the stem, increasing the water potential inside the xylem at the arrow to -0.2 MPa. How will this change effect the water movement in this plant? A) Transpiration rates may increase as the plant has more water in its stems. B) Water may flow out of the roots into the soil. C) The water movement through the xylem will be slower than usual. D) B and C are true. E) A and B are true.

C) The water movement through the xylem will be slower than usual.

Your evil roommate tested positive for the parasitic STP Trichomonas vaginalis, which is a protist. No shame evil roommate, these things happen. Get treatment and you'll be fine! What is the most likely explanation for how your evil roommate acquired this protist? A) Your evil roommate may have acquired the infective protist when skinny-dipping (that means swimming naked) in Lake Michigan. B) Your evil roommate may have acquired the infective protist by sitting on a contaminated toilet seat. C) Your evil roommate acquired the infective protist by having direct genial to genial contact with an infected penis or vagina. D) Your evil roommate may have acquired the infective protist by drinking contaminated water. E) All of the above can explain how your evil roommate acquired Trichomonas vaginalis.

C) Your evil roommate acquired the infective protist by having direct genial to genial contact with an infected penis or vagina.

You and your evil roommate are globe trotting this summer. Somewhere in the Australian outback your evil roommate, falls, scraps their knee and then two days later develops a high fever. The wound is purulent and smells bad, with red lines running up their leg. You rush your roommate a local clinic where a blood infection is diagnosed and the infective agent is isolated. One of the first things done is a gram stain, as shown. The gram stain reveals that the infective agent are purple cocci (round purple balls). Based on the gram stain, the infective agent is a A) virus with a membrane envelope. B) a bacteria with two phospholipid bilayers between the inside of the cell and the external environment. C) a bacteria with one phospholipid bilayer and a thick cell wall between the inside of the cell and the external environment. D) protist, possibly plasmodium. E) a fungal pathogen.

C) a bacteria with one phospholipid bilayer and a thick cell wall between the inside of the cell

When he was younger and single and life was simple (but not necessarily better), Kemp had a VW bus like the one in the picture. He drove it through a redwood tree, just like the picture. When he drove from the center of the tree trunk (stem) outward, he crossed, in order, A) non-functional xylem, functional xylem, lateral meristem, phloem, and then bark B) non-functional phloem, functional phloem, lateral meristem, xylem, and then bark C) non-functional xylem and phloem, functional xylem and phloem, lateral meristem, and then bark D) soft wood, hard wood, and then bark E) functional xylem and phloem, non-functional xylem and phloem, lateral meristem, and then bark

C) non-functional xylem and phloem, functional xylem and phloem, lateral meristem, and then bark

This experiment suggests that the optimum amount of gibberellin in the experiment is approximately A) There is not enough information to determine. B) 0.01 μg/mL. C) 0.1 μg/mL. D) 1.0 μg/mL. E) 10 μg/mL.

D) 1.0 μg/mL.

In 2002 a population of 50 ferrets was re-introduced around a pond in the wilds of Wyoming. In 2008 a group of field biologists attempted to count the ferret population around the pond. They caught 100 ferrets on the first day and marked each one before releasing the marked ferret back around the pond. They return the following day and caught a total of 100 individuals, 50 of which are marked. These ferrets were then released and no ferrets were harmed during this survey. What is the estimated population size for A) 100 the ferret population around the pond? B) 125 C) 175 D) 200 E) 400

D) 200

The figure shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with numbers. Which area is most likely to contain the rare primary producers that are not photosynthetic? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) None of the above

D) 4

Club mosses (Lycophytes) are very different than mosses, although they have similar names. Select the following structures or processes that you'd find in club mosses but not mosses. A) Vascular Tissue B) Roots C) Photosynthesis D) A and B E) All of the above

D) A and B

One strategy to treat malaria is to cause the Mosquito species that carries malaria-causing Plasmodium to go extinct through targeted eradication. Which of the following is a reasonable criticism of this strategy? A) Pesticides and other toxins released into the environment to kill mosquitoes may not be specific and have unintended consequences. B) Killing mosquitoes may reduce or stop the spread of malaria-causing Plasmodium, but it won't help chronically infected people. C) Humans have never cause an entire species to go extinct, so may not be possible to erradiacate the mosquito species that carries malaria-causing Plasmodium. D) A and B are correct E) All of the above are correct

