BIOL 3030 Final Exam Review

What would be the consequences if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out of the mouth? This reversal of water flow would, No answer text provided. increase the efficiency of gas exchange change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out reduce the efficiency of gas exchange

reduce the efficiency of gas exchange

Exergonic reactions

release energy

Primary cell wall

turgor pressure

Which type of modified stems grow horizontally belowground and produce new plants at nodes? rhizomes tubers stolons thorns

rhizomes

Which of the four muscular chambers of the human heart directly propels blood into the pulmonary circulation? right ventricle left ventricle left atrium right atrium

right ventricle

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? rising oxygen falling carbon dioxide rising carbon dioxide failing oxygen

rising carbon dioxide

Sensory transduction of light in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by ________. bipolar cells ganglion cells horizontal cells amacrine cells rods and cones

rods and cones

If cells in the ________ are removed, roots will no longer respond to gravity. secondary meristem root cap root hairs zone of elongation

root cap

Which of the following plant structures shares the most common features and functions with a fungal hyphae? lenticels stomata fibrous root systems root hairs

root hairs

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? root hairs storage roots root cap the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem

root hairs

The pacemaker cells are found in what structure? sinoatrial node left atrium the ventricles aorta

sinoatrial node

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact ________. corpus callosum hypothalamus medulla spinal cord cerebellum

spinal cord

The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the ________. stomach small intestine mouth bloodstream

stomach

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function? pancreas—starch digestion large intestine—bile production small intestine—starch digestion oral cavity—fat absorption stomach—protein digestion

stomach-protein digestion

Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the ________. cuticle stomata phloem

stomata

The large intestine carries out all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. production of vitamin K storage of toxins absorption of water compaction of feces

storage of toxins

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ________. synapse axon hillock glia dendrite cell body

synapse

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? diastole of the right atrium diastole of the left atrium systole of the left ventricle diastole of the right ventricle

systole of the left ventricle

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? blubber or fat layer wind blowing across the body surface feathers or fur countercurrent heat exchanger vasoconstriction

wind blowing across the body surface

In which location would you expect the oxygen concentration to be the lowest? within tissues the environment the blood the lungs the heart

within tissues

The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects ________. the amino acid glutamate glucose hydrogen ions sodium ions potassium ions

the amino acid glutamate

n a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by ________. the presynaptic membrane ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum the dendritic membrane cell bodies axon hillocks

the presynaptic membrane

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = −0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is ________. −0.15 MPa +0.15 MPa −0.75 MPa

-0.15

Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the ________. base of the coleoptile tip of the coleoptile elongating cells in the coleoptile cotyledon phytochrome in the coleoptile

tip of the coleoptile

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? 1.5 3.0 15.0 0.5 28.5

1.5

Hormones are secreted by both men and women. In 2012, the International Association of Athletics Federations and the International olympic committee created controversial rules that banned anyone with testosterone levels above _____ of blood from participating in women's sports events. 10 nmol/L .1 nmol/L 100 nmol/L

10

Although an exact count is not available, it is likely that the human brain has as many as ________. 10 million neurons 1 trillion neurons 500,000 neurons 100 billion neurons 1 million neurons

100 billion

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 10% 100% 2% 38%

100%

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg with 21 percent oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is _____. 182 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 219 mm Hg 127 mm Hg

182

When that air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10 percent and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is _____. 4 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 400 mm Hg 82 mm Hg 21 mm Hg

40

How many oxygen molecules (O2) are required each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration? 1 3 6 30

6

ATP releases energy equal to _____ kcal/mole 1 15 10 7.3

7.3

Determine the rate of diffusion (cm3/min or mL/min) in the gas-exchange organ of an air-breathing animal where the area for gas exchange in the lung is 2 cm2, the diffusion constant is 0.08 cm2/min, the PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) of the air in the lung is 140 mm Hg, the PO2 in blood flowing into the lung is 90 mm Hg, and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is 0.0001 cm. 80,000 32,000 125 10,000,000

80,000

A basic nervous system ________. A. includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors B. must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision C. has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating center

A

A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because ________. A. auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem B. auxin migrates to the lower part of the stem due to gravity C. there is more auxin on the light side of the stem

A

Adaptive immunity is based upon ________. A. antigen-specific recognition B. maternal provision of antibodies to offspring

A

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because ________. A. nutrients within crop plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested B. grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified and thus require additional nutrients

A

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because ____. a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the volume and decreasing the pressure within the lungs b. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs c. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes d. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure e. the volume of the alveaoli increases as smooth muscles contract

A

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? a. The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio b. They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount c. The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio d. The mouse will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio e. The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio

A

Antigens are ________. A. foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response B. produced by white blood cells C. used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects

A

As an undergraduate research assistant, your duties involve measuring water potential in experimental soil-plant-atmosphere systems. Assume you make a series of measurements in a system under normal daylight conditions, with stomata open and photosynthesis occurring. Which of the following correctly depicts the trend your measurement data should follow if the cohesion-tension mechanism is operating? A. ψatmosphere < ψleaves < ψroots < ψsoil B. ψsoil < ψroots < ψleaves < ψatmosphere C. ψsoil < ψroots = ψleaves < ψatmosphere D. ψatmosphere < ψleaves = ψroots < ψsoil

A

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? A. synthesis of ATP B. splitting of water C. reduction of NADP+

A

B-cell receptors bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading or foreign cells. T-cell receptors ________. A. bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility (MHC) complexes by host cells B. are active only in lymph nodes

A

CD4 and CD8 are ________. A. molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules B. T-independent antigens

A

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle ________. a. have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs b. saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose c. re-ingest their feces

A

Complete the statement correctly. Fetal hemoglobin ______. a. has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin b. is better able to release carbon dioxide than is adult hemoglobin c. binds more carbon dioxide molecules than adult hemoglobin d. is better able to release oxygen than is adult hemoglobin e. has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does adult hemoglobin

A

During puberty, the development of sex-specific traits results from a surge of ________ in boys and ________ and girls. A. testosterone; estradiol B. testosterone; cortisol C. estradiol; ecdysone

A

Epiphytes are ________. A. plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts B. haustoria used for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap C. plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi

A

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________. A. adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine B. anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function C. parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate

A

How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell? A. A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential. B. A flaccid cell has higher solute potential. C. A flaccid cell has lower solute potential.

A

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient? A. The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. B. The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens.

A

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs) based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens, which region of the natural receptor would you alter? A. the V and J regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain components of the BCR immunoglobulin B. transmembrane domain

A

In human embryonic development, which of the following pairs of hormones are released by the developing testes and result in development of the male reproductive tract and inhibition of the female reproductive tract? A. testosterone and Müllerian inhibitory substance B. testosterone and estrogen C. estradiol and estrogen D. testosterone and estradiol E. estrogen and progesterone

A

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink ________. A. depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements B. results mainly from diffusion of sugars into companion cells C. depends on active transport of water into sieve-tube elements at the source

A

Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by ________. A. absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae B. converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia C. providing sugar to root cells, which have no chloroplasts D. enabling the roots to parasitize neighboring plants

A

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size? a. Relative to their volume, the young have sufficient skin surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need b. The older, larger animals have a lower basal metabolic rate c. Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time d. The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen

A

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are A. 2 NADH, 2pyruvate, and 2 ATP B. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP C. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP

A

The release of hormones by the posterior pituitary is the result of what process? A. Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus directly release hormones into blood vessels within the posterior pituitary. B. The anterior pituitary regulates the activity of the posterior pituitary gland. C.Hypothalamic neurons form synapses on the adrenal gland, which in turn regulates the pituitary.

A

The research by Michael Sussman showed that a gene called SUC2 is expressed in vascular tissue, encoding a proton-sucrose symporter. Mutant plants lacking a functional SUC2 gene were unable to ________. A. export sugar from mesophyll cells to the rest of the plant B. load sucrose into mesophyll cells C. accumulate starch in plant chloroplasts D. carry out facilitated diffusion

A

The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. The extensive surface area of roots is an adaptation associated with ________. a. contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption b. the release of carbon dioxide generated by photosynthesis c. the internal structure of the vascular tissue in roots d. the storage of nutrients within the root system e. the fact that roots absorb materials while shoots do not

A

Two students studying physiology taste a known "bitter" substance. Student A reports sensing both a bitter taste and a salty taste, but student B reports only a salty taste. What is the most logical explanation? A. Student A has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student B lacks that particular protein receptor. B. Student A has normal saliva, whereas student B's saliva is more alkaline than normal.

A

Vaccination increases the number of ________. A. lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen B. different receptors that recognize a pathogen

A

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP? A. Both function as electron carriers, but NADP has a phosphate group and NAD+ does not B. NAD+ functions as a free-energy source for cells, whereas NADP does not

A

What kind of immune responses do insects have? A. innate immunity only B. innate and adaptive immunity C. adaptive immunity only

A

When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does NOT happen to plant cells, because ________. A. they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water B. certain gated channel proteins embedded in their plasma membranes open as osmotic pressure decreases, allowing excess water to leave the cell

A

Where does the substrate bind the enzyme A. in the active site B. substrate-enzyme don't bind

A

Which of the following best describes the neuroendocrine-to-endocrine pathway of hormone action? A. A structure within the nervous system produces and release a hormone that regulate the activity of an endocrine gland. B. A gland exhibits negative feedback on the nervous system by releasing hormones into neural tissue both directly and indirectly through the circulation.

A

Which of the following is TRUE of the humoral immune response and NOT true of the cell-mediated immune response? Only the humoral immune response ________. A. uses antibodies as its main weapon B. involves T cells at some level

A

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine? A. An isolated surface protein of a target virus is used to make the vaccine. B. The target virus is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet light.

A

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response? A. presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface B. phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response)

A

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil? A. adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals B. application of sulfur to lower the soil pH and precipitate the heavy metals

A

Which of the following would explain why a person was able to hear only high-frequency sounds? A. The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. B. The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections. C. The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. D. All of these problems could result in inability to detect low-frequency sound.

A

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form? A. These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. B. They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin.

A

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? A. it uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP. B. it both splits molecules and assembles molecules

A

Why might humans need yearly vaccination for influenza? A. Influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation that alters the surface proteins in the cells it infects. B. There has been an increase in immunodeficiency diseases.

A

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy? A. glucose B. fatty acid C. proteins

A

an athlete injured their spleen during a game. at the hospital, doctors removed the spleen and then recommended that the athlete get all their vaccines, including the flu vaccine. Vaccines are medicines that help protect the body from infections. Explain why getting vaccines would be particularly important for someone without a spleen A. lymphocytes become activated in spleen B. lymphocytes mature in spleen C. lymphocytes die in spleen

A

dead space

trachea and bronchi

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________. A. increased blood pressure B. inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. increased aldosterone production

B

An epitope is ________. A. part of the interferon molecule that penetrates foreign cells B. the part of an antigen that actually binds to an antibody, BCR or TCR

B

An organism is discovered that thrives both in the presence and absence of oxygen in the air. Curiously, the consumption of sugar increases as oxygen is removed from the organism's environment, even though the organism does not gain much weight. This organism A. anaerobic organism B. facultative anaerobe C. photosynthetic

B

Animals that can detect ultraviolet (UV) light differ from humans by having ________. a. larger eyes that can collect more UV light b. UV-specific opsins that extend their visible light spectrum c. additional visual sensors to allow detection of different light types

B

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other ________. A. in the type of cell that produces them B. in their heavy-chain structure C. by the antigenic determinants that they recognize

B

Antigens are ________. A. immunoglobulins B. foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response C. used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects D. produced by white blood cells

B

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because ________. a. only certain foods contain them b. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients c. the nutrients are necessary coenzymes d. only those animals use those nutrients e. the nutrients are subunits of important polymers

B

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _______. a. would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta b. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions c. is a major contributor to heart attacks d. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers e. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance

B

Differences in the B-cell receptors of two different B cells are due to ________. A. a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells B. the recombination of variable regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain genes

B

During a stressful interval, ________. A. the posterior pituitary gland secretes more growth hormones B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla

B

Even though plant cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. This will occur in A. non photosynthesizing cell only B. all cells all the time

B

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because a. gills collapse in air b. water contains much less oxygen per unit volume than air c. water is less dense than air d. gills have less surface area than lungs e. gills allow only unidirectional transport

B

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances. How might these organisms survive the acid pH of the stomach? A. They secrete buffers to neutralize acid. B. They live under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium.

