BIOL-1308-E90 Chs. 7 & 8 Homework

Plants need other molecules besides glucose. Where do these molecules, such as cellulose and fructose, come from?

G3P is directly converted to many other organic molecules besides glucose.

The end product of the Calvin cycle is

G3P.

The hydrocarbon skeleton used to form fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids (when N is added) is derived from

G3P.

What are the products of fermentation in animal cells?

NAD+ and lactate

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to

NADH and FADH2.

Which of the following statements is true?

NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules.

Which coenzyme is involved in the light reactions?

NADP+

Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD?

NAD^+ + H → NADH

Which is a correct statement about the preparatory reaction?

NAD^+ goes to NADH + H^+ as acetyl-CoA forms.

Visible light has more energy than radio waves.

True

When oxygen accepts electrons, water is produced as a byproduct.

True

Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.

True

The heavy oxygen isotope (18O) could be provided to plants either in the CO2 or in H2O or in both. Today, we know from experimental results that O2 released from chloroplasts comes from H2O and not from CO2. Which of the following experimental results would show conclusively that O2 is released from H2O and not CO2?

When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.

Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot, dry spells during the growing season?

When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid photorespiration.

Which of the following is not required in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

the electron carrier NADH

After high-energy electrons leave photosystem II, they proceed directly to ______, where their energy is used to _______.

the electron transport chain; convert ADP into ATP

Cellular respiration is organized into four phases so that

the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion.

During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced. This means that

the molecule gains electrons.

Water is split and oxygen is released in

the noncyclic electron pathway.

Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called

the preparatory reaction.

As protons move through the proton pump,

they build up on one side of the membrane, producing a concentration gradient.

How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn?

three

How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

three

The reservoir for H+ during photosynthesis is the

thylakoid space.

The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment, are called

thylakoids.

Why are two ATP needed to begin glycolysis?

to activate the glucose

Why does chemiosmosis require a membrane?

to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation

An acetyl group contains how many carbons?

two

For the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose, the citric acid cycle must turn a total of

two times.

The overall goal of the Calvin cycle is to

use carbon dioxide gas and energy to produce carbohydrates.

The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy

was lost as heat.

Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive oxygen during photosynthesis?

water

The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors in the fall is

when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments become visible.

The only end product of alcoholic fermentation is the alcohol.

False

The formation of carbohydrate molecules occurs within the

stroma.

What does the term stroma refer to?

the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within

the chloroplast.

The overall goal of the electron transport chain is to break down glucose molecules into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules.

False

The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green.

False

The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is water.

False

There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis.

False

Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP.

False

Cytochromes can best be described as

membrane proteins that house the electron transport chain.

Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell?

mitochondrial matrix

Proton pumps are protein complexes that

move hydrogen ions across cell membranes.

How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose molecule via cellular respiration?

39%

In the Calvin cycle, the three-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is

3PG.

The H+ (protons) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space

moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through the ATP synthase complex.

Categorize the following as characteristics and examples of autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both.

**Autotrophs - Plants and algae - Producers - Use pigments to capture solar energy - Synthesize carbohydrates - Produce their own food - The bottom of most food chains **Both - Use organic products of photosynthesis as a source of chemical energy - Use organic products of photosynthesis for growth and repair **Heterotrophs - Consumers - Animals and fungi - Must take in preformed organic molecules

Classify the following advantages and disadvantages of fermentation.

**Benefits of fermentation - Essential to the food and drink industry as it is responsible for yogurt, alcoholic beverages, cheese, and sauerkraut - Essential to the chemical industry as it is responsible for the production of acids, including acetic acid and butyric acid **Drawbacks of fermentation - In situations where sustained energy is needed, rapid bursts of energy are instead provided, and oxygen levels are depleted - Toxic to cells as it causes pH changes - Does not enter citric acid cycle or the electron transport chain so less ATP is produced

Classify each of the following according to whether it belongs in the C3, C4, or CAM pathways for carbon dioxide fixation.

**C3 - Wheat, oats - More efficient in spring and cool summer weather - Product of CO2 fixation is 3PG - Photorespiration may occur - Bundle sheath cells do not contain chloroplasts **C4 - Chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll - Sugarcane, Bermuda grass - 4-carbon product of CO2 fixation is temporarily stored in vesicles - Have advantage in hot, dry summer weather **CAM - CO2 fixation occurs at night, and C4 molecules are stored until daylight - Succulent plants, cacti; live in hot, arid regions

Classify the following characteristics depending on what type of photosynthesis is described.

