BIOL 141 Chapter 22

How long ago did one single supercontinent, stretching from pole to pole, exist on Earth?

250 million years ago

Life began on Earth approximately ________ years ago.

3.8 billion

In what order did events occur that led to life on Earth? (1) appearance of aerobic organisms, (2) appearance of photosynthetic organisms, (3) appearance and increase of O2O2 in the atmosphere, (4) self-replicating RNA develops

4, 2, 3, 1

The figure above shows an evolutionary tree. At which of the following locations does this map indicate extinction?

A and D

__________ refers to the development of many new species from a single ancestor in a relatively short time

Adaptive radiation

Dinosaurs and modern humans coexisted for about a million years.

False

Which of the following statements about fossils is true?

Fossils are most likely to be found in sedimentary rock.

To the best of our knowledge, which of the following describes what Earth was like from about 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago?

Frequent electrical storms crackled the atmosphere.

The amino acid sequence of the protein cytochrome c is compared between three different species: gray whale, hippo, and elephant. It is found that gray whale differs from hippo by 5 amino acids, hippo differs from elephant by 12 amino acids, and gray whale differs from elephant by 30 amino acids. From these data, you could hypothesize that __________.

Gray whales are most closely related to hippos.

Humans are _______.

Homo sapiens

The correct way to write out the scientific name for a human being is __________.

Homo sapiens

Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

Mutations provide the genetic variation upon which evolution works.

On which continent are marsupials thought to have originated?

North America

Humans belong to all of the following taxonomic groups, EXCEPT __________.

Prokaryotae

This molecule is thought to be the first self-replicating organic molecule to have formed on Earth.

RNA

Based on the following information on the scientific classification of the flesh fly, determine which one of the following is the scientific name for the flesh fly. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Sarcophagidae Genus: Sarcophaga Species: bullata

Sarcophaga bullata

Primitive photosynthetic organisms were responsible for producing oxygen gas in the atmosphere.

True

All the following would be considered homologous structures, EXCEPT __________.

a butterfly's wing

Which of the following best describes evolutionary "fitness"?

ability to survive and reproduce relative to other members of a population

When conditions are right, many new species may develop in a relatively short period of time from a single ancestor. Such short bursts of evolutionary activity are called

adaptive radiation

The ability to extract oxygen from the environment and use it to make energy is called

aerobic metabolism

Which of the following can affect the makeup of the gene pool within a population?

all of these choices

A bird's wing and an insect's wing are both evolved for flight, but they evolved from entirely different structures. These wings are examples of __________ structures.

analogous

The wings of birds and insects share similar functions but evolved from different structures; therefore, these wings are said to be

analogous

Which of the following have coexisted with modern Homo sapiens?

both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo floresiensis

Based on the figure above, which one of the following groups is most closely related to humans?

chimpanzees

After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

chloroplast

In the classification of organisms, a phylum is subdivided into

classes

Cytochrome c is a small protein that is found in present-day organisms. Comparison of the structure of cytochrome c from different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships would be part of the science involving

comparative biochemistry

Which of the following sources provides evidence for evolution through comparisons of amino acid and nucleic acid sequences among species?

comparative biochemistry

The continents were once joined in one interconnected landmass called Pangaea, but moved slowly into their current positions. The process by which the continental (tectonic) plates moved slowly over time is called ________.

continental drift

The process of ________ has had a major impact on species distributions worldwide.

continental drift

Vestigial structures, homologous structures, and biochemical similarities all provide evidence of __________.

descent from a common ancestor

Which of the following taxonomic categories includes all of the others listed?

domain

In the classification of organisms, similar genera are grouped together into a

family

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

flipper

Which one of the following processes tends to mix gene pools?

gene flow

Differences in populations may arise over time when physical structures in the environment, such as mountains or large bodies of water, change. These structures are referred to as

geographical barriers

The figure above shows the skeletal structure of the forelimbs of several vertebrates. Because these skeletal elements are similar in form and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral structure, they are said to be

homologous

If we look at biogeography, we know that ________.

marsupials are most abundant in Australia (about 200 or so species), and about 70 species live in South America

After a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

mitochondrion.

The theory that individuals with certain traits are more fit for their local environment and therefore are more likely to survive and reproduce is known as

natural selection

In each local environment, populations of living organisms have evolved to possess the traits necessary to survive and reproduce. This concept is called

natural selection.

How many known species of marsupials can be found in the wild today in North America?

one species

The first step in the development of living organisms was the formation of

organic molecules from gases in the atmosphere

In the early Earth, the development of ________ created oxygen gas in the atmosphere.

photosynthesis

Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere resulted from __________.

photosynthetic organisms

Which one of the following taxonomic categories is defined as a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?

species

A particularly harsh winter kills off 90% of the individuals in a population of reindeer. The resulting population's gene pool is no longer representative of the original gene pool. This is an example of __________.

the bottleneck effect

The loss of many marsupials from South America was the result of ________.

the migration of placental mammals from North America into South America, where they outcompeted the marsupials

The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because:

the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria.

Which of the following would be described as genetic drift?

the random changes that might occur in a gene pool as the result of a natural disaster that significantly reduced the size of a population

When two species contain identical or nearly identical molecules such as proteins, this suggests

the two species share a common ancestry

Anatomical parts of the body that serve little or no function are referred to as

vestigial structures

Examination of the skeleton of whales shows bones similar to the human pelvic girdle. In whales, these bones would be considered __________.

vestigial structures