BIOL 4315 - Neuroscience - Exam # 2 review
Neurotransmitter vesicle internal lumen is made basic before refilling it. a) True. b) False.
?.......b) False therefore.....
Association areas in the human cortex occupy proportionately smaller areas of the brain tissue, compared to cats or rats. a) True b) False
?......b) False therefore.....
Synaptic transmission at the central neuronal synapses is stronger and more reliable than the transmission at the neuromuscular junction. a) True. b) False.
?......b) False. therefore.....
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is an endocannabinoid. a) True. b) False.
?.....b) False. therefore.....
This is true about the developing CNS: a) Prosencephalon = Midbrain b) Mesencephalon = Forebrain c) Mesencephalon = Hindbrain d) None of the above.
?.....d) None of the above. therefore.....
Midbrain is located here. Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical area. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F
b) B = Midbrain Option a: Diencephalon Option c: pons Option d: Medulla Option e: Optic nerve Option f: Optic chiasm
In the current traces above, which condition represents NMDA receptor opening in the absence of extracellular magnesium. a) A. b) B.
b) B.
Pick the correct statement about the G-protein structure and function. a) NMDA is a metabotropic receptor. b) CB1 is a G-protein coupled receptor. c) Nav 1.6 is a G-protein coupled receptor. d) All of the above answers are correct.
b) CB1 is a G-protein coupled receptor. It is true that CB1 or also known as cannabinoid receptor 1, is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene.
Presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicle release requires: a) Depolarization and chloride influx. b) Depolarization and calcium influx. c) Hyperpolarization and potassium influx. d) Hyperpolarization and botulinum toxin.
b) Depolarization and calcium influx.
Neurons can co-release neurotransmitters and peptides. a) True. b) False
a) True
Bindng of GABA to GABAa receptor: a) Activates G-protein coupled complex b) Calcium influx via GABAa receptor channel c) Potassium efflux via BADBOY OG protein coupled receptor d) Sodium influx via GABAa receptor e) None of the above
?....e) None of the above
Acetylcholine receptors allow the passage of the following ions a) Sodium b) Chloride c) Potassium d) Choline e) A and C f) A and D
e) A and C --> a) Sodium & --> c) Potassium
Therapeutic and drugs of abuse often affect: a) Amount and duration of neurotransmitter presence in the synaptic cleft. b) Do not affect synaptic neurotransmitter actions. c) Prolong neurotransmitter availability in synapses or its byproduct re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminals. d) A and C.
Both A and C have an effect on the actions of synaptic neurotransmitters. They do this by altering the quantity and duration of neurotransmitters that are present in the synaptic cleft, as well as by extending the time it takes for neurotransmitter byproducts to be re-uptaken by pre-synaptic terminals. Through either an increase or a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, A has an effect on both the quantity and duration of neurotransmitters that are present in the synaptic cleft. C influences the activities of the synaptic neurotransmitters by extending the time required for the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter byproducts into the pre-synaptic terminals. This results in an increase in the quantity of neurotransmitters present in the synaptic cleft.
Which is NOT the neurotransmitter criteria? a) Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. b) Chemical must be rapidly inactivated/broken down after its release. c) Application of the isolated neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell membrane should have the same effect when it is released by a neuron. d) Postsynaptic potential change must result when a neurotransmitter is released and bound to its postsynaptic receptors. e) None of the above.
FALSE --> a) Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. is incorrect because There are many nutrients that are essential to the synthesis and regulation of neurotransmitters including amino acids (especially the precursors tryptophan and tyrosine), choline, vitamin C, B vitamins (especially B6, B12, and folate), large amino acids (i.e., valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine), zinc, iron etc. Option c: is TRUE because direct application of the proposed substance to the postsynaptic cell. When a presynaptic neuron is stimulated, it releases neurotransmitter into a synapse. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse, binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, and either activates or inhibits it. Thus, administering neurotransmitter directly to the postsynaptic cell will have the same effect as stimulating the presynaptic cell, ultimately leading to neurotransmitter release Option d: is TRUE because The binding of neurotransmitters, either directly or indirectly, causes ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane to open or close (Figure 7.1). Typically, the resulting ion fluxes change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell, thus mediating the transfer of information across the synapse.
Which is NOT a neurotransmitter criteria? a) Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. b) Chemical must be rapidly inactivated/broken down after its release. c) Application of the isolated neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell membrane should have the same effect when it is released by a neuron. d) Postsynaptic potential change must result when a neurotransmitter is released and bound to its postsynaptic receptors.
