(BIOL 132) Unit 1 Test

Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic? - Chicken - Whole grains - Cheese - Yogurt

Whole grains

Which of the following typically acts as a probiotic? - Green leafy vegetables - Whole grain cereals - Yogurt - Legumes

Yogurt

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called

ageusia

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills to his friends, because he thinks the supplement is helpful. Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an) ________.

anecdote

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

double-blind

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the

mucosa

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet.

The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

nutrition

Raffinose is an example of a/an

oligosaccharide

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called

peristalsis

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

According to MyPlate, two to six ounces of is the serving size for this food group. - dairy - protein - grain - fruit

protein

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________

too little research is available to establish an RDA

Segmentation

helps mix chyme in the small intestine

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ________ in the stomach.

hydrochloric acid

Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested

in the mouth

Monique is a 19-year-old college student who would like to follow a Mediterranean diet pattern instead of her typical "western" diet. Based on this information, Monique should

increase her intake of fruit.

The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal.

ketone bodies

"The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water one degree Celsius" is the definition of ________.

kilocalorie

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C? - Structure/function claims - %DV's - Organic food logo - Country of origin information

%DV's

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices? - RDAs - %DVs - ULs - AIs

%DVs

Briefly describe three unique pieces of anatomy, found along the gastrointestinal tract, that make digestion possible in the human digestive tract. Be sure to include where the anatomical structure is found, what the piece of anatomy is, and what makes this particular peice of anatomy important for digestion.

- The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. This anatomical structure is found where you place your food at the front of your face. After you begin eating, you chew your food into smaller pieces that can be more easily digested. Your saliva mixes with your food in order to be broken down in a way that your body can absorb and use. When you begin to swallow the food, the tongue passes the food into the throat and then into the esophagus - The esophagus is found in your throat near the trachea. It receives food from the mouth when swallowed. Muscular contractions occur within the esophagus called peristalsis to deliver food to the stomach. - The stomach is a hollow organ that holds food while being mixed with stomach enzymes. These enzymes break down food. Cells along the lining of the stomach secrete HCl and enzymes that make the breakdown process possible. When the food in the stomach is processed, it is then released to the small intestine.

Briefly describe four of the five major dietary guidlelines for Americans.

1. To eat more vegatables, salad, and fruit. Up to seven servings a day 2. Limit intakes of high fat, sugar and sodium in food or drinks 3. Use good portion control and follow the serving sizes 4. Increase physical activity level for overall health

According to MyPlate, Erika should consume 3 cups of milk daily. She prefers eating plain yogurt to drinking milk. How much plain yogurt can she eat to meet her plan's recommendation for milk and milk products?

3 cups

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense? - 8 ounces fat-free milk - ½ cup fresh strawberries - 4-ounce chocolate doughnut - 3 ounces baked chicken

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?

400

Which of the following is not a function of cholecystokinin? - Control the secretion of mucus by the mucus cells - Stimulate the contraction of the gallbladder to release the bile - Control the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine - Trigger the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice into the small intestine

?

Which of the following physical characteristics or health conditions is a sign of metabolic syndrome? - Fasting blood glucose levels that are consistently between 75 and 99 mg/dl - Body temperature that is over 101°F - Waist circumference that is 32 inches - Fasting blood triglyceride levels that are consistently more than 150 mg/dl

?

Which of the following statements is true? - People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes. - Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes. - A healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level is greater than 7.5%. - To remain healthy, your fasting blood glucose level should always be at least 140 mg/dl.

?

Under the current law on nutrition labeling, the Nutrition Facts panel must include which of the following? - serving size - total calories - amount from added sugar - amount from saturated fat - All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach? - Intrinsic factor - Bile - Mucus - Gastric juice

Bile

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system? - Pancreas - Gallbladder - Brain - Liver

Brain

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract? - Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth - Gastrin stimulating HCl production in the stomach - Salivary amylase breaking down starch in the mouth - Pancreatic lipase breaking down fat in the small intestine

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.

DRIs

Explain how the digestion of carbohydrates in the digestive tract occurs.

During the digestion of carbohydrates in the digestive tract, the starches and sugars are broken down both mechanically and chemically into the units of glucose, fructose, and/or galactose. These are then absorbed into the blood stream and then transported for use of energy for the body.

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving? - Fat-free milk - Soft margarine - Cheese nachos - Iceberg lettuce

Fat-free milk

Kristan uses %DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients? - Fat - Sodium - Fiber - Added sugars

Fiber

Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide? - Fructose - Starch - Sucrose - Galactose

Fructose

According to research if people want to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease, they would want to subscribe to which dietary food pyramid? - Asian Diet. - Traditional Mexican Diet. - Africian Heritage Diet. - Mediterranean Diet.

Mediterranean Diet.

Which of the following statements is true? - Scientists classify forms of fiber according to their solubility in oil. - Most forms of fiber are comprised of fructose molecules bonded together. - Dietary fiber includes the stringy material found in tough, overcooked meat. - Most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber.

Most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Peanut butter is an empty-calorie food. - Most foods are mixtures of nutrients. - A healthy diet supplies 90% of its calories from protein-rich foods. - A megadose of vitamin C is within the range of safe intake for the nutrient.

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of breast cancer. Which of the following activities is NOT likely to be a component of their research efforts?

Posting findings at the main researcher's personal website

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups? - Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese - Smoothie made with vanilla yogurt, fat-free milk, orange juice, wheat germ, and fresh peaches - Sandwich made with Swiss cheese, cooked ham, mayonnaise, and two slices of buttered whole-wheat bread - Ready-to-eat cereal with strawberries, blueberries, wheat germ, and fat-free milk

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? - High-fructose corn syrup - Lactose - Glucose - Soluble fiber

Soluble fiber

Which of the following statements is true? - Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed. - The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful. - Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists. - The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements.

The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.

Which of the following statements is true? - Diets high in fiber increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. - The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber. - Each gram of fiber supplies about 6 kcal for humans. - Eating foods rich in insoluble fiber may increase one's risk for heart disease.

The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber

Describe the following components of a Nutrition Facts Panel: serving size and servings per container, Calories, list of nutrients, and Percent Daily Values.

The serving size shows the number of servings in the whole entire package. The servings per container shows how big each serving is. The nutritional information on the rest of the nutrition facts panel is based on one serving of the food. The amount of calories lists the number of calories and the number of calories from fat on one serving. The total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and sodium are listed in the top half of the nutrient portion. And the percent daily values lists the percentage of nutrients one per serving of the food will add to your total daily diet.

Which type of diabetes is most common in the United States? - Type 2 diabetes - Insulin-dependent diabetes - Gestational diabetes - Type 1 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes

Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine? - Thiamin - Vitamin B-12 - Vitamin K - Vitamin C

Vitamin C

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body? - Fat - Carbohydrate - Protein - Vitamin D

Vitamin D

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been

enriched

Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of

fruits.

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are

galactose, glucose, and fructose.

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

glycogen

Amanda is a three-year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she

has difficulty digesting food

Insulin

helps glucose enter cells

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study.

retrospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study.

retrospective

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

An important function of carbohydrates is to ________.

supply energy

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________.

testimonial

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects