BIOL Midterm

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? 0 1 2 6

2

A scientist hypothesizes that the pancreas's hormone production is controlled by neural stimuli. Which observation would support this hypothesis? A. Insulin is produced in response to sudden stress without a rise in blood glucose. B. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in glucagon levels. C. Beta cells express epinephrine receptors. D. Insulin is produced in response to a rise in blood glucose in the brain.

A. Insulin is produced in response to sudden stress without a rise in blood glucose.

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true? A. It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage. B. It is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. C. It is a hemopoietic growth factor that prompts lymphoid stem cells to leave the bone marrow. D. Both a and b are true.

A. It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage.

What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? A. It increases. B. It decreases. C. It remains constant. D. There is no way to predict.

A. It increases.

How would mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes? A. Patients would appear phenotypically female. B. Patients would appear phenotypically male with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics. C. Patients would appear phenotypically male, but cannot produce sperm. D. Patients would express both male and female secondary sex characteristics.

A. Patients would appear phenotypically female.

Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true? A. They have no nucleus. B. They are packed with mitochondria. C. They survive for an average of 4 days. D. All of the above

A. They have no nucleus.

A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte? A. basophils B. neutrophils C. monocytes D. natural killer cells

A. basophils

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla? A. chromaffin cells B. neuroglial cells C. follicle cells D. oxyphil cells

A. chromaffin cells

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________. A. development of T cells B. preparation of the body for childbirth C. regulation of appetite D. release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A. development of T cells

A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. This mechanism of hormone production is stimulated by: A. humoral stimuli B. hormonal stimuli C. neural stimuli D. negative stimuli

A. humoral stimuli

. Drinking alcoholic beverages causes an increase in urine output. This most likely occurs because alcohol: A. inhibits ADH release. B. stimulates ADH release. C. inhibits TSH release. D. stimulates TSH release.

A. inhibits ADH release.

An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell. A. inside; outside B. outside; inside C. inside; inside D. outside; outside

A. inside; outside

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? A. left atrium A. left ventricle A. right atrium A. right ventricle

A. left atrium

Which class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes? A. lipid-derived hormones B. amino acid-derived hormones C .peptide hormones D. glycoprotein hormones

A. lipid-derived hormones

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. mesencephalon (midbrain) D. cerebrum

A. medulla oblongata

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? A. mitral B. tricuspid C. pulmonary D. aortic

A. mitral

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer? A. oral ectoderm B. neural ectoderm C. mesoderm D. endoderm

A. oral ectoderm

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary? A. oxytocin B. growth hormone C. prolactin D. thyroid-stimulating hormone

A. oxytocin

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________. A. prepare the breasts for lactation B. nourish the placenta C. regulate the menstrual cycle D. all of the above

A. prepare the breasts for lactation

.Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? A. tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar B. mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar C. aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid D. bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar

A. tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

The first step in hemostasis is ________. A. vascular spasm B. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin C. activation of the intrinsic pathway D. activation of the common pathway

A. vascular spasm

posterior pituitary hormones

ADH and oxytocin

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? A. The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor. B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. C. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced. D. The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.

B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________. A. TSH B. GnRH C. T3 D. PTH

B. GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)

Which of the following statements about insulin is true? A. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. B. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. C. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. D. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

B. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? A. It increases. B. It decreases. C. It remains constant. D. There is no way to predict.

B. It decreases.

Which of the following statements about albumin is true? A. It draws water out of the blood vessels and into the body's tissues. B. It is the most abundant plasma protein. C. It is produced by specialized leukocytes called plasma cells. D. All of the above are true.

B. It is the most abundant plasma protein.

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________. A. TSH from the hypothalamus B. TSH from the anterior pituitary C. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary D. thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells

B. TSH from the anterior pituitary

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________. A. abnormally low levels of cortisol B. abnormally high levels of cortisol C. abnormally low levels of aldosterone D. abnormally high levels of aldosterone

B. abnormally high levels of cortisol

Which of the following describes a neutrophil? A. abundant, agranular, especially effective against cancer cells B. abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria C. rare, agranular, releases antimicrobial defensins D. rare, granular, contains multiple granules packed with histamine

B. abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. A. preload B. afterload C. cardiac output D. stroke volume

B. afterload

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance? A. adrenocorticotropic hormone B. antidiuretic hormone C. luteinizing hormone D. all of the above

B. antidiuretic hormone

T and B lymphocytes ________. A. are polymorphonuclear B. are involved with specific immune function C. proliferate excessively in leukopenia D. are most active against parasitic worms

B. are involved with specific immune function

Most blood enters the ventricle during ________. A. atrial systole B. atrial diastole C. ventricular systole D. isovolumic contraction

B. atrial diastole

The walls of the atria produce which hormone? A. cholecystokinin B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. renin D. calcitriol

B. atrial natriuretic peptide

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________. A. increased tolerance for cold B. decreased basal metabolic rate C. decreased body fat D. osteoporosis

B. decreased basal metabolic rate

The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors. A. pericardial sac B. endocardium C. myocardium D. epicardium

B. endocardium

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________. A. declining levels of light B. exposure to bright light C. the secretion of serotonin D. the activity of pinealocytes

B. exposure to bright light

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism? A. increased bone deposition B. fractures C. convulsions D. all of the above

B. fractures

Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked? A. humoral and hormonal stimuli B. hormonal and neural stimuli C. neural and humoral stimuli D. hormonal and negative stimuli

B. hormonal and neural stimuli

Hemophilia is characterized by ________. A. inadequate production of heparin B. inadequate production of clotting factors C. excessive production of fibrinogen D. excessive production of platelets

B. inadequate production of clotting factors

People with ABO blood type O ________. A. have both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes B. lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes C. have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies circulating in their blood plasma D. are considered universal recipients

B. lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________. A. left atrium B. left ventricle C. right atrium D. right ventricle

B. left ventricle

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________. A. soma B. myelin sheath C. synaptic vesicles D. dendrites

B. myelin sheath

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________. A. blood vessels B. nerve axons C. cartilage D. bone

B. nerve axons

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________. A. autocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. neuron

B. paracrine

What cells secrete melatonin? A. melanocytes B. pinealocytes C. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells D. retinal cells

B. pinealocytes

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary

.A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________. A. melatonin B. thyroid hormone C. growth hormone D. insulin

B. thyroid hormone

Which of the following statements about blood is true? A. Blood is about 92 percent water. B. Blood is slightly more acidic than water. C. Blood is slightly more viscous than water. D. Blood is slightly more salty than seawater.

C. Blood is slightly more viscous than water.

Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? A. Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. C. Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity D. Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.

C. Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? A. ADH B. oxytocin C. TSH D. cortisol

C. TSH

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________. A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. osmosis

C. active transport

Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys? A. thyroid glands B. pituitary glands C. adrenal glands D. gonads

C. adrenal glands

The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called ________. A. sensitization B. coagulation C. agglutination D. hemolysis

C. agglutination

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? A. interatrial septum B. interventricular septum C. atrioventricular septum D. all of the above

C. atrioventricular septum

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________. A. blood calcium levels B. secretion of growth hormone C. blood oxygen levels D. muscle mass

C. blood oxygen levels

The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle? A. atrial systole B. ventricular systole C. closing of the atrioventricular valves D. closing of