FALSE = a) Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. It does NOT have to be consumed in the diet
Pick INCORRECT statements about gap junctions: a) They play a role in synchronization of neuronal activity. b) They do not allow the passage of ions and small secondary messengers. c) Gap junctions are faster than the chemical synapses. d) All of the above.
FALSE = b) They do not allow the passage of ions and small secondary messengers. --> Gap Junctions do allow...."...."
Therapeutic and drugs of abuse often affect: a) Amount and duration of neurotransmitter presence in the synaptic cleft. b) Prolong neurotransmitter availability in synapses or its byproduct re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminals. c) Do not affect synaptic neurotransmitter actions. d) A and B.
d) A and B. --> a) Amount and duration of neurotransmitter presence in the synaptic cleft. & --> b) Prolong neurotransmitter availability in synapses or its byproduct re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminals.
In the CNS, GABA can bind to the following receptors: a) AMPA, GABA, and NMDA receptors. b) CB1, Glycine, and NMDA receptors c) AMPA, Kainate, NMDA, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. d) AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors.
d) AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)/currents that are activated by metabotropic GABAb receptor reverse at this ion reversal potential value: a) Sodium b) Calcium c) Chloride d) Potassium
d) Potassium
Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors: a) Conduct Magnesium b) Conduct Chloride c) Are ionotropic channel receptors d) These receptors do not conduct ions
d) These receptors do not conduct ions Muscarinic ACh receptors are metabotropic receptors that, depending on their link to G-protein subunits, can either inhibit or activate postsynaptic neurons. Because muscarinic receptors are not ion channels themselves, the acute effects of muscarinic receptor activation on neuronal function are determined by the receptors' interactions with endogenous neuronal ion channels.
This is the dura matter. Pick the correct label on this structure. a) A b) B c) C
a) A = dura matter (dura = tough in Spanish ie. tough exterior layer) dura mater is a thin layer of connective tissue in the brain found under the skull. Since there is no skull in the diagram, we could assume that the top layer is the dura mater. B = arachnoid space C = pia matter
If the membrane potential is voltage clamped at 0mV, which neurotransmitter-mediated currents will be absent? a) GABA. b) Glutamate. c) Glycine. d) All of the Above. e) None of the above.
a) GABA. Neurotransmitter(NT) are released in synaptic cleft and stored in vesicles . GABA is a type of Neurotransmitter (NT) can be stabilized by a mechanism that prevents voltage changes near the end of action potentials from affecting calcium (Ca+2) currents. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release and uptake hold the key to the excitation-inhibition balance in the brain. As , GABA control all the excitation and inhibition balance in the brain which play a important key role in regulating neuronal and network activity. If the membrane potential (mp) voltage clamped to 0 mv , then there is no uptake or release take place. Remaining options (B) (C) (D) & (E) are contradict to option (A) GABA. So, these are INCORRECT .
NMDA receptors contain binding sites for: a) Glutamate and PCP. b) Glutamate and GABA c) Glutamate and norepinephrine. d) Glutamate and anandamide.
a) Glutamate and PCP is correct because a class of L-glutamate receptors called N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is essential for spatial memory and plays a significant role in learning and memory. These receptors are a family of interrelated tetrameric ion channels. The ionophore linked to the NMDA receptor complex contains a binding site that PCP preferentially interacts with at low dosages; binding to this site has been utilized as a biochemical marker for NMDA channel function. The main way that PCP affects the NMDA receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor, is widely recognized.
NMDA receptors contain binding sites for: a) Glutamate and PCP. b) Glutamate and GABA c) Glutamate and norepinephrine. d) Glutamate and anandamide.
a) Glutamate and PCP.
During early synaptic development: a) Synapses contain only functional NMDA receptors and are silent b) Synapses contain only functional AMPA receptors and are not silent c) Synapses contain only functional AMPA receptors and are silent d) Synapses contain only NMDA receptors and are not silent
a) Synapses contain only functional NMDA receptors and are silent The answer is letter a, which indicates that synapses contain only functional NMDA receptors and are silent. This means that NMDA receptors are the ones that are active conductors. Silent receptors mean that it is a specific or only one agonist that might be linked but unable to make a desired pharmacological response. Therefore, NMDA synapses are considered silent receptors.
Simultaneous release of glutamate and GABA on the same or adjacent area of the postsynaptic membrane will most likely result in: a) The flow of both chloride and sodium ions. b) Large depolarization. c) End-plate potential. d) Large hyperpolarization.
a) The flow of both chloride and sodium ions.
