BIOL 1132 Chapter 11

✅ River water withdrawal is high in some areas, causing rivers to shrink in size or dry up. ❌ River pollution from industries has become highly regulated. ✅ Dams have been built for flood control and for hydroelectric power. ✅ Rivers have been channelized to facilitate navigation.

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Taxonomic; Species

A region with many different categories of organisms, such as frogs, birds, mammals, insects, pine trees, and mosses, is said to have high _______________ richness, as compared to a region that has high numbers of different species of ferns and mosses, which would be described as having a high ___________________ richness.

Genetic

A species of snail is made up of many populations that each display unique gene expressions, such as populations of red-colored snails, brown snails, and white snails. This is an example of ________________ diversity.

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Knowing that biodiversity is under threat, some nations have begun _______ for the future.

Storing genetic material, such as in seed banks.

Knowing that biodiversity is under threat, some nations have begun ____________ for the future.

Species

The geologic and evolutionary history of a region, migration, and human activity are all factors that influence the __________________ diversity of a particular location.

- critically endangered - vulnerable

The IUCN has three classifications for species based on their risk of extinction: ____________ is the most critical classification, endangered is the intermediate classification, and ___________________ is the least critical classification.

70%

The United Nations estimates that _______% of the world's marine fisheries are being over exploited or are being fully exploited.

Zebra mussel

The __________________ is an invasive exotic species that likely was released from ballast water from European ships and now has spread through much of the Great Lakes region, clogging intake pipes and establishing themselves on top of native muscle species.

More

The larger the area studied, the __________ kinds of ecosystems are present.

Deforestation

The removal of forests for fuel, building materials, or conversion to agriculture are all forest-destroying activities, often called __________________.

❌ animals eat the leaves and keep carbon out of the atmosphere ✅ trees would transpire large quantities of water, creating fog or clouds ✅ trees shade Tehran soil, keeping it cooler ❌ trees release oxygen into the atmosphere

The removal of forests often lead to a hotter, drier regional climate because in an intact forest, the ____________________. (Select all that apply.)

Human

The use of fire to clear land, the harvesting of wood for fuel and building materials, and the damming of rivers to provide water power are all types of ________________ activities that have resulted in the extinction of species.

Overharvesting, poor hatchery management, logging activities.

Which of the following groups of examples all have been known to contribute to declines in salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest for over a century?

Water flow is slowed by vegetation and intact soil.

Which of the following is a way that water supply is managed via ecosystem services?

Rats

Which of the following species is the least likely to become extinct soon because it has a high population density and a wide geographic distribution?

Long horned Beetle

The Asian _____________ arrived in New York around 1996 and has the potential to do serious damage to North American deciduous forests.

Overexploitation ________________.

- Occurs when humans harvest organisms faster than the organisms are able to reproduce - Has driven some organisms to extinction

1.4 Trillion

Approximately how many species on Earth are known to science and have been taxonomically described?

The diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region.

Biodiversity is a term used to describe _____________________.

Converting arid and semiarid lan to desert because of improper land use by humans.

Desertification is the process of ____________________.

Are not part of our economic system.

Ecosystem services ______________________.

Two fungal diseases changed the nature of American forests.

Exotic diseases have extirpated species.

The gypsy moth has altered forests, causing many trees to die from defoliation.

Exotic insects have changed the structure of ecosystems.

Rats introduced to islands have resulted in population declines of nesting birds from egg and nestling consumption.

Exotic species are predators of native species.

Elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind of species.

Extinction is the ________________________.

Habitat loss

Forestry, farming, grazing by livestock, and conversion to urban and industrial landscapes are the primary activities resulting in __________.

❌ Natural forests have lower species diversity than the forest plantations. ❌ Forest plantations are generally more valueable as a habitat for wildlife. ✅ Forest plantations often consist largely largely of exotic species. ✅ Forest plantations have even-aged trees. ✅ Forest plantation trees mature to harvestable size faster than those from a typical maturally reproducing forest.

How do forest plantations differ from natural forests? (Select all that apply.)

Introduced mosquitos carry malaria.

Humans contract more vector-borne diseases.

Significantly modified natural ecosystems.

Humans have ______________________________, leading to major increases in the global extinction rate and declines in global biodiversity.

Red ➡️ Net loss > 50 hectares Grey ➡️ Net change (gain or loss) <50 hectares Green ➡️ Net gain >50 hectares

Match the color on the map to the correct description regarding that region's net change in forest area from 1990 to 2015.

More likely to become extinct - low population density - specialized niche Less likely to become extinct - found over a large area - high reproductive rate

Match the factor to whether it is more of less likely to lead to a species becoming extinct.

Bush

Meat from wild animals that was gathered in the wild is commonly referred to as ______ meat, since it is a common term for "the wild".

Invasive fire ants sting people and wildlife.

Millions of dollars are spent on medical treatment and control efforts, and some people have died from allergic reactions.

Desertification

Overgrazing and the removal of trees for firewood are primarily causes of _____________.