D) A and B are correct

Of the animals listed on this chart, which animal do we think was the first to live partially on land? A) Amniotes B) Amphibians C) Tulerpeton D) Acanthostega E) Tiktaalik

D) Acanthostega

Nitrogen is considered a macronutrient for plants, as they need relatively large amounts of nitrogen to build new cells. Where do plants acquire the nitrogen they need for cellular life? A) Plants use the nitrogen in the air that they take through their guard cells. B) Plants may have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and thus they take in nitrogen from their roots. C) Fungi decompose dead plants and animals, and plants may get nitrogen from this source. D) B and C are correct. E) All of the above are correct.

D) B and C are correct

All the bearded hipsters love heirloom plants. The claim is that heirlooms are flavorful and are true-breeding progeny that allow gardeners to avoid repeatedly purchasing seed from agribusiness conglomerates. Heirloom carrots are biennials, which mean they only flower every two years. What special effort is required to save seed from heirloom biennials such as carrots? A) Since carrots produce large roots, they do not devote many resources to seed development. The roots must be trimmed before collecting seed. B) Since carrots build up so much beta-carotene, they do not devote many resources to seed development. A yellow carrot variety will produce better seeds than a darker one. C) Since carrots are related to wild weeds, they are often cross-pollinated. The green top must be bagged to ensure self-pollination. D) Biennials do not produce seed until the second year of growth. Although carrot roots are normally harvested after one season, they must be allowed to grow another year for seed collection. E) I don't care about bearded hipster farmers in their $300 denim overalls.

D) Biennials do not produce seed until the second year of growth. Although carrot roots are normally harvested after one season, they must be allowed to grow another year for seed collection.

Which of the following supports the hypothesis that mitotic cell division mechanisms evolved in protists? A) Plants, fungi, and animals are monophyletic clades that are contained within the protist supergroup. These clades all use mitosis. B) Archaea have linear chromosomes but still divide by binary fission, representing a clear D) Both A and C. evolutionary intermediate. C) In fungi and some groups of protists traces of different and possibly intermediate mitotic mechanisms exists. D) Both A and C E) All the above.

D) Both A and C

Which population is likely to display a type 1 survivorship curve? A) France, because India's population is younger and more likely a type 3 curve. B) India, because France's population is older and more likely a type 2 curve. C) Neither population, because France will display a type 2 curve and India will display a type 3 curve. D) Both populations, as both populations are human beings and survivorship curves are species specific. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) Both populations, as both population are human beings and survivorship curves are specific

In which area is the most photosynthesis occurring? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) There is not enough information to answer this question.

D) D

Use the information in the table to figure out which virus meets the Baltimore requirements for a retrovirus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D) D

Animals first appeared in the oceans of the world sometime around 700 million years ago. The current data suggests that animals first began to colonize land around 450 million years ago. Which statement below accurately reflects how some animals made the transition to terrestrial life? A) All land animals are descendants of those animals first began to colonize land around 450 million years ago. B) The notochord and the tissues derived from the notochord are required for terrestrial life. C) The derived trait of a shoulder took a long time to evolve and this is why it took animals so long to move from water to land. D) Every physical change to the animal body that had to occur to allow for terrestrial living is due to changes in DNA sequences. E) None of the above statements are entirely accurate.

D) Every physical change to the animal body that had to occur to allow for terrestrial living is due to changes in DNA sequences.

The boundaries between the different growth zones of a typical eudicot root are as clearly defined as the images suggest in your book. Based on what you know about plant development, which tissue would transition into fully differentiated tissue in the root before other tissue? A) Ground tissue B) Vascular tissue C) Dermal tissue D) Ground and Dermal tissue must differeniate before vascular tissue. E) All the tissue of the root differentiate at the same time and boundaries.