Ach receptor channel at the neuromuscular junction is an ionotropic ligand-gated channel. a) True b) False
a) True
Single amino acid substitution in the AMPA glutamate channel can stop or allow for the passage of calcium ions. a) True b) False
a) True
Ach receptor channel at the neuromuscular junction is an ionotropic ligand-gated channel. a) True b) False
a) True ACh is ligand-gated ion channels because they are ionotropic receptors. The depolarization of the muscle fibre that can occur as a result of ACh binding to the receptor can eventually lead to muscular contraction. Autoimmune and genetic factors can both contribute to neuromuscular junction disorders.
CB1 receptor activation regulates influx of calcium in presynaptic terminals. a) True. b) False.
a) True The present study demonstrates that activation of CB1 and mGluR4 receptors inhibits presynaptic Ca2+ influx evoked by parallel fibre stimulation via the activation of presynaptic K+ channels, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms underlying this inhibition involve an indirect inhibition of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels rather than their direct inhibition. Hence we can conclude that the activation of CB1 receptors regulate the influx of Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminals.
End-plate potential (EPP) reversal potential value is 0 mV. a) True b) False
a) True the end plate potential (EPP) reversal potential value is 0 mV. End plate current is not detected at 0 mV. The current reverses it's polarity at positive potentials to become outward rather than inward. Reversal potential is the potential where EPC reverses at the neuromuscular junction.
Anandamide is an endocannabinoid that acts as a membrane-soluble retrograde messenger. a) True. b) False.
a) True.
Central neurons contain ionotropic and metabotropic Acetylcholine receptors. a) True. b) False.
a) True.
High H+ concentration (proton) gradient serves as a driving force for dopamine neurotransmitter transport during neurotransmitter vesicle refilling. a) True. b) False.
a) True.
Inhibitory neurons will stain positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). a) True. b) False.
a) True.
Norepinephrine alpha receptor is linked to Ge and its activation increases levels of cAMP. a) True. b) False
a) True.
Norepinephrine alpha receptor is linked to Gi and its activation reduces levels of cAMP. a) True. b) False.
a) True.
Single amino acid substitution in the AMPA glutamate channel can determine if this channel will be calcium permeable. a) True b) False
a) True. Functional analysis of AMPA-selective glutamate channels has shown that homomeric channels formed by the GluR1 subunit are permeable to Ca2+, whereas heteromeric channels composed of the GluR1 and GluR2 subunits show little permeability. Furthermore, the substitution of glutamine for arginine in putative transmembrane segment M2 of the GluR2 subunit makes the heteromeric channels permeable to Ca2+. These results suggest that the GluR2 subunit plays a key role in keeping AMPA-selective glutamate receptor channels essentially impermeable to Ca2+ and that the critical determinant is the positively charged residue in the M2 segment.
Inhibitory neurons will stain positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). a) True. b) False.
a) True. Intra-neuronal communication is mediated by electrical signal which is known as action potential. Action potential can be either excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory potential directs the nuerone to pass it to the next one promptly; however, inhibitory signal reduces that chance of occurrence. The main function of GAD (Glutamic acid decarboxylase) is the decarboxylation of glutamic acid/glutamate to GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Hence, it can be concluded that inhibitory neuron will stain positive for GAD.
Central neurons contain ionotropic and metabotropic Acetylcholine receptors. a) True. b) False.
a) True. Ionotropic and metabotropic membrane-bound receptors are the two kinds that are activated when neurotransmitters attach to them. Ionotropic receptors are a class of transmembrane ion channels that open or shut in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as nicotinic acetylcholine.
Neurons can co-release neurotransmitters and peptides. a) True. b) False
a) True. Neurons can co-release neurotransmitters and peptides. This means that they can release more than one type of chemical messenger at a time. This can help to modulate the activity of other neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
If at -70mv, sodium current is an inward current, at +70mv sodium flows a) Inward b) No sodium current will be observed at +70mv c) Outward d) This could not be tested with voltage clamp
c) Outward is correct because the change in membrane potential affects the movement of Na+. The sodium moves outwards. Option a: is incorrect because the resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside. At rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron. Option b: is incorrect because sodium current will be observed at +70mV. A positive current value (i.e., outward current) can reflect either the movement of positive ions (cations) out of the cell or negative ions (anions) into the cell. Option d: is incorrect because the voltage-clamp allows the investigator to control the transmembrane voltage and subsequently measure current flow through an ion channel after activation.
Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction is stronger and more reliable than the central neuronal transmission. a) True. b) False.
a) True. The neuromuscular junction is referred to as the strong and dependable synapse. It is strong since it discharges an excess of chemical transmitter as well as anything that needed to bring the postsynaptic muscle cell to threshold. The main difference of synapse and neuromuscular junction is that synapse is a connection among two nerve cells or among a neuron and a muscle cell. On the other hand, neuromuscular junction is a connection among a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. One of the advantage of synaptic transmission is its speed and it is more restrain, quickly delivery of intercellular signals are apparently between the most important particular advantages of synapses in growth than to volume transmission. Synaptic transmission starts as the action potential gets through the axon terminal. The developing depolarization is because of the opening of voltage-gated sodium route, begins the sequence of occurrence resulting to the discharge of transmitter.
Pick a letter indicating the correct match. a) A - norepinephrine alpha receptor b) A - norepinephrine beta receptor c) A - muscarinic acetylcholine receptor d) B - muscarinic acetylcholine receptor e) B - norepinephrine beta receptor
b) A - norepinephrine beta receptor
This area contains the optic chiasm. Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical area. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F
b) B = optic chiasm It is located immediately inferior to hypothalamus. And from the side view we can see that the portion labelled A is the hypothalamus region and the optic chiasm is located just below it.
This is somites. a) A b) B
b) B = somites A = neural tube ie. during formation of the neural tube & neural crest
Endocannabinoids: a) Exogenous molecules from nature b) Endogenous molecules that bind CB receptors c) Are stored in neurotransmitter vesicles d) Signal anterogradely in the CNS synapses
b) Endogenous molecules that bind CB receptorsd...........probabky B
Association areas in the human cortex occupy proportionately smaller areas of the brain tissue, compared to cats or rats. a) True b) False
b) False There are a number of reasons why association areas in the human cortex occupy proportionately smaller areas of brain tissue, compared to cats or rats. Firstly, the human brain is generally larger than the brains of other animals, meaning that there is more total cortex to be divided up into association areas. Secondly, the human cortex is also more highly developed than the cortex of other animals, with a greater degree of specialization and more intricate connections between different areas. This results in a more efficient use of space, allowing for more association areas to be packed into a smaller area of cortex. Finally, the layout of the human cortex is also different from that of other animals, with a greater degree of symmetry and more of a focus on the frontal lobe. This allows for association areas to be more efficiently organized, taking up less space overall.
End-plate potential (EPP) reversal potential value is -80mV. a) True b) False
b) False b/c EPP reversal potential = 0 mV
This is a cartoon of AMPA receptor. a) True b) False
b) False because it is a GABA receptor The difference between the 2 is that AMPA receptor are located at dendritic spins which clusters to form excitatory responses while GABA receptors can be found at the soma and dendrite shafts and is responsible for inhibitory synapses. AMPA: exciatory GABA: inhibitory
In the CNS, glutamate can bind to the following receptors: a) AMPA, GABA, and NMDA receptors. b) CB1, Glycine, and NMDA receptors c) AMPA, Kainate, NMDA, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. d) AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors.
c) AMPA, Kainate, NMDA, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. is correct because all of them are ionotropic glutamate receptors than can be found on the CNS Option a: is incorrect because GABA is not a receptor for glutamate Option b: is incorrect because........ Option d: is incorrect because........
Norepinephrine can bind to these receptor subtypes: a) M1 and M2. b) GABAa and GABAb. c) Alpha and beta. d) Ionotropic and metabotropic norepinephrine receptors. e) None of the above.
c) Alpha and beta.
Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical axis. a) A - caudal b) B - ventral c) C - caudal d) D - dorsal
c) C - caudal aka "Posterior" A = rostral aka "Anterior" B = dorsal (back side) D = ventral (front or tummy side)
This area contains transgeminal nerve. Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical area. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F
c) C ........ or B.....? --> b) Each trigeminal ganglion is situated in front of your ear, next to your temple, on the side of your head. Three trigeminal nerve branches emerge from the trigeminal ganglion. These branches connect various areas of your face along each side of your head.