⬇️ Tropical rainforest ⬇️ Grassland ⬇️ Arctic Tundra

Rank the following regions based on their level of species diversity. Place the region with the highest biodiversity at the top and the region with the lowest biodiversity at the bottom.

⬇️ Agriculture ⬇️ Forestry ⬇️ Fishery

Rank the three major economic sectors that are highly dependent on ecological health, based on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States estimates for annual export value. Place the sector with the highest value at the top and the sector with the lowest value at the bottom.

Clear-cut sites are naturally reseeded or trees are replanted.

Reforestation is a process in which _________________________.

Overexploitation

Rhino populations that are hunted and killed for their horns, which are made into dagger handles or powders sold as aphrodisiacs, to the point that their populations are now threatened by extinction is an example of __________________________ of a species.

Established Reserves

Several countries have ____________ _____________, and in turn they have successfully protected a portion of their fishery resources.

Management

When habitat modifications are made to enhance the success of a species, such as encouraging the growth of a particular food source preferred by that species, this is known as habitat _______________.

Biological control

When pest populations are managed by a natural predator, such as when mosquitos are preyed on by bats, this is known as a(n) __________________ relationship.

❌ Overfertilization ✅ Overgrazing ✅ Deforestation ❌ Pesticide use

Which of the following are causes of desertification? (Select all that apply.)

✅ Natural events ❌ Migration ❌ Sexual reproduction ✅ Difference in soil type ✅ Topographic changes

Which of the following are factors that influence the ecosystem diversity of an area? (Select all that apply.)

✅ Migration ❌ Species diversity ✅ Sexual reproduction ✅ Mutations

Which of the following are factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population?

❌ Sexual reproduction ✅ Migration ✅ The geologic and evolutionary history of a region ❌ Human activity

Which of the following are factors that positively influence the species diversity of a popular location? (Select all that apply.)

- They may kill or directly compete with native species and drive them to extinction. - There may be an increase in vectors or carriers of diseases that harm human health.

Which of the following are negative impacts resulting from the presence of exotic species?

✅ Establish a system of protection areas. ❌ Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. ✅ Monitor biological diversity. ✅ Develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.

Which of the following are some of the key components of the Convention on Biological Diversity?

✅ Cultural uses ❌ Agricultural crop production ✅ Water regulation and supply ✅ Nutrient cycling

Which of the following are values of biodiversity and/or ecosystem services (Select all that apply.)

✅ Extensive nutrient loading ✅ Climate change ✅ Conversion of native lands to agriculture ❌ Meteor Impacts

Which of the following examples correctly identify major causes of biodiversity loss today? (Select all the apply.)

✅ Loss of tropical forests is significantly reducing the species diversity of the world. ✅ Loss of tropical rainforests means less rainfall is trapped, runoff is more rapid, and soil erosion in the region is exacerbated. ❌ Tropical deforestation results in the loss of an oxygen trap, so more oxygen is released into the atmosphere, where it contributes to global warming. ❌ The destruction of tropical forests forests tends to alter the local climate by lowering the temperature and increasing the humidity.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the main concerns raised by tropical deforestation? (Select all that apply.)

The expansion of impermeable surfaces prevents plant growth and diverts rainfall to local streams, threatening most species of wildlife in the area.

Which of the following statements correctly relates urban and industrial land conversion to biodiversity loss?

Temperate parts of the world, such as North America, Europe, and China, are maintaining or increasing their forests.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the net change in forest area from 1990-2015 in different parts of the world or for different forest types?

They have observed a reduction in the extent of the sea ice and prey availability.

Why do scientists think that Arctic and Antarctic species declines are associated with a warming planet?

They think that. The prevalence of a fungal disease that has become common in the last few decades is linked to temperature increases.

Why do scientists think that amphibian declines are associated with a warming planet?

❌ Inbreeding. ❌ Increase in the number of natural predators. ✅ Dams. ✅ Overharvesting. ✅ Poor hatchery management.

Why have salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest been in decline for more than a century? (Select all that apply.)

River systems are linear, with a variety of different habitats from their headwaters to their mouths.

Why is there a high degree of endemism in river systems?

Census

Wildlife managers may conduct a population _________ to establish and maintain populations. This may involve keeping a record of the number of animals killed by hunters, recording the numbers of animals observed or heard during breeding season, counting the number of fecal pellets or dens, or direct counting of individuals.

Cover

_____ refers to any set of physical features that conceals or protects animals from the elements, predators, or competitors.

Clear-cutting; patchwork clear-cutting; selective harvesting.

_________ is the forest-harvesting method that involves the removal of all the trees in a large area. In _____________, small areas have all the trees removed, but these areas are surrounded by areas of untouched forests. In _____________, individual, mature, high-value trees are removed, without disrupting the forest ecosystem.

Tropical; temperate; lower fertility soils that are also more highly erodible.

____________ forests are less likely to regenerate after logging than ______________ forests because they have _____________.

Natural Events

_____________________ create patches of habitats in early successional stages, increasing the diversity of ecosystems in a region.