**C3 photosynthesis - Uses RUBP carboxylate to fix carbon dioxide into RuBP - Process occurs in mesophyll cells - Results in one molecule of 3PG - Advantageous in moderate weather **C4 photosynthesis - Uses PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide into PEP - Results in one molecule of oxaloacetate - Process occurs in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells - Advantageous in hot and dry weather

Classify each of the following according to whether it belongs in the carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, or RuBP regeneration process.

**Carbon dioxide fixation - 3 CO2 are attached to 3 RuBp - RuBP carboxylase - Formation of 6 molecules of 3PG **Carbon dioxide reduction - 6 3PG -› 6 BPG - 6 ATP-> 6 ADP + 6 P - 6 NADPH -> 6 NADP+ - 6 BPG-› 6 G3P **RuBP regeneration - 5 G3P -› 3 RuBp - 3 ATP -› 3ADP + 3P

Correctly match the photosynthetic pigments to the wavelengths they absorb. Also match the colors of these wavelengths of light. Some choices will be used more than once while others will not be used.

**Chlorophyll a - violet, indigo, blue, and red - 380-400 nm and 680-700 nm **Chlorophyll b - violet, indigo, blue, and red - 400 nm and 650 nm **Carotenoids - violet-blue-green - 450-500 nm

Place each phase of cellular respiration into the box that corresponds to the location of that particular phase. Not all choices will be used: You must distinguish the four phases of cellular respiration from the choices given.

**Cytoplasm - Glycolysis **Mitochondrial matrix - Preparatory (prep) reaction - Krebs cycle **Cristae of mitochondria - Electron transport chain (ETC)

Using the following diagram as a reference, assign each gain and loss of ATP to the energy-investment and energy-harvesting steps of glycolysis, as well as the net gain from the process as a whole. Labels may be used more than once.

**Energy-investment steps - -2ATP **Energy-harvesting steps - +4ATP **Net gain - +2ATP

Complete the following flowchart to describe the process of fermentation.

**Glucose - Requires 2 ATP 1. G3P 2. BPG - Produces 4 ATP 3. Pyruvate - CO_2 4. Lactate (on the left) 4. Alcohol (on the right)

Classify the following according to whether they are inputs or outputs of the electron transport chain.

**Input of electron transport chain - NADH + H^+ - ADP - FADH_2 - O_2 **Output of electron transport chain - NAD^+ - ATP - FAD - H_2O

Classify the following according to whether they are inputs or outputs of the preparatory reaction.

**Input of preparatory reaction - 2 NAD^+ - 2 pyruvate - 2 CoA **Output of preparatory reaction - 2 CO_2 - 2 NADH + H^+ - 2 acetyl CoA

Classify the following items as being either inputs or outputs of the citric acid cycle. Not all responses will be used.

**Inputs to the citric acid cycle - Acetyl group - Acetyl group - 6 NAD^+ - 2 FAD - ADP + P - ADP + P **Outputs of the citric acid cycle - 4 CO_2 - 6 NADH - 2 FADH_2 - ATP - ATP

Classify the following descriptions based on which part of photosynthesis they describe.

**Light reactions - Inputs include NADP+ and ADP - Requires solar energy - Must occur in the day time - Water is split and oxygen gas released - Involves photosystems and an electron transport chain **The Calvin cycle - Requires chemical energy - Can occur in the day time or night time - Reduces carbon dioxide gas - Produces carbohydrates

Place the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosythesis into the appropriate category below, noting the similarities and differences between these equations. Because these equations have things in common, note that some choices will be used more than once.

**Photosynthesis - Reactants - 6 CO2 - 6 H2O - Products - C6H12O6 - 6 O2 **Cellular respiration - Reactants - C6H12O6 - 6 O2 - Products - 6 CO2 - 6 H2O

Categorize the applicable inputs and outputs of glycolysis into the appropriate boxes below. Not all choices will be used.

*Glycolysis **Inputs - Glucose - 2NAD^+ - 2ATP - 4 ADP + 4 P **Outputs - 2 pyruvate - 2 NADH - 4 ATP - 2 ADP

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

- Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells. - Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis. - Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles. - One or more electron carriers are used in both processes. (All of the answers are characteristics shared by photosynthesis and cellular respiration.)

Which of the following reactions is part of the cellular respiration pathway?

- Electron transport chain - Citric acid cycle - Glycolysis - Preparatory reaction (prep) (All of the answer choices are part of the cellular respiration pathway.)