B

How does ATP drive endergonic reaction? A. ATP converts to NADH B. Energy released during ATP hydrolysis is transferred to a substrate by phosphorylation

B

How does the ear allow humans to distinguish the volume of different sounds? A. Louder sounds cause larger action potentials than do softer sounds. B.Louder sounds induce a higher frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds.

B

How would an abnormally large oval window in a mouse affect that animal's hearing? A. The mouse could detect noise in a much broader range of frequencies. B. Hearing ability would be reduced in comparison with normal mice. C. Hearing is not affected by the size of the oval window. D. The mouse could detect noise at much lower volumes.

B

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging −0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of −0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A. Water would move out of the cells. B. The pressure potential of the cells would increase.

B

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with ________. A. decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems B. decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

B

In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because chlorophyll is degraded and _____. A. water supply to the leaves has been reduced B. carotenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves

B

In the digestive system, peristalsis is ________. a. voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation b. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus c. the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel

B

Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) typically ________. A. eliminates all T cells initially B. kills macrophages and CD4+ T cells C.leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV particles in the blood

B

Integrins are integral membrane proteins. They are often attached to _____. A. the membranes of intracellular organelles B. cytoskeletal proteins and proteins in the extracellular matrix. C. the outside of the plasma membrane

B

Neurons in the hypothalamus regulate the activity of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary gland by ________. A. releasing regulatory hormones that increase activity in the adrenal medulla B.secreting releasing hormones into special blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the pituitary

B

Out of the 6 classes of the proteins, ligases are the class of enzymes that A. are involved in redox reactions B. join molecules especially in DNA

B

Photorespiration ____. A. consumes carbon dioxide and generates ATP, sugars, and oxygen B. generates carbon dioxide and consumes ATP and oxygen

B

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle? A. 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 B. 3 ATP, 6CO2, 9NADH, and 3 FADH2

B

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common ________. A. their solubility in cell membranes B. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

B

Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by triiodothyronine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of thyroxine? A. Different releasing hormones release triiodothyronine to different tissues. B. Different tissues have triiodothyronine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways.

B

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that ________. A. fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine B. most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

B

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse.1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.2. Calcium ions rush into the neuron's cytoplasm.3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal.4. The ligand-gated ion channels open.5. The synaptic vesicles release a supply of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.Which sequence of events is correct? A. 5 → 1 → 2 → 4 → 3 B. 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 C. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 D. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5

B

Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in the humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that ________. a. the plants absorbed essential macronutrients necessary for chlorophyll synthesis from the humus b. the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll

B

What do thigmomorphogenesis, thigmotropism, and thigmonastic movements have in common? A. in all three plant responses, gene transcription is altered in response to touch. B. all three plant responses are plant responses to touch.

B

What is a major difference between the extracellular matrix of a plant cell and the ECM of an animal cell? A. Plant and animal ECMs are quite similar in structure and function. B. Plant ECM is primarily carbohydrates in nature, whereas animal ECM is mainly proteins.

B

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of A. reducing NADP+ B. splitting water molecules C. chemiosmosis

B

Which of the following is a difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll B? A. chlorophyll a absorbs yellow light, and chlorophyll b absorbs green. B. chlorophyll a and b absorb light energy at slightly different wavelengths.

B

Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation from mesophyll cells into companion cells is an active (energy-requiring) process? A. Channel and carrier proteins are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells. B. Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. C. Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again.

B

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? A. electron transport B. glycolysis

B

Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? A. the P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADP+, which is thus converted to NADPH B. The electron vacancies in P680+ are filled by electrons derived from water.

B

Why are fermentation reactions important for cells? A. they allow the cell to conserve oxygen for the citric acid cycle B. they regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can contribute to operate.

B

a holoenzymes is a. just a cofactor, co-enzyme or prosthetic group b. enzyme + cofactor, co-enzyme or prosthetic group

B

he "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to ________. A. ions that move away from their open ion channels B. sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels C. slow opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

B

A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence would refute the long-standing hypothesis that ________. A. starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots B. starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots C. falling amyloplasts trigger gravitropism

C

A function of antibodies is to ________. A. inject toxins into living pathogens B. release major histocompatibility proteins to disrupt infected cells C. mark pathogenic cells for destruction

C

Action potentials move along axons ________. A. more slowly in axons of large than of small diameter B. by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane C. more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

C

Active transport of sucrose in plants at the cellular level requires ________. A. NADP and channel proteins B. sodium/potassium pumps and xylem membranes C. ATP, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

C

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by ________. A. a brief inhibition of the sodium—potassium pump B. a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions C. the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels

C

An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? A. the heavy-chain constant regions only B. the disulfide bridge C. variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

C

Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.I. Pathogen is destroyed.II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.III. Antigens from the pathogen bind to receptors on lymphocytes.IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigens from the pathogen become numerous.V. Only memory cells remain. A. IV → II → III → I → V B. II → I → IV → III → V C. III → IV → II → I → V

C

As an undergraduate research assistant, you are assisting with a radioisotope tracer experiment. You expose a mature leaf on one side of the lower shoot of a sugar beet plant to 14CO2 and then track the movement of the 14C atoms by radiography. Where are you LEAST likely to detect 14C? A. the roots B. the treated leaf C. a mature upper leaf on the opposite side of the plant from the treated leaf

C

Clay in soils represents a trade-off in nutrient availability, such that ________. A. nitrogen levels are exceptionally high, but much of the nitrogen leaches away B. oxygen levels are exceptionally high, but much of the nitrogen leaches away C. cations are less likely to leach out of soil but are difficult for plants to extract