D) Ground and dermal tissue must differentiate before vascular tissue

The fossil record suggests that plants have increased the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf will contribute to which of the following? A) Decrease the rate of dehydration in leaf tissues. B) Cause a slowing of overall photosynthesis as guard cells replace mesophyll cells. C) Have no effect on the rate of O2 production in the plant. D) Increase the amount of water moving through the root of the plant. E) Change the water potential of root cells.

D) Increase the amount of water moving through the root of the plant.

Suppose you peeled back the dermal tissue at the site indicated by the letter C. What type of vascular tissue would you encounter first? A) Primary xylem. B) Secondary xylem. C) Primary phloem. D) Secondary phloem. E) Young wood

D) Secondary phloem

Your evil roommate isolates a basil plant mutant that has a very small suspensor. These plants develop very slowly compared to normal, "wildtype" plants. Which of the following best describes why these plants are developing slowly? A) They have an underdeveloped root system. B) They are lacking lateral meristems. C) The cotyledons aren't developing. D) The developing embryo doesn't get all the available nutrients in the seed. E) All of the above are equally likely in a small suspensor mutant.

D) The developing embryo doesn't get all the available nutrients in the seed.

The image on the right shows multiple years of growth on a stem of a young tree branch. The image on the left is the shoot apical meristem at the tip of the young tree branch, as indicated in the image. 20. We know that trimming growing shoots help make plants be less tall and more bushy. If you desired to make this plant bushier (more bushy), at what location should you trim the bush? A) A only. B) B only. C) C only. D) Trimming at A or B would make the plant bushier. E) Trimming at A, B, or C would make the plant bushier.

D) Trimming at A or B would make the plant bushier.

For this question, assume that Hadley cells are the same size on Planet X as they are on Earth. On Planet X, 60 ̊S of the equator is most likely A) a dry desert. B) dry, but not necessarily a desert. C) an area of high precipitation. D) covered in ice, but not receiving a lot of precipitation. E) A or B could be true.

D) covered in ice, but not receiving a lot of precipitation

In many parts of the world, the average age of reproductive maturity is increasing as humans move from urban to rural environments. Suppose that the current average age of first reproduction is 15 years old in India and 20 years old in France. Suppose due to a new policy there was an immediate 5-year increase in the average age of reproductive maturity in both countries. How would this be expected to affect the per capita birth rate in each country and would this effect be greater in France or in India? A) increase in per capita birth rate, greater effect in India B) increase in per capita birth rate, greater effect in France C) decrease in per capita birth rate, greater effect in India D) decrease in per capita birth rate, greater effect in France E) decrease in per capita birth rate, same effect in both countries

D) decrease in per capita birth rate, greater effect in India

Brown algae are awesome, and not just because they make good whips. Several species of brown algae have specialized structures that resemble those found in land plants, such as a rootlike holdfast, a stemlike stipe, and leaflike blades. Select the statement that accurately describes the evolutionary relationship between brown algae and land plants. A) Our current understanding is that brown algae arose when a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic cell engulfed a red algae cell and is not closely related to land plants. B) Based on molecular and morphological data, our current understanding is that land plants and brown algae share a common ancestor that no other organisms share. C) The sum of all the data currently available suggests that the common ancestor of brown algae and land plants was the common ancestor of all eukaryotic cells. D) The morphological similar features of brown algae and land plants mean that those structures are homologous structures. E) A and C are true.

E) A and C are true.

Bulbs, such as the cut onion, have a short underground stem and modified leaves that store food. The onion bulbs contains which type of cells? A) Parenchyma cells B) Phloem C) Dermal cells D) B and C E) All of the above

E) All of the above

All of the following can reasonably contribute to this trend except: A) increased predation B) increased intra-species competition C) increased disease D) positive density dependent feedback E) All of the answers are true

E) All of the above answers are true

All of the following plant tissues are capable of being made by this meristem except A) Vascular tissue B) Ground tissue C) Dermal tissue D) Flowers E) All of the above are capable of being made by this meristem.