Which of the following statement(s) about fermentation is/are true?

- Fermentation can produce lactic acid. - Fermentation does not require oxygen. - Fermentation can produce alcohol. - Fermentation produces a net of two ATP molecules. (All the answer choices are true statements about fermentation.)

Fermentation is inefficient in using the energy found in food molecules and the resulting alcohol can be toxic to the organism producing it. Which of the following is a reason why an organism would utilize fermentation?

- For very small organisms, fermentation can be a simple process and is less complicated than cellular respiration. - The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction. - Fermentation helps to recycle NAD+ molecules and allows glycolysis to proceed with ATP production. - Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle. (All of the answer choices are reasons organisms would utilize fermentation.)

Which of the following results from the lactate accumulation in the muscles?

- Much of the lactate is transported to the liver, where it is converted to pyruvate. - Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down. - Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose. - It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles. (All of the answer choices are accurate statements about the accumulation of lactate in muscle cells.)

The ATP synthase complex in cellular respiration and photosynthesis

- both require a H+ gradient. - both produce ATP. - both work via chemiosmosis. - both are located in a membrane. (All of the answers are correct.)

Which of the following organism(s) has/have a dependence on photosynthesis for their energy?

- raccoons - white-tailed deer - wolves - squirrels (All of the answer choices will have a dependency on photosynthesis.)

To what does the term grana refer?

stack of thylakoid membranes

Each turn of the citric acid cycle directly produces how many ATP?

1

A single "turn" of the citric acid cycle will yield

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH_2.

Arrange the following electron acceptors in the proper order in which they participate in electron transport. 1 = Cytochrome c 2 = Oxygen 3 = Cytochrome c oxidase

1, 3, 2

The Calvin cycle starts with a process known as carbon fixation, where ___ carbon dioxide molecule(s) is(are) "fixed" from a gaseous form to a solid 6-carbon molecule.

3

How many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation when there are 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP?

18

What are the input requirements of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, and 2 ADP

The NET result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of

2 NADH and 2 ATP.

How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules?

2 molecules, each with 3 carbons

The final products of glycolysis are

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+.

The initial reaction of the citric acid cycle involves the addition of a

2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule.

How much of the protein content in chloroplasts is made up of the enzyme RuBP carboxylase? Why?

20-50%; the enzyme is very slow

Photosynthetic reaction

6 CO2 + 6 H2O (on the top of the arrow is solar energy, on the bottom is pigments) --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Label the following diagram to describe the overall equation of cellular respiration.

Blank = C_6H_12O_6 + Oxygen -> Blank = CO_2 + Water

The second stage of the Calvin cycle needs an input of energy to reduce the 3PG molecules that resulted from the first stage. Where does this energy input come from?

ATP and NADPH that were supplied through the light reactions

Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell?

ATP contains just about the amount of energy required for most cellular reactions.

Which of the following is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP?

ATP synthase

The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ATP is

ATP synthase.

Which of the following is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP?

ATP synthase.

Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions?

ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.

The cyclic electron pathway produces only

ATP.

Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis?

An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, resulting in ATP.

Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are

C3 plants.

Which photosynthetic mode would be most favorable in a desert environment?

CAM

Which of the following is a substrate in the photosynthesis equation?

CO2

Which part of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma?

Calvin cycle reactions

NADPH and ATP are used in the

Calvin cycle reactions.

Which of the following statements is true?

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used.

The final product of glycolysis is carbon dioxide.

False

The first step of the cyclic electron pathway involves the removal of the electrons from water.

False

The most efficient method to produce ATP in animal cells is by glycolysis.

False

Over time, what would we expect in the evolution of C3, C4, and CAM strategies?

Each form of photosynthesis has advantages in a heterogeneous world and, as long as environmental conditions vary, all forms will have an adaptive advantage in their unique niche.

Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?

FADH2 drops its electrons off LOWER on the electron transport chain

A single "turn" of the citric acid cycle involves three different decarboxylation reactions.

False

All of the ATP molecules formed by the complete oxidation of glucose result from the electron transfer chain.

False

At night, plants cannot run metabolic pathways because there is no sunlight.

False

Glycolysis is linked to the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not available.

False

In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions.

False

Only organisms with chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis.

False

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration utilize the same chemical pathways but in reverse of each other.

False

Photosystem I comes before photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.

False

Photosystem I occurs before photosystem II during the light reactions.

False

The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule.