C

Clonal selection implies that ________. A. only certain cells can produce interferon B. brothers and sisters have similar immune responses C. specific lymphocytes divide mitotically when activated by an antigen

C

Elephants hear sounds that are too low for humans to hear. What is the most likely explanation for the difference in sensitivity between humans and elephants? A. They differ in the arrangement and shape of the ossicles. B. Elephants have a larger and more flexible tympanic membrane. C. They differ in the flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea. D. Elephants have larger ears

C

How do citrus fruits such as lemons cause the basic taste of sour? A. Sugars and ascorbic acid bind sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells, which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that triggers a sour taste response. B. Citric acid amplifies the sour taste of vitamin C when it binds to specialized receptors on the taste cells. C. The more acidic the food is, the more depolarization of the sensory receptor occurs.

C

Hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by ________. A. increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++ B. increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+ C. increasing its membrane's permeability to K+ D. decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl−

C

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons? A. to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal B. to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe C. to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system

C

Innate immunity ________. A. is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens B. depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen C. is activated immediately upon infection

C

Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves. This suggests that iron is ________. A. found in leghemoglobin and reduces the amount available to new plant parts B. concentrated in the xylem of older leaves C. a relatively immobile nutrient in plants

C

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have a. excellent hearing for detecting predators b. a camera-like eye with multiple fovea c. compound eyes with multiple ommatidia

C

Low pH in the stomach is achieved by what process? a. Chief cells produce pepsinogen that lowers stomach pH once it enters the stomach. b. Parietal cells produce pepsinogen that lowers stomach pH once it enters the stomach. c. Parietal cells secrete HCl into the lumen of the stomach.

C

Odorant molecules activate sensory neurons by ________. A. altering basilar membrane stiffness to shift response by receptor cells B. deflecting the cilia of hairs cells, leading to the release of neurotransmitter C. binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins of sensory neurons

C

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that ________. a. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem b. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves c. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots d. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not e. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not

C

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because ________. A. accumulation of carbon dioxide in the leaf inhibits enzymes B. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency C. stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf

C

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. A. B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B. complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released C. body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

C

The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food ________. a. are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food b. are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food c. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

C

The middle ear converts ________. A. air pressure waves to hair cell movements B. air pressure waves to nerve impulses C. air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves D. fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves E. fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses

C

The operation of the sodium—potassium "pump" moves ________. A. sodium and potassium ions into the mitochondria B. sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell C. sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

C

The pathway leading to the perception of sound by mammals begins with the ________. A. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tectorial membrane, coming in contact with the basilar membrane B. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tympanic membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial membrane C. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial membrane D. hair cells on the tympanic membrane that stimulate the tectorial membrane neurons, leading to the auditory section of the brain

C

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be −0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = −0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A. be impossible to determine from the values given here B. be in both directions and the concentration of water would remain equal C. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

C

What is the importance of the mucus that is released by salivary glands? A. Mucus contains hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth. B. Mucus aids in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides. C. Mucus contains glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

C

What soil composition would be best for availability of nutrients, water, and root development? A. higher proportion of clay, lower amounts of humus and sand B. equal amounts of sand, clay, and humus C. higher proportion of humus, lower amounts of clay and sand

C

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? a. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation b. right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle c. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery d. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein e. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit

C

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers? a. Fluffing decreases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to the environment b. Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environments c. Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation d. Fluffing feathers result in less cooling by radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do

C

Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons? A. because the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior B. because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium—potassium pump into the cell C. because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

C

Why does overwatering a plant kill it? A. Water neutralizes the pH of the soil. B. Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow. C. The roots are deprived of oxygen.

C

Why does overwatering a plant kill it? A. Water supports the growth of root parasites. B. Water lowers the water potential of the roots. C. The roots are deprived of oxygen.

C

Why is nitrogen fixation an essential process? A. Nitrogen fixation is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy. B. Nitrogen-fixing capacity can be genetically engineered. C. Fixed nitrogen is often the limiting factor in plant growth.

C

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if the ________. a. mineral is a micronutrient b. older leaves are in direct sunlight c. mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis d. mineral is very mobile within the plant

D

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause ______. a. an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs b. an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst c. a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs d. a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood e. an increases the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood

D

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. a. water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart b. air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins c. blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae d. water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

D

For a neuron at rest with a membrane potential of −65 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________. A. depolarization of the neuron B. neuron switching on its sodium—potassium pump to restore the initial conditions C. replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions D. hyperpolarization of the neuron

D

If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen? a. The vitamins in the cracker will be immediately absorbed. b. The proteins in the cracker will begin to be digested. c. The flavor becomes less noticeable because the sugars are digested. d. Salivary amylase will hydrolyze the starch in the cracker into the disaccharide maltose.

D

Light reflecting off an object in the environment is detected by photoreceptors after following which path? A. retina > ganglion cell layer > lens > iris > cornea B. lens > cornea > retina > ganglion cell layer > iris C. cornea > lens > iris > ganglion cell layer > retina D. cornea > iris > lens > ganglion cell layer > retina

D

Recent evidence supports that hypothesis that individual memories are stored ________. a. by the autonomic nervous system b. by the frontal lobe of the brain c. within cell bodies of the cerebellum d. by small groups of neurons of the cerebrum

D

The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the ________. A. minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials B. lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce C. point of separation from a living to a dead neuron D. minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

D

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are ________. A. epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively B. acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively C. cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively D. erythropoietin and kidney, respectively

D

The release of acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron is most directly linked to the ________. A. exit of sodium from the axon terminal B. entry of potassium into the axon terminal C. entry of sodium into the axon terminal D. entry of calcium into the axon terminal

D

What would happen if an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PD) was applied to a vertebrate eye? a. The opsins found in cones would not be differentiated into the red, blue, and green proteins, causing the animals to be color blind. b. All of the listed responses are correct. c. The lens could not be appropriately adjusted to focus light on the retina, resulting in either nearsightedness or farsightedness. d. The cGMP-gated sodium channels would remain open, glutamate would be continuously discharged at the synapses, and the brain would not detect light absorbed by the rod cells.