E) All of the above are capable of being made by this meristem

You discover a planet in a nearby solar system that is very similar to Earth, with most of the conditions similar to Earth's conditions, including liquid water! You name this planet the shockingly original name, Planet X.Recall that Earth rotates on an axis that is offset 23.5 ̊ from the central axis. This new planet rotates on an axis that is offset 5 ̊ from the central axis. In what way will this change cause the yearly weather patterns on planet X differ from Earth? A) The winds on Planet X will have less east/west movement compared to the same latitude on Earth. B) The Hadley cells on Planet X will have more moisture in them and thus there will be more rain. C) On planet X there will be less seasonal variability of weather compared to the same latitude on Earth. D) Ocean currents will be stronger on Earth than on Planet X. E) All of the above are correct.

E) All of the above are correct

The black-footed ferret is a secondary consumer in most ecosystems. When the black-footed ferret population was restored to the pond community, the increased number of secondary consumers most likely had an effect on which other trophic level? A) Primary producers B) Primary consumers C) Other secondary consumers D) Tertiary consumers E) All of the above are likely

E) All of the above are likely

There are many reasons that fungi are important to humans. Select all the reasons that accurately describe a beneficial impact fungus have on humans. A) Fungi are the primary decomposers of cellulose and lignin, and thus critical for ecosystem stability. B) Fungi and plants both a have haploid and diploid stage of their lifecycle, so to learn about the evolution of plants we can study fungi. C) Fungi are an important food for humans. D) A and C are both true. E) All of the above are true.

E) All of the above are true

Three petals of this flower are shown for illustrative purposes, but these flowers almost always contain four petals. This plant self-fertilizes and forms a fruit. Which letter is indicating the parts of the flower that are required for this flower to form a fruit? A) E B) B C) A D) C E) All the labeled parts of this flower are required for fruit formation.

E) All the labeled parts of this flower are required for fruit formation

As ocean levels rise due to the melting of polar ice, which zone of the salt-water aquatic environment is likely to display the largest increase is size, expressed as a percentage of total change? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) All of the zones will increase similarly.

E) All the zones will increase similarly

Which area is contains the most primary producers, in terms of biomass? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) Both A and B contain the equal amounts.

E) Both A and B contain the equal amounts

Which letter represents the evolution of seeds? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

E) E

Which species is most self-sustaining in terms of obtaining nutrition in environments A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

E) E

Scientists studying plants in labs often use iodine staining to visualize starch (iodine enters the cells and stains starch containing vacuoles purple). SYTOX stains only non-living plant cells and can be used to turn dead plant cells green. Oil Red is a stain that is used to make cuticle and waxy cellular coating bright red, but Oil Red cannot enter the plant cell. Living plant cells that stain bright purple are most likely which type of cell? A) Sclerenchyma B) Trichomes C) Collenchyma D) Sieve plate E) Parenchyma

E) Parenchyma

Based on the complex lifecycle of Plasmodium and what you know about protists, which stage of the organism should be targeted to cure those who suffer from chronic malaria? A) Merozoites B) Gameotcytes C) Gametes D) Oocyst E) Sporozoites

E) Sporozpites

Your evil roommate would like to place this species into the group Bilateria. Name one other characteristic that would lend support to the placing this organism in the group Bilateria. A) The presence of a blastopore during embryonic development B) The presence of collagen in its tissues C) The presence of an oral cavity D) The presence of digestive tissues E) The presence of three different tissue layers

E) The presence of three different tissue layers

In the spring, you pass by a rocky outcrop that is dripping with water and covered with a carpet of short green plants. In the summer, you notice that water is no longer dripping off the rock, and the same plants appear brittle and dry. In the fall, the rock is again wet, and the same plants now appear soft and green. These plants are most likely to be: A) angiosperms B) gymnosperms C) monilophytes D) lycophytes E) bryophytes

E) brtophytes

In many plants, it is possible to peel off the lower epidermis of a leaf without disturbing the photosynthetic mesophyll cells, thereby exposing the mesophyll directly to the air. How would the immediate (seconds to minutes) response of photosynthesis compare to the longer-term (minutes to hours) response of photosynthesis in this exposed leaf? A) immediate decrease, long-term decrease B) immediate increase, long-term decrease C) no change immediately, long-term decrease D) immediate decrease, long-term increase E) no change immediately, long-term increase

E) no change immediately, long-term increase