This is thalamus. Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical structure. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
c) C = thalamus A = cerebral cortex B = cerebral cortex D = hypothalamus E = basal telencephalon ie. gray matter structures diagram via coronal section through primitive forebrain
Neurotransmitter vesicle protein-protein complex is activated by this ion: a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium d) Chloride e) Magnesium
c) Calcium
Which statement CORRECTLY describes gaseous second messengers? a) They are confined to cytoplasm. b) They are incapable of trans-cellular communication. c) They are membrane permeable. d) They are long-lived (long lifespan).
c) They are membrane permeable.
Which statement CORRECTLY describes gaseous second messengers? a) They are confined to cytoplasm. b) They are incapable of trans-cellular communication. c) They are membrane permeable. d) They are long-lived (long lifespan).
c) They are membrane permeable. Gaseous second messenger are membrane permeable.
Neurotransmitter vesicle fusion: a) Is mediated by protein-protein binding complex. b) Can be affected by botulinum toxin. c) Can be partial or complete. d) Is reflected in the membrane capacitance change. e) All of the above.
c) Can be partial or complete. A protein-protein binding complex is responsible for mediating the process of neurotransmitter vesicle fusion. This is an essential step in the process. This complex is made up of a number of different proteins, some of which include synaptotagmin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin. In order for the vesicle to successfully fuse with the plasma membrane, it is required for these proteins to first bind together. There is the possibility of a full or a partial fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane. If just a portion of the vesicle is fused, the contents of the vesicle will be expelled into the synaptic cleft, but the vesicle will not be totally emptied of its contents. If the fusion is successful, the vesicle is totally emptied, and its contents are discharged into the synaptic cleft. If the fusion is unsuccessful, the vesicle remains intact. Botulinum toxin has the potential to disrupt the process in which the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. This toxin attaches to the protein complex that is required for fusion, which stops the proteins from attaching to one another and inhibits the fusion process from occurring. The vesicle is stopped from fusing with the plasma membrane as a result of this. The alteration in the capacitance of the membrane is what may be seen as evidence of the fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane. This shift may be interpreted as a measurement of the amount of charge that is moved from the vesicle to the plasma membrane. The process of neurotransmitter vesicle fusion is essential for the release of neurotransmitters from the vesicle into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are released when the vesicle is fused. The change in membrane capacitance reflects whether or not this process is complete, and it may either be partial or full.
This is the brain of this animal. a) Rat b) Lizard c) Cat d) Dolphin e) Chimpanzee
c) Cat
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)/currents that are activated by metabotropic GABAb receptors increase the conductance of this ionic channel: a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Chloride d) AMPA
c) Chloride A synaptic potential known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) reduces the likelihood of an action potential being produced by a postsynaptic neuron. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can also be viewed as a change in the chloride conductance of the neuronal cell because they reduce the driving force. This is because if the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to chloride ions by binding to ligand-gated chloride ion channels and inducing them to open, then chloride ions, which are present in higher concentration The benzodiazepine binding site (benzodiazepine receptor), the GABA receptor itself, and a number of modulatory subunits for the ion channel make up the GABA receptor complex, which is made up of multiple subunits. The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist PET radioligand Flumazenil can be employed for in vivo measurement of GABA receptors because benzodiazepines alter the chloride conductance of the neuronal membrane.
In the IV plot above, which curve represents the early EPSP component in the presence of NMDA receptor blocker APV? a) Closed circles. b) Open circles. c) Closed triangles.
c) Closed triangles. The late EPSP component is mediated by NMDA receptors, which are blocked by APV. Therefore, the presence of APV should decrease the amplitude of the late EPSP component.
This correctly describes neuropeptides: a) Synthesized and released only in the axonal terminal. b) Synthesized on demand and transported in secretory granules. c) Dephosphorylate ionic channels. d) None of the above.
c) Dephosphorylate ionic channels.
This correctly describes neuropeptides: a) Synthesized and released only in the axonal terminal. b) Synthesized on demand and stored in the synaptic vesicles. c) Dephosphorylate ionic channels. d) None of the above.
c) Dephosphorylate ionic channels. is correct because neuropeptides can dephosphorylate ionic channels. Option a: is incorrect because neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body and transported to the axon terminal. Option b: is incorrect because it stores neurotransmitters, not neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are stored in a dense core vesicle.
GABA receptors contain binding sites for: a) Glutamate and PCP. b) Glutamate and GABA c) GABA and ethanol. d) GABA and glutamate.
c) GABA and ethanol.