D

Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct? A. Action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration. B. Movement of ions during the action potential occurs mostly through the sodium pump. C. Action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude. D. Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon.

D

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin? a. promote cellular oxidation- folate b. blood clotting-vitamin C c. synthesis of cell membranes-vitamin D d. production of red blood cells-vitamin B12

D

Epinephrine activates ________ leading to ________. A. the thyroid gland; increased metabolism B. reduced activity by the anterior pituitary; reduced growth C. hormone production by the testes; development of secondary sex characteristics D. aquaporin activity; increased reabsorption of water E. a cAMP signal cascade; increased blood glucose

E

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having A. a sufficient colony of H. pylori B. a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells C. a high level of secretion of bases from parietal cells D. a cell wall impermeable to acid E. a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

E

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials by the human ear takes place ________. a. within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes b. as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron c. within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells d. as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds e. when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons

E

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ________. a. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate b. the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells c. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle d. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood e. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

E

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because ________. A. sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport B. sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypotonic C. water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water D. the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water E. sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic

E

Water potential in plants consists mainly of ________. A. pressure potential and membrane potential B. solute potential and membrane potential C. solute potential and osmotic potential D. solute potential only E. pressure potential and solute potential

E

What is a typical habitat for carnivorous plants? A. wet areas with high levels of humus B. dry areas with high levels of peat C. wet areas with high salinity D. dry areas with low levels of available oxygen E. wet areas with low decomposition rates

E

What is the correct order of processes involving the movement of oxygen from the environment to mitochondria in vertebrates? a. circulation, cellular respiration, diffusion in tissues b. ventilation, diffusion in tissue, circulation c. diffusion in tissues, cellular respiration, diffusion at respiratory surface d. circulation, ventilation, cellular respiration e. ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration

E

Which of the following elements correctly pairs an essential element in plants with its function? A. potassium-component of chlorophyll; activates many enzymes B. magnesium-component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, several coenzymes C. sulfur-component of DNA; activates some enzymes D. phosphorus-cofactor functioning in protein synthesis E. nitrogen-component of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, coenzymes

E

Which of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant growth? A. Grow plants in soil deficient in the element and note whether or not the plants are healthy. B. Measure the amount of the element stored in plant tissues. C. Measure the amount of the element in the soil after plant growth. D. Measure the weight of the plant and soil before and after plant growth. E. Grow plants using hydroponics with and without the element and measure plant growth and health.

E

(T/F) Xylem transports food and Phloem water

False

Phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include ________. I. neutrophils II. macrophages III. platelets IV. mast cells I and IV I, II, and III I, II, III, and IV I and II II and IV

I and II

If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone? The molecule is lipid soluble. The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol. The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced. The molecule uses a carrier protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood. only II and IV I, II, III, and IV only I, III, and IV only I and III only II and III

I, II, III, and IV

Neurotransmitters can affect postsynaptic cells by ________.I. initiating signal transduction pathways in the cellsII. causing molecular changes in the cellsIII. affecting ion-channel proteinsIV. altering the permeability of the cells II and III I, II, III, and IV II and IV III and IV I and III

I, II, III, and IV

Pancreatic enzymes are involved in the digestion of ________. I. proteinII. fatIII. nucleic acidsIV. carbohydrates II, III, and IV I, II, III, and IV II and IV I and III I, II, and IV

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following can be sensed by plants?I. gravityII. pathogensIII. windIV. light only III and IV only I and III I, II, III, and IV only II, III, and IV only I, II, and IV

I, II, III, and IV

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness) can be caused by damage to the ________. I. axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brainII. hair cells (the sensory receptors) in the cochleaIII. tympanic membrane, or eardrum only II only III only I and II only II and III I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Polypeptides can have which of the following types of effects?I. autocrineII. paracrineIII. endocrine only II and III only I and III only I and II I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________. an autocrine signal a paracrine signal an endocrine signal only I and III only I and II I, II, and III only II and III

I, II, and III

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?I. nonself proteins in the tissueII. the presence of foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHproteins on the donor tissueIII. antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responding to foreign tissue only II and III only I and III I, II, and III only I and II

I, II, and III

Which of the following statements about essential nutrients are TRUE? Essential nutrients ________.I. are necessary for plant growth and reproductionII. are required for a specific structure or metabolic functionIII. cannot be synthesized by a plantIV. are produced by symbiotic bacteria I and IV II, III, and IV I, II, III, and IV I, II, and III

I, II, and III

You have discovered a previously unidentified plant, and you cultivate it in your lab. You notice that its flowers close when people are talking yet are open when the lab is relatively quiet. I. There is a cell-surface protein on the epidermal cells that becomes phosphorylated in response to vibration by sound waves. II. there are tiny hairs on epidermal cells that bend in response to the vibration of sound waves, triggering an action potential in epidermal cells. III. There is a cell surface receptor on root cells that becomes phosphorylated when the soil vibrates in response to sound waves. only II I, II, and III only II and III only III only I

I, II, and III

You observe a houseplant on your window sill bending toward the bright afternoon sunlight. Being knowledgeable, you wish to explain the molecular events of the phototropic response to your friend. What is the correct sequence that you would describe? I. PHOT1 attains a phosphate group and changes shape.II. Cell elongation occurs on the shady side of the plant.III. Auxin binds its receptor at target tissues.IV. Light strikes PHOT1.V. PHOT1 stimulates downward auxin transport on the shady side of the plant.VI. Light strikes stomata, which close to minimize water loss.VII. Cells on the illuminated side of the plant become shorter. VII, II, III, I IV, VI, III, VII VI, VII, II IV, I, V, III, II

IV, I, V, III, II

allergies

IgE sensitization

Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away during a hard rain in high clay soil? Na+ K+ H+ Ca++ NO3-

