BIOL 1400- Chapter 11 Module

An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.

cannot make by itself

Blood types A, B, AB, and O are determined by ________.

carbohydrates on the surface of the red blood cells

The pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood ________.

from the heart to the lungs

Urine contains of mostly __________.

water

This substance is stored in the gall bladder and released to aid in the digestion of fat.

Bile

A person with carbohydrates A and B on the surface of their red blood cells will have which of the following blood types?

Blood type AB, as both A and B are present

Select the correct sequence for the pathway of blood through the heart.

Body - Right atrium - Right ventricle - Lungs - Left atrium - Left ventricle- Body

Which of the following statements about bones is false?

Bones are dry and dead, made up of calcium and connective fibers with a few blood vessels running through them.

Which of the following is a major protein found in muscles?

Both actin and myosin

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

Central

Which of the following structures of the brain consists of right and left hemispheres?

Cerebrum

What is the most common STD that is caused by bacteria?

Chlamydia

What type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?

Connective

How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?

Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.

Which of the following statements about digestion is true?

Digestion can be both mechanical and chemical, and it occurs both in the mouth and in the stomach.

When is an unborn child called a fetus?

From the 9th week of pregnancy to birth

How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?

HIV destroys helper T cells.

Which of the following can result in an ulcer?

Helicobacter pylori

What is the role of the epithelium?

Helps protect the body from the external environment

Maintaining a steady-state internal environment, despite a changing external environment, is called ________.

Homeostasis

What is the name of the response to an injury in which fluids leak from dilated blood vessels, causing redness and swelling?

Inflammatory response

Estradiol, a female steroid hormone, is mostly produced and secreted by ovaries into the bloodstream where the hormone can travel through the entire body. How does nature insure that estradiol only affects appropriate target cells and NOT all of the cell types in the body?

Similar to other fat-soluble hormones, estradiol diffuses through cell membranes. Once inside the cell, the hormone binds to receptor proteins, which are only present in appropriate target cells. The hormone has no effect unless bound to the matching receptor protein.

How do the muscles in your arm extend your arm outward?

Some muscles in your arm relax, and others contract, pulling the arm straight.

What is kwashiorkor?

A malnourished condition caused by a lack of adequate protein in the diet

On what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?

About day 14

What are the electrical signals generated by neurons called?

Action potentials

Select the feature which is involved in the clotting process.

Both platelets and fibrin

Which are the thinnest blood vessels?

Capillaries

What is the main role of red blood cells?

Carry oxygen

Which of the following would NOT be considered an essential nutrient?

Dairy

Which of the following structure of the male reproductive anatomy stores sperm?

Epididymis

Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?

In the small intestine

What are the four stages of food processing, ordered from beginning to end?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures of the urinary system in the creation to the excretion of urine?

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

What type of connective tissue connects bones together?

Ligaments

________ refers to the function of a body part, while ________ refers to the structure of a body part.

Physiology; anatomy

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Prevents food from entering the windpipe

There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?

The hypothalamus

What is the part of the kidney where urine is formed?

The nephron

What are hormones?

They are chemicals transported in the blood that affect target cells throughout the body.

Choose the defining characteristic of all arteries.

They only carry blood away from the heart.

What is the role of the villi?

To absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial node?

To initiate the contraction of the heart

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

Vaccines

Which of the following blood cells fights infections?

White blood cells

What causes a stomach ulcer?

a bacterial infection

Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.

anatomical structure; physiological actions

Organs are made up of ________ to perform a specific function.

different types of tissues

Your thigh bone, the largest bone in your body, is called the ________.

femur

Some fish-such as salmon-hatch in fresh water, move to the ocean to mature, and return to fresh water to reproduce. The concentration of sodium in the blood of the fish does not change very much when they swim from a river to the sea or return to the river. This is an example of ______________.

homeostasis

The main role of the liver is to ________.

produce bile, which helps the process of digestion

The ______________ is the chamber where blood enters the heart from the body and receives ____________ blood.

right atrium; deoxygenated

Sensory receptor cells convert a stimulus, such as an odor molecule or light, into an electrical signal that is conveyed to the nervous system. This process is called __________.

signal transduction

Tissues are made up of ________ that work together to perform a function.

similar cells

Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.

small intestine

What carries a signal from one neuron to the next?

A neurotransmitter

The blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human constitute __________.

an organ system

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B Cells

Which of the following is a type of essential nutrient?

All of the above are types of essential nutrients.

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?

Allergy

The term interface can be used to describe the surface across which molecules and ions are exchanged, often diffusing between external and internal environments or between organ systems. What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?

Alveoli

What type of disorder is AIDS?

An immunodeficiency

________________ refers to the study of the structure of an organism's body parts, while ____________ refers the study of the function of those parts.

Anatomy; physiology

Which of the following correctly explains what a heart attack is?

Arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a vein?

Is a location of exchange with body cells

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

Is controlled by involuntary nervous signals

The somatic nervous system would control which of the following?

Kicking a ball into a soccer goal

Sound is "heard" when sound waves cause structures inside your ears to physically vibrate. A signal is then sent to your brain where it is interpreted as sound. What type of receptor in the ear is responsible for the sense of hearing?

Mechanoreceptors

How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?

Memory cells

The thyroid gland plays a major role in the regulation of ____________________.

Metabolism

A _____________________ shortens when sliding filaments move over each other in muscle contraction.

Sarcomere

Connective tissue is the most variable of the tissue types. Which one of the following is not categorized as connective tissue?

Muscle

Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a ________ feedback.

Negative

If your red blood cells have no carbohydrate markers on the membrane, what is your blood type?

O

____________ diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while _______ diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

What moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?

Peristaltic muscle contractions

In what way can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?

The human cardiovascular system includes the pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

The inflammatory response

Which accessory organ's secretions neutralize stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?

The pancreas

What is the purpose of dialysis treatments?

To detoxify dangerous chemicals in the bloodstream

Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system.

To produce and store large numbers of white blood cells

What is the name of the tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder?

Ureters

What would happen if the sensory neurons in your hand could not transmit a signal?

You could move your fingers but you could not feel something touch them.

The main role of the large intestine is to ________.

absorb water