Pick correct association(s): a) Acetylcholine is Amine neurotransmitter. b) Nitric Oxide is Anterograde messengers. c) GABA is Amino acid neurotransmitter. d) Dopamine is Acetylcholine precursor. e) A and C.
c) GABA is Amino acid neurotransmitter. Option a: is incorrect because there are five established biogenic amine neurotransmitters. These are serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and histamine. Acetylcholine is definitely NOT one of these five neurotransmitters.
Norepinephrine in the CNS binds to to these receptors in regulating cAMP levels, where the excitatory receptor increases cAMP levels, and the inhibitoryreceptor decreases them: a) Excitatory ionotropic and inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptor b) Inhibitory GABAa and excitatory GABAb. c) Ionotropic and metabotropic norepinephrine receptors. d) Inhibitory alpha and excitatory beta receptor. e) None of the above.
c) Ionotropic and metabotropic norepinephrine receptors. is correct because Norepinephrine binds to both ionotropic and metabotropic norepinephrine receptors in the CNS. The binding of norepinephrine to the excitatory ionotropic receptor increases cAMP levels, while the binding of norepinephrine to the inhibitory metabotropic receptor decreases cAMP levels. Examples of ionotropic norepinephrine receptors include the alpha1 and beta receptors. Examples of metabotropic norepinephrine receptors include the alpha2 and beta receptors. The binding of norepinephrine to ionotropic receptors results in an increase in cAMP levels. This is because ionotropic receptors are located on the cell surface and are activated by the binding of ligands such as norepinephrine. The binding of norepinephrine to these receptors results in the opening of ion channels, which allows cations such as calcium and sodium to enter the cell. These cations then activate protein kinases, which in turn phosphorylate enzymes that increase cAMP levels. The binding of norepinephrine to metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, results in a decrease in cAMP levels. This is because metabotropic receptors are located within the cell, and are activated by the binding of ligands such as norepinephrine. The binding of norepinephrine to these receptors results in the activation of G proteins, which in turn activate enzymes that break down cAMP.
Locus coeruleus in the brainstem synthesizes this neuromodulator: a) Histamine b) Acetylcholine c) Norepinephrine d) Glycine
c) Norepinephrine
This statement is true about the dendritic or membrane length constant: a) Dendritic length constant does not affect the spatial spread of depolarization. b) The longer the length constant, the less distance the depolarization will travel. c) Value of lambda will decrease as the internal resistance increases. d) Length constant does not depend on the membrane or the internal (cable) resistance.
c) Value of lambda will decrease as the internal resistance increases.
Anandamide: a) Is one of the endocannabinoids that can bind to the CB1 receptors b) Is membrane-soluble c) Signals in the retrograde manner d) All of the above e) None of the above
d) All of the above a) Anandamide is one of the endocannabinoid that can bind to CB1 receptors Anandamide acts as a part of the body's endocannabinoid system, a complex system of lipids, enzymes, and cannabinoid receptors that play a role in maintaining homeostasis in many of the body's automatic functions such as sleep, energy balance, and reproduction. Anandamide acts most prominently at CB1 receptors, the most abundant receptor of its kind in the brain. According to a 2019 human brain imaging study published in Neuroscience, CB1 receptors are clustered in the human frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia b) It is membrane soluble Anandamide and other endocannabinoids share many physical and functional properties. They are highly lipophilic and tend to remain in membranes, which they can cross by passive diffusion ( membrane soluble) to encounter membrane-bound enzymes and receptors. c) It signals in retrograde manner retrograde signaling (retrograde neurotransmission) is the process by which a retrograde messenger, such as anandamide or nitric oxide, is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels backwards across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron. The primary purpose of retrograde neurotransmission is regulation of chemical neurotransmission.[1] For this reason, retrograde neurotransmission allows neural circuits to create feedback loops.
Pick the correct statement about the G-protein structure and function. a) Most G-proteins are membrane bound on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. b) G-proteins have mobile subunits. c) Some G-proteins target Adenylyl Cyclase intracellular cascade. d) All of the above answers are correct.
d) All of the above answers are correct.