NO3-

Which of the following, if used as a fertilizer, would be most immediately available for plant uptake? N2 CN2H2 NH3 NO3-

NO3-

ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of ________. Ca2+ into cells K+ out of cells Na+ into cells Na+ out of cells

Na+ out of cells

Mammalian eyes sense light because the photoreceptor cells have molecules called opsins, which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecules would be analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability? auxin and Pfr Pfr and phytochrome auxin and phytochrome cytokinins and phototropins abscisic acid (ABand Pfr

Per and phytochrome

Some bacteria use signaling to help glue a community of microbes to a biofilm. This process is called: fry,fingerling desmosomes quorum sensing

Quorum sensing

(T/F) A leaf grown in sun light can be smaller than a leaf that grows in shade

True

(T/F) Phenotypic plasticity in shoots and roots means they will develop according to environment conditions

True

(T/F) Physiology is the study of how the body carries out its normal function through organs and the associated chemical and physical processes

True

(T/F) Three tissue systems are found in plants: 1.The dermal tissue system 2.The ground tissue system 3.The vascular tissue system

True

(T/F) Amyloplasts — dense, starch-storing organelles?

true

(T/F) Any response by an organism that is based on photoperiod - the relative lengths of day and night - is called Photoperiodism

true

(T/F) Birds can use magnetic receptors in their beaks to navigate during migration

true

(T/F) Coleoptiles can produce the auxins from their plant tips upon exposure to the light which moves to the the stem of the plant. It causes elongation of the cells on the shaded portion and not on the light facing portion which induces the bending of the plant.

true

(T/F) Directed movement in response to light is phototropism or phototrophic effect

true

(T/F) Elephants living in hot temperatures will have larger ears compared to ones living in less hot areas.

true

(T/F) FAD and NAD+ are redox agents in that they can accept and give away electrons readily.

true

(T/F) Florigen is the hormone that induces flowering.

true

(T/F) Gravitropism is the ability to move or grow in response to gravity

true

(T/F) Gravity pulls amyloplasts to the bottom of root cap cells where the amyloplasts activate sensory proteins located in the plasma membrane, which then initiate the gravitropic response

true

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. an open circulatory system a closed circulatory system hemolymph a gastrovascular cavity branched tracheae

a closed circulatory system

Food labels provide nutrient information and express the amount of a given nutrient as ________. International Units a percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances percent composition of the food product calories

a percentage of the Recommended dietary allowances

(T/F) MeSA is the hormone responsible for SAR was confirmed when MeSA levels increased dramatically after tissues were infected with a pathogen.

true

(T/F) Onions are modified leaves

true

(T/F) Oxygen leaves the leaves through stomata

true

(T/F) PHOT1 protein, a photoreceptor detects blue light and initiates a phototrophic response resulting in the bending of the plant. Such molecules are called phototropins.

true

(T/F) Parenchyma has thin cell walls, collenchyma thickened, and sclerenchyma thick cell walls. This property also defines their physiological contribution.

true

(T/F) Plants mount a defense called the hypersensitive response (HR) when pathogens are detected leading to a widespread set of events called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR makes Methyl salicylate (MeSA) levels increase which results in the expression of a suite of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that fight the pathogen.

true

(T/F) Potatoes fight beetle infection by producing Jasmonic acid

true

(T/F) Researchers grew plants whose roots had been divided. For experimental plants, only one side was watered. For control plants, both sides were watered. Water potential remained the same in experimental and control plants. Experimental plants showed closed stomata like desert (CAM) plants. Same effect can be produced in plants by using abscisic acid.

true

(T/F) The gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) promotes flowering when activated. FT gene is transported from leaves to the shoot apical meristem, triggering the activation of genes required to convert the stem to a flower

true

(T/F) You can consider leaves, roots and shoots as organs of the plan

true

(T/F) photoreversibility is the process in which a phytochrome can absorb two different wavelengths each producing a different effect.

true

The large surface area in the intestine directly facilitates ____. absorption secretion elimination filtration temperature regulation

absorption

ngested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body. This process is known as digestion absorption elimination ingestion hydrolysis

absorption

antibody

adaptive immunity

Birds generate a lot of heat, especially during flight. Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin. Which of the following alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively? blood in the heart blood in the vessels urine in the bladder lymph in the lymphatic vessels air in the air sacs

air in the air sacs

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells; this categorizes lupus as ________. an immunodeficiency a cancer an antigenic variation an autoimmune disease

an autoimmune disease

activated B cells

antibody

dendritic cell

antigen presenting cell

Which of the following transmembrane transport mechanisms requires the expenditure of energy? channel antiporter aquaporin facilitated diffusion

antiporter

Where is the velocity of blood the highest? small arteries inferior vena cava aorta capillaries

aorta

Chemical signals that act on the same cells that secrete them are called ________. hormones paracrine signals neurotransmitters autocrine signals neurohormones

autocrine signals

Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings? gibberellins ethylene cytokinins auxins abscisic acid

auxins

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to ________. A. prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential B. prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

b

Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue? blood cuboidal epithelium nerves the surface of the skin smooth muscles

blood

where in the body are these types of cell produced? Bone marrow lymph nodes thymus spleen

bone marrow

Allosteric modification can 1. causes a change in shape or structure of the enzyme 2. can activate or deactivate the enzyme Which are true?

both true

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and in cerebrospinal fluid affect pH of these fluids. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. a. the brain alters the pH of cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. b. stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing. c. neurons in contact with cerebrospinal fluid monitor pH and use this measure to control breathing.

