BIOL 228 CH 23 Respiratory System
The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.
1
The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi.
10; 8-10
The V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is commonly called the ______ in males.
Adam's apple
physiologic dead space =
Anatomic dead space + lost alveoli
The movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ____ law
Boyle's
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
Changes in blood pH Changes in blood PCO2 Changes in CSF pH
Which activities are associated with exhalation?
Diaphragm relaxes Sternum moves posteriorly Internal intercostals contract
Which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes? Decreased respiration rate following decreased blood PCO2 Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2. Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2. Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF.
Which is a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
They both monitor pH changes.
Which is true of central chemoreceptors?
They directly detect changes in hydrogen ions concentrations.
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
abdominal muscles internal intercostals serratus posterior inferior
Normally, only ______ passes through the nasopharynx.
air
The larynx serves as a passageway for ______.
air only
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is called
airflow
The collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the ______volume.
alveolar
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called
alveolar ducts
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called
alveolar pores
The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated
alveolar sac
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
alveolar volume
Bronchioles and ______ form the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway.
alveoli
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called
alveolus
The trachea is ______ to the esophagus.
anterior
The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi.
anterior, inferior, superior
In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.
atmosphere alveoli
In the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the ______ pressure
atmospheric
During inhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________.
becomes larger; returns to its original size
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______.
blood
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.
brainstem
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
brainstem
The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is ______.
brochodilation
The ______ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
bronchial tree
Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in
bronchoconstriction
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote the diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ______.
capillaries
The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to paired openings called ____or posterior nasal apertures.
chonae
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the
clavicle
Alveolar pores provide ______.
collateral ventilation
The bony projections along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are called _____and the air passages that lie between them are called nasal meatuses.
conchae
During inhalation, the external intercostals ______ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
contract
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and ______.
contracts; flattens
Which form the roof of the nasal cavity?
cribriform plate frontal bone nasal bones sphenoid bone
The ring-shaped ______ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid
During pulmonary gas exchange, blood P(CO2)
decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg.
Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.
depresses
Which are the functions of the respiratory system?
detection of odors sound production allows air passage exchange of O2 and CO2
Which events are associated with inhalation?
diaphragm contracts sternum moves anteriorly external intercostals contract
Increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mm Hg can ____ breathing rate.
double
During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.
elevate
The large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx is the ______.
epiglottis
When successful swallowing occurs, the _____ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx.
epiglottis
The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ______ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.
epithelial tissue
The thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during ______.
exhalation
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced
expiration
The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.
expiration
The vestibular folds are also called the ______ vocal cords.
false
True or false: Lobar bronchi further divide into primary bronchi.
false
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
gas transport alveolar gas exchange pulmonary ventilation systemic gas exchange
A pressure _______ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.
gradient
Alveoli have a unique shape, best described as ______.
hexagonal
On the medial surface of each lung is an indented _____ through which a bronchus enters the lung.
hilum
The _____ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves pass through
hilum
The ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
horizontal oblique
Incomplete rings of ______cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
hyaline
During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity ______.
increase
The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.
increase
Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________
increase acidosis
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container
increases
Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________
increases acidosis
The cricoid cartilage is ____ to the thyroid cartilage.
inferior
The vocal folds are the ______ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound.
inferior
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
inhalation
When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, _____ occurs.
inhalation
The superior opening of the larynx is called the laryngeal ______.
inlet
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.
inspiration
The ventral respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
inspiration and expiration
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the ______ neurons that stimulate the muscles of ______.
inspiration; motor
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ____pressure.
intrapleural
Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure
As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the ______, the sound is produced.
larynx
In the respiratory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the
larynx
The sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of _____cartilages and two pairs of _____ cartilages.
lateral alar
The ______ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior.
left
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called ______bronchi.
lobar
If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ______ pressure
lower
The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory system.
lower
The trachea descends through the neck into the ______ from the ______ to the main bronchi.
mediastinum; larynx
The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the ____ membrane.
mucous
Between conchae are the ______ meatuses.
nasal
The nose is supported superiorly by paired _____ bones that form the bridge of the nose.
nasal
The structure that divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions is the ____ septum.
nasal
The structure that divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions is the ______ septum.
nasal
Which anatomical structures aid sound production?
nasal cavity paranasal sinuses teeth lips tongue
The structure that is the initial conducting airway for inhaled air is the
nose
The nasal cavity extends from the ______ to the ______.
nostrils chonae
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called ____ _____ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.
paranasal sinuses
The nasal septum is formed by which structures?
perpendicular plate vomer septal nasal cartilage
Where is the pneumotaxic center located?
pons
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called _______ventilation. The same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.
pulmonary
The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______.
pulmonary veins left atrium
Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________
red blood cells carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles
relax
The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the _______bronchioles.
respiratory
Aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ______ primary bronchus.
right
The ______ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
right
The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one.
right
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.
right ventricle pulmonary arteries
The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the _____muscles.
scalene
Which are the symptoms of asthma?
shortness of breath wheezing coughing
Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi.
smaller
If proper swallowing occurs, materials from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the ______, which elevates during swallowing.
soft palate
The roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and _____ bones.
sphenoid
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
superior surface of the diaphragm lateral surfaces of the mediastinum internal thoracic walls
Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?
systemic capillaries
Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.
systemic; globin
The bronchioles that are the final segment of the conducting pathway in the lungs are the _______bronchioles.
terminal
The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______.
testosterone
Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________
the dissociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
The growth of the ______ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone; thus, Adam's apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty.
thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
thyroid
Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula:Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ______
tidal volume
What structures are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
trachea bronchial tree lungs
Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the ___ and posterior to the larynx is the_____
trachea esophagus
True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
true
True or false: During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.
true
True or false: In chemoreceptor reflexes, PCO2 is the most important factor affecting breathing depth and rate.
true
True or false: The vestibular folds that attach to the corniculate cartilage protect the vocal folds.
true
The vocal folds of the larynx are called the ______.
true vocal cords
The primary nerve that innervates the lungs is the _____nerve.
vagus
The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ____ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.
valsalva
"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary
ventilation
During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the ______ is activated.
ventral respiratory group
During normal quiet breathing, the ______ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation.
ventral respiratory group
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.
visceral pleura