Pick INCORRECT statements about gap junctions: a) They play a role in synchronization of neuronal activity. b) They do not allow the passage of ions and small secondary messengers. c) Gap junctions are faster than the chemical synapses. d) All of the above.
d) All of the above. All of the are incorrect, because all statements are opposite to its function
Common Alzheimer's medications: a) Increase exocytosis of acetylcholine b) Promote the breakdown of acetylcholine in synaptic clefts c) Block acetic acid and Co-A d) Block acetylcholinesterase
d) Block acetylcholinesterase
Chemical neurotransmission was discovered: a) By stimulating spinal cord attached to a frog leg b) By putting pressure on the lateral ventricles of a frog's cerebrum c) By stimulating frog's primary motor cortex d) By stimulating vagus nerve attached to a frog heart e) By stimulating acetylcholine neurons in the occipital lobe
d) By stimulating vagus nerve attached to a frog heart
Activation of ionotropic GABA receptor will cause this ionic conductance: a) Calcium b) Sodium c) Potassium d) Chloride e) None of the above.
d) Chloride
Choose the enzyme responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine: a) Acetylcholine aminase b) Cholinesterase c) Acetyl Co-A d) Choline acetyltransferase e) Anandamide
d) Choline acetyltransferase
This statement and/or association is true about the cranial nerves: a) Cranial nerve II - vagus nerve b) Cranial nerve V - vagus nerve c) Vestibulocochlear nerve - vision d) Cranial nerve X - vagus nerve
d) Cranial nerve X - vagus nerve is correct because CN X or CN 10 is also known as vagus nerve Option a: is incorrect because CN II is optic nerve Option b: is incorrect because CN 5 is trigeminal nerve Option c: is incorrect because vestibulocochlear nerve is for hearing and balance Cranial nerves 1 olfactory 2 optic 3 occulomotor 4 trochlear 5 trigeminal 6 abducens 7 facial 8 vestibulocohlear 9 glossopharyngeal 10 vagus 11 spinal accessory 12 hypoglossal
You are studying neurons in a small brain nucleus. Which technique would be best to use in describing neurotransmitter types expressed by these cells? a) Golgi stain. b) Nissl stain. c) Weiggert stain. d) Immunohistochemistry. e) MRI.
d) Immunohistochemistry.
Simultaneous release of glutamate and GABA on the same or adjacent area of the postsynaptic membrane will most likely result in: a) End-plate potential. b) Large depolarization. c) Minimal if any depolarization. d) Large hyperpolarization.
d) Large hyperpolarization. The neurotransmitter GABA attaches to and opens Cl- channels when it is released from a presynaptic neuron. Cl- ions enter the cell and hyperpolarize the membrane, making it less likely that the neuron will produce an action potential.
This is the correct order and details of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. (Not all of the steps are included. Abbreviations: Ach - acetylcholine.) a) Sensory neuron releases Ach - Motor neuron depolarized by voltage-gated Na+ channels - Action potential produced by Ach channels. b) Motor neuron releases Ach - Motor neuron depolarized by voltage-gated Na+ channels - Action potential produced by Ach channels. c) Sensory neuron releases Ach - Motor neuron depolarized by Ach channels - Action potential produced by voltage-gated Na+ channels. d) Motor neuron releases Ach - Muscle is first depolarized by ligand-gated Ach channels - Action potential produced by voltage-gated Na+ channels.
d) Motor neuron releases Ach - Muscle is first depolarized by ligand-gated Ach channels - Action potential produced by voltage-gated Na+ channels.
Backpropagating spike is initiated by: a) High threshold potassium channels b) Low threshold sodium channels c) Release of magnesium block at the NMDA receptors d) None of the above
d) None of the above Cortical neurons initiate backpropagating spikes. Under a variety of circumstances, cortical neurons initiate action potentials in their axon beginning segments. These action potentials then travel antidromically across the soma and into the dendritic arbor to varying degrees. Spike initiation is based on two separate hypotheses: one based on a large density of Na+ channels in the axon beginning segment, and the other based on a modest density of Na+ channels with a lower negative threshold than those in the soma.
This is true about the developing CNS: a) Prosencephalon = Midbrain b) Mesencephalon = Forebrain c) Mesencephalon = Hindbrain d) None of the above.
d) None of the above. b/c: a) Prosencephalon develops into forebrain b) Mesencephalon develops into midbrain c) Rhomencephalon develops into hindbrain therefore the answer is D, none of the above.