False

The energy that is released when hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase provides the energy needed to form ADP and phosphate from ATP.

False

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.

What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway?

H+, O2, ATP, and NADPH

Which of the following statement is true about C3 and C4 plants?

In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase.

Which of the following describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

It accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen ion.

What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during photosynthesis?

It combines with CO2 to produce a 6-carbon compound.

Why is fermentation important in animals?

It helps to recycle NAD+ molecules and allows glycolysis to proceed with ATP production.

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

It is an electron carrier

Which of the following is one of the values of photosynthesis to humans?

It reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis?

Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.

Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?

Oxygen is not available.

Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen.

In which of the following ways is photosystem I different than photosystem II?

Photosystem I uses the high-energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, whereas photosystem II uses them to convert ADP into ATP.

Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true?

Producers produce more food than they use.

The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle ______, sending it back to aid in _______ again.

RuBP; carbon fixation

Which of the following would be a reasonable explanation of why the chloroplast would use the cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic electron pathway?

The Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than NADPH and the cyclic electron pathway produces ATP.

In cellular respiration, what is the relationship between the energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) and products (CO2 and H2O)?

The energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) must be greater than the energy content of the products (CO2 and H2O).

Why are plant leaves green?

They reflect green wavelengths of light.

ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the thylakoid membranes.

True

As the hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient, energy is released.

True

At the base of most food chains are autotrophs.

True

During glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.

True

Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available.

True

NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration.

True

NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules.

True

Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose.

True

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrion.

True

The transfer of hydrogen ions across the membrane generates a potential energy gradient.

True

The transfer of hydrogen ions generates a potential energy gradient across the membrane of the mitochondria.

True

There is an inverse relationship between wavelength of light and amount of energy.

True

The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is

a C_4 molecule.

A photosystem can best be described as

a collection of pigments that trap solar energy and focus it on reaction centers, releasing high-energy electrons.

Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport?

a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids

If scientists developed a molecule that blocked the ATP synthase complex, what would be the first immediate effect?

accumulation of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space

Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl-CoA.

Which of the following would increase the electron transport system's production of ATP?

adding additional hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

Which of the following is an autotroph?

algae

The main function of stomata is to

allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.

Heterotrophs

are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.

After their generation during the light reactions, NADPH and ATP

are used in the Calvin cycle reactions to help form carbohydrates.

Based on the number of ATP generated during the electron transport chain for every one glucose molecule, how many ATP would be generated if 10 glucose molecules were broken down?

between 320 and 340 ATP molecules

Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?

black

Which stage(s) will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration?

both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following is a CAM plant?

cactus

If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, which molecule(s) will ultimately end up with the label?

carbon dioxide

The raw materials or reactants of photosynthesis include

carbon dioxide and water.

What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide, ATP, and water

The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of

carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.

The equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process?

cellular respiration

The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called

chemiosmosis.

Which of the following is a substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis?

chlorophyll

Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun through all living things?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide?

citric acid cycle

The ATP synthase complex is located in the

cristae of mitochondria

Which of the following will recycle electrons back to photosystem I?

cyclic electron pathway

Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

cytoplasm

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which of the following pathways of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Because the reactions are not cyclic, over time photosystem II would lose all its electrons. This does not happen because

energy from photosystem I is used to split water molecules, releasing electrons.

Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration?

glucose

You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?

glycolysis

Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water?

glycolysis and electron transport chain

What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+?

glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle

We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with plastic that only allows a single color of light through. In which box would we expect the least plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur?

green

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?

in order to regenerate NAD+

The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the

intermembrane space to the matrix.

Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because

it is found in all living organisms.

Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to

lactic acid.

In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?

leaf

What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?

light reactions, Calvin cycle

Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration?

matrix - citric acid cycle

What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+?

noncyclic electron pathway

The carriers of the electron transport chain are located

on the cristae of the mitochondria.

A hydrogen atom consists of

one hydrogen ion and one electron.

CAM plants

open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.

Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose.

oxidizing

What are the products of photosynthesis?

oxygen and carbohydrate

Muscles undergo fermentation when no

oxygen is available

The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is

oxygen.

Which pathway is the foundation for the majority of ecosystems and food chains on Earth?

photosynthesis

Biologists are fairly certain that oxygen was built up in the atmosphere by the development of photosynthesis. The production of oxygen and, therefore, the beginning of extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of

photosystem II.

The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of the

pigment complex.

Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy?

pigments

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to

pyruvate.

Cellular respiration involves the

release of energy.