c

Blockage of vessels supplying blood to the heart itself is ________. called myocardial infarction or a heart attack called arteriosclerosis caused by hardening of the arteries prevented by the use of nicotine

called myocardial infarction or a heart attack

surface area of lungs

can cover 1/3 basketball court

What type of blood vessels has the slowest velocity of blood flow? arteries veins capillaries arterioles

capillaries

xylem

capillary action

The type of muscle that contains branched cells is ____. cardiac muscle skeletal muscle striated muscle smooth muscle all muscle types

cardiac muscle

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the ________. axon terminals dendritic region axon hillock cell body axon

cell body

The organization of the nervous system with a large ganglion or brain at the anterior end of the organism is termed integration a nerve net bilateral symmetry refraction cephalization

cephalization

Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a moth? chemoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors electroreceptors thermoreceptors

chemoreceptor

A salmon follows a scent trail upstream to find its way back to the stream where it hatched. What type of sensory receptor cell would it use? mechanoreceptors electroreceptors nociceptors chemoreceptors thermoreceptors

chemoreceptors

When partially digested food enters the small intestine from the stomach, several events must occur to protect the intestine and allow for the continued digestion of the food. One hormone in particular performs two of these functions. What intestinal hormone is responsible for causing the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile salts into the intestine? epinephrine insulin cholecystokinin corticosterone secretin

cholecystokinin

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of hormones? complex carbohydrates steroids amino acid derivatives peptides and polypeptides

complex carbohydrates

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels all of the listed responses regulation assimilation integration conformation

conformation

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ____. simply dissolved in the plasma bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells bounds to hemoglobin

converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________. epinephrine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cortisol glucagon thyroxine

cortisol

Which hormone is produced from cholesterol? oxytocin cortisol luteinizing hormone leptin melanocyte-stimulating hormone

cortisol

Birds have an expanded region of the gut associated with the temporary storage of food, which is called the larynx gastric cecae crop pharynx

crop

Pines have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange decreased surface area, reducing water loss increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis decreased surface area, reducing gas exchnage

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Proteins that link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells are called None of the listed desmosomes tight junction gap junctions

desmosomes

The bile salts ________. emulsify fats in the duodenum are manufactured by the pancreas increase the efficiency of pepsin action are normally an ingredient of gastric juice are enzymes

emulsify fats in the duodenum

Xenoestrogens are an example of what group of chemicals described by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring? sex hormones glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids stress hormones endocrine disruptors

endocrine disruptors

Which neurotransmitter is involved in reducing perceptions of pain? acetylcholine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) epinephrine nitric oxide endorphin

endorphin

Compared to ectotherms, endothermic animals are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in ________. environments with variable and limited food sources environments with a constant food source very hot environments very cold environments

environments with variable and limited food sources

The membrane potential in which there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane is called the ________. inhibitory postsynaptic potential equilibrium potential graded potential action potential threshold potential

equilibrium potential

Which of the following represent red and white blood cells and platelets: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, clotters narrow cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by ________. acclimatization evaporation hibernation shivering torpor

evaporation

ECM

extra cellular matrix

(T/F) ATP has a deoxyribose sugar and not a ribose sugar.

false

(T/F) Enzymes are called catalysts because they do not bring down the activation energy required to reaction to occur

false

(T/F) enzymes do not have biotechnological applications.

false

(T/F) oxidation is endergonic and reduction is exergonic

false

When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of ________. carbohydrates fats proteins proteins and carbohydrates

fats

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross, one membrane four membranes two membranes five membranes zero membranes

five membranes

phloem

food transport

Water potential (ψ) can be thought of as the tendency for water to move from one place to another. In plants, it is made up mainly of solute potential and pressure potential. Hypothetical plant cells A and B are adjacent to each other. The solute potential (ψS) of cell A is −0.35 MPa, and its pressure potential (ψP) is +0.15 MPa. The solute potential (ψS) of cell B is −0.30 MPa, and its pressure potential (ψP) is +0.05 MPa. In which direction will net water movement occur? No net movement from cell A to cell B

from cell A to cell B

These structures connect adjacent cells by forming channels. tight junctions gap junctions desmosomes

gap junctions

stomata

gas exchange

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________. gastrin glucagon insulin secretin glucose

glucagon

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? glycolysis chemiosmosis electron transport

glycolysis

Auditory transduction involves a change in membrane potential for which membrane? basilar membrane tectorial membrane round-window membrane tympanic membrane hair cell membrane

hair cell membrane

Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its category? taste receptor—mechanoreceptor muscle spindle—electromagnetic receptor hair cell—mechanoreceptor olfactory receptor—electromagnetic receptor rod—chemoreceptor

hair cell-mechanoreceptor

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater ____. has more oxygen than seawater can hold 10 - 40 times more carbon dioxide than air can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air has less oxygen than seawater

has more oxygen than seawater

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a ________. natural killer cell cytotoxic T cell CD8 cell plasma cell helper T cell

helper T cell

The fluid that is moved by in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ________. cytosol blood plasma digestive juices hemolymph

hemolymph

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration? dry soils higher stomatal density spiny leaves a rainstorm

higher stomatal density

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is ________. lymphatic fluid histamine mucus an interferon sodium ions

histamine

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________. anterior pituitary adrenal cortex adenohypophysis hypothalamus posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

positive pressure ventilation

in frogs

villi of intestine, lamellae of gills

increase the surface area for better physiology

surface area

influences the physiology

skin

innate immunity

spiracles

insect gas exchange

In a healthy person, after a large meal, the production of ________ will increase. After fasting, the production of ________ will increase. glucagon; glucose trypsin; trypsinogen glucagon; pepsinogen insulin; glucagon

insulin; glucagon

A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In a trial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream. Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for determining if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary? assimilator sensor integrator effector

integrator

When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which component of a homeostatic control system is being used? sweat glands integrator effector blood vessels sensor

integrator

Signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by _____. collagen fibronectin integrins

integrins

What type of neuron exists entirely within the central nervous system (CNS)? sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron interneuron, sensory neuron, and motor neuron interneuron and motor neuron

interneuron

Most of the neurons in the human brain are ________. peripheral neurons motor neurons interneurons auditory neurons sensory neurons

interneurons

The effects of the hormone ecdysone on development in insects depend on the levels of which hormone? brain hormone prothoracic hormone thyroxine oxytocin juvenile hormone

juvenile hormone

Mechanoreceptors that react to changes in pressure are part of the ________. human sense of smell pain receptors in birds human sense of taste eyes in arthropods lateral line systems in fish