Pick correct association(s): a) Acetylcholine is Amine neurotransmitter. b) Nitric Oxide is Anterograde messengers. c) GABA is Amino acid neurotransmitter. d) Dopamine is Acetylcholine precursor. e) A and C.
e) A and C..............A per a dif Q Option c: is correct because Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter and despite the fact that it is non-protein, it is an amino-acid which is widely distributed in nature. Option a: is incorrect because there are five established biogenic amine neurotransmitters. These are serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and histamine. Acetylcholine is definitely one of these five neurotransmitters. Option b: is incorrect because Nitric Oxide is not an anterograde messenger, instead it as retrograde messenger during long term potentiation in cultured hippocampal neutrons. Option d: is incorrect because the precursor of acetylcholine is choline itself and not Dopamine. Dopamine is the precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
NMDA receptor: a) Coincident detector b) Glycine is a co-factor c) Conducts sodium, potassium, and calcium d) Responsible for the late phase of EPSP e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Neurotransmitter vesicle fusion: a) Is mediated by protein-protein binding complex. b) Can be affected by botulinum toxin. c) Can be partial or complete. d) Is reflected in the membrane capacitance change. e) All of the above.
e) All of the above.
Pick the correct association for the above graphs. a) A calcium current reversal. b) A EPSP reversal. c) A IPSP reversal. d) B sodium current reversal. e) B Acetylcholine channel current reversal. f) B IPSP reversal.
e) B = Acetylcholine channel current reversal. A = sodium current reversal
You are studying neurons in a small brain nucleus. Which technique would be best to use in describing neurotransmitter types expressed by these cells? a) Golgi stain. b) Nissl stain. c) Weiggert stain. d) Immunohistochemistry. e) MRI.
e) MRI. is correct because researchers in the US have for the first time used MRI to follow the dynamics of neurotransmitters with molecular precision. They have demonstrated the technique on dopamine, a neurotransmitter that represents processes of reward and motivation in the brain. Option a: is incorrect because Golgi binstain is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy. Option b: is incorrect because Nissl-staining is a widely used method to study morphology and pathology of neural tissue. Option c: is incorrect because the Weigert stain involves the treatment of nervous tissue with potassium dichromate to preserve myelin lipids. Option d: is incorrect because Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important application of monoclonal as well as poly-clonal antibodies to determine the tissue distribution of an antigen of interest in health and disease.
Actions of nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are similar in this way: a) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target only the peripheral nervous system. b) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications have completely different targets. c) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target pre-synaptic acetylcholine transporters. d) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors. e) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
e) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Actions of nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are similar in this way: a) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target only the peripheral nervous sytem. b) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications have completely different targets. c) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target pre-synaptic acetylcholine transporters. d) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications target post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors. e) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
e) Nerve gases and Alzheimer's medications are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. is correct because nerve agents work in a similar way and they are effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Option a: is incorrect because they don't target only the peripheral nervous system. Option b: is incorrect because nerve agents work in a similar way. Option c: is incorrect because they don't target only the presynaptic acetylcholine transporters. Option d: is incorrect because they don't target only the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors.
Neurotransmitter vesicle release requires influx and activation of the protein-protein complex by this ion: a) GABA b) Potassium c) Glutamate d) Chloride e) None of the above
e) None of the above Calcium: The influx of calcium through the voltage-gated calcium channels initiates the exocytosis process that leads to neurotransmitter release. Calcium enters the cell and interacts with another vesicle-bound protein called synaptotagmin.
Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are: a) Excitatory and release glycine. b) Inhibitory and release acetylcholine. c) Inhbitory and release glutamate d) Excitatory and release acetylcholine. e) None of the above.
e) None of the above. because Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are Excitatory and release glutamate.
Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are: a) Excitatory and release glycine. b) Inhibitory and release acetylcholine. c) Inhbitory and release glutamate d) Excitatory and release acetylcholine. e) None of the above.
e) None of the above. b/c Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are Excitatory and release glutamate. Pyramidal cells are the most common neuron in the cerebral cortex. They are the major source of intrinsic excitatory cortical synapses, and their dendritic spines are the main postsynaptic target of excitatory synapses
Pick the correct association: a) Acetylcholine - Amine neurotransmitter. b) Endocannabinoids - Anterograde messengers. c) Dopamine - Amino acid neurotransmitter. d) Choline and Acetyl CoA - Acetylcholine precursors. e) A and C. f) A and D.
f) A and D. --> a) Acetylcholine - Amine neurotransmitter. & --> d) Choline and Acetyl CoA - Acetylcholine precursors.
This lobe contains somatosensory cortex. Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical area. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F g) G h) H
g) G = parietal lobe The somatosensory cortex resides in the frontal area of the parietal lobe within the postcentral gyrus and the posterior paracentral lobule of the lobe itself.
This structure contains lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Pick a letter indicating the correct anatomical area. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E f) F g) G h) H
h) H = the thalamus is where the LGN lies (projected ventrally located where optic nerve and the thalamus meets)