BIOL-L112 Exam 3 week 2

Difference between arteries and veins

-an artery has a thicker muscle layer than does a vein. Arteries push blood away from heart , veins push blood to heart.

REVIEW VIDEOS FOR WEEK 11 VERY IMPORTANT INFO

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In human cells, pyruvate can be converted to lactate. How much ATP is directly generated by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

0ATP

How does a cell get its ATP?

2 pathways: catabolic and photosynthesis which both rely on a series of reactions called REDOX reactions

People with Factor V Leiden thrombophilia have an increased tendency to form abnormal blood clots that can block blood vessels. Why would these people have to be careful about airplane flights and long car rides? 1. Anything that restricts leg muscle contractions impedes the flow of blood back to the heart 2. Restricted blood return allows blood to pool in the lower extremities (i.e., the legs) 3. Pooled blood is more likely to form clots 4. All of the above are correct

4

One way to describe a human animal is as a(n) a. aerobic heterotroph b. facultatively aerobic autotroph c. anaerobic autotroph d. anaerobic heterotroph

A

The essential metabolic function of fermentation is to a. oxidize NADH to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen b. reduce NADH so that more ATP can be produced by the electron transport chain c. produce ATP by the oxidation of pyruvate d. make beer

A

Which of the following best describes an artery? -Arteries have thin walls compared with veins. -Arteries carry blood away from the heart. - Arteries carry oxygenated blood. -Arteries contain valves. -Arteries carry blood away from capillaries.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart ONLY

Cyanide is a poison that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain. Which of the following is a metabolic effect of this poison? a. Electrons are passed directly to oxygen, causing cells to explode b. Alcohol would build up in the cells c. No proton gradient would be produced, and ATP synthesis would cease d. Mitochondria would shrink due to osmosis

C

Which of the following is NOT true of oxidative phosphorylation? a. It produces approximately 2.5 ATP for every NADH that is oxidized b. It involves an ATP synthase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane c. It uses oxygen as the initial electron donor d. It depends on chemiosmosis

C

The waste products of cellular respiration are (2)

CO2 and H2O

Which one of the following best describes the electron transport chain? a. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport. b. Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. c. Hydrogens are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. d. Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.

D

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in body tissues (that is, outside of the blood vessels). Why would a decrease in the plasma protein concentration lead to edema?

Less protein means lower osmotic pressure

What's the critical molecule generated in human muscle cells and red blood cells during the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

NAD+

Does the process that generates pyruvate directly require oxygen?

NO

What blood type is a universal donor

O negative

Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta and pulmonary arteries aorta and pulmonary veins

Pulmonary veins

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? -The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. -Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. -Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart. -Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. - Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood to the heart

Mangroves and bald cypresses are trees that grow in boggy soils. The roots of these trees commonly grow "knees," which are growths that stick out of the ground. Scientists believe that these knees are responsible for getting air to the roots in the water-logged soil. Why do the roots need access to air?

The roots need oxygen to perform cellular respiration

what are the 2 types of biochemical pathways and what do they do?

catabolic: breaks down organic molecules-> two general products are the chemical energy in form of ATP and the small molecules used to build cellular material Anabolic: the building of cell material from small molecules (biosynthesis)--> use energy

All trees have green leaves and white roots. The roots grow under the surface of the soil and lack an organelle present in the leaf cells. Which organelle is it?

chloroplast

Heterotrophs

consumers rely on their producers

reduction

gaining electrons (e-)

In cellular respiration, what process generates pyruvate?

glycolysis

what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport and chemiosmosis

photosynthesis takes place where?

in the chloroplasts

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared to blood in other arteries?

it is loaded with carbon dioxide (has less oxygen)

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of

lactate

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

left atrium

oxidation

losing electrons (e-)

cellular respiration takes place in the

mitochondria

what is a redox reaction?

one interacting molecule is reduced (gains electrons) and the other is oxidized (loses electrons)

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

posterior vena cava

From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava

right atrium

Where is the posterior vena cava

right side-- no oxygen -- coming up from legs

Autotrophs

self-feeding producers of the world photosynthesize bacteria in plants

The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why?

the Calvin cycle depends on products of the light reactions

What is metabolism?

the sum of our biochemical reactions -cell= chemical machines which are organized into pathways