lateral line systems in fish

Important dietary minerals include all of the following EXCEPT ________. lead magnesium iron calcium potassium

lead

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? leaf mesophyll cells root xylem vessels leaf air spaces

leaf air spaces

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ________. left ventricle vena cava left atrium right atrium right ventricle

left atrium

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ____. the same surface-area-to-volume ratio less surface area a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio less surface area per unit of volume

less surface are per unit of volume

Estrogen is a(n) ________. amine derivative lipid-soluble hormone iodinated protein hormone made by the thyroid gland gaseous neurotransmitter peptide hormone

lipid-soluble hormone

Most of the water taken up by a plant is ________. used to keep cells turgid used as a solvent converted to carbon dioxide lost during transpiration

lost during transpiration

Compared to plants from other environments, the cells of many desert plants contain high concentrations of solutes. This helps them survive in their arid surroundings because the high solute concentrations create relatively ________, which help reduce water loss. low solute potentials high pressure potentials

low solute potentials

The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________. macrophages and chemokines lymphocytes and interferons phagocytes and lysozymes dendritic cells and interferons mast cells and histamines

macrophages and chemokines

The plasma proteins and other solutes in the blood in humans ________. transport oxygen transport water-soluble lipids maintain the blood's osmotic pressure undergo aerobic metabolism carry out gas exchange

maintain the blood's osmotic pressure

Which of the following are most likely to have teeth adapted for grinding and/or tearing? suspension feeders mass feeders deposit feeders fluid feeders

mass feeders

secondary cell wall

may contains waxes

Which of the following is a major function of a gizzard? mechanical digestion nutrient absorption HCl secretion enzyme secretion mucus secretion

mechanical digestion

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells? mechanoreceptors electroreceptors thermoreceptors chemoreceptors nociceptors

mechanoreceptor

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response? cytokines defense against bacteria the innate immune response memory

memory

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of ________. T cells memory cells B cells macrophages

memory cells

A potato is a type of ________ known as a ________. modified stem; stolon modified stem; tuber modified root; pneumatophore root; lateral root

modified stem; tuber

endergonic reaction

needs heat

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of ________. carbohydrates nitrogen and other minerals water energy lipids and steroids

nitrogen and other minerals

Which elements are most often the limiting nutrients for plant growth? carbon, nitrogen, oxygen carbon, potassium, sodium carbon, sodium, chlorine nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by ________.I. the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbesII. antibody-mediated agglutination of microbesIII. the release of cytokines by activated B cells only II and III I, II, and, III only I and II only I and III

only I and II

Which of the following statements is (are) correct? Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. only III and IV only I and III only II and III only I and IV only I and II

only I and IV

Which of the following are examples of amplification of a hormone signal? Epinephrine initiates an enzyme cascade. Steroids bind hormone-response elements in the cell and initiate transcription of many genes. A quantity of 0.09 mg of growth hormone leads to a 10,000-mg weight gain in a cow. Different cell types have different receptors capable of binding the same hormone. only II and III I, II, III, and IV only I, II, and III only II and IV only I and III

only I, II, and III

Which of the following are problems associated with intensive irrigation? I. mineral runoff II. overfertilization III. aquifer depletion IV. soil salinization I, II, III, and IV only I and II only I, III, and IV only III and IV only II and IV

only I, III, and IV

In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential?I. Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon.II. Action potentials move more slowly along the axon.III. No action potentials are transmitted. only I only I and II only II and III only III only II

only II

Lymphocytes mature in the ________. spleen thymus bone marrow only I and II only I and III I, II, and III only II and III

only II and III

The cochlea ________. I. amplifies sound vibrations II. collects sound pressure waves III. detects the frequency of sounds only III only II and III I, II, and III only II only I

only II and III

Damage to sensory receptor cells would most likely result in ________.I. confusion of visual and auditory inputII. inaccurate integration of sensory informationIII. an inability to detect sensory information I, II, and III only I only III only II only II and III

only III

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is water NAD pyruvate oxygen

oxygen

Bohr's effect

oxygen affinity lowers

carbonic acid

oxygen unloading

Which of these glands has both exocrine and endocrine function? pancreas pituitary thyroid parathyroid

pancreas

What is the only type of chemical signal that diffuses locally and affects nearby cells? autocrine signals hormones neurohormones neurotransmitters paracrine signals

paracrine signals

among following which cells can be totipotent none sclerenchyma parenchyma collenchyma

parenchyma

A major enzyme involved in protein digestion is ________. pepsin lingual lipase pancreatic lipase amylase

pepsin

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human? adrenal glands thyroid gland pituitary gland ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)

pituitary gland

In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose from companion cells to sieve-tube elements takes place through ________. sucrose-H+ antiporters plasmodesmata sucrose-H+ symporters facilitated diffusion carriers

plasmodesmata

Plant cells are connected by gaps in their cell walls called plasmodesmata desmosomes gap junctions

plasmodesmata

proteoglycans

polysaccharide with a core protein

Which of the following features of plant cells allows for apoplastic movement of water? plasmodesmata large central vacuole endodermal cells porous cell walls

porous cell walls

Which of the following features of plant cells allows for apoplastic movement of water? plasmodesmata porous cell walls large central vacuole endodermal cells

porous cell walls

partial pressure

pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases

The surface on a neuron that discharges the contents of synaptic vesicles is the ________. postsynaptic membrane node of Ranvier axon hillock dendrite presynaptic membrane

presynaptic membrane

The aortic valve of the mammalian heart ________. is the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart is the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles prevents backflow of blood in the aorta is located where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart is found on the right side of the heart

prevents back flow of blood in the aorta

The receptor for the steroid hormone estradiol is found ________. primarily within the nucleus as an extracellular element in the blood within the cytoplasm on the cell membrane

primarily within the nucleus

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are prolactin and calcitonin prolactin and luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone luteinizing hormone and oxytocin prolactin and oxytocin

prolactin and oxytocin

If a molecule of carbon dioxide enters the blood in your left toe and is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT ________. the pulmonary vein the right atrium the trachea the right ventricle an alveolus

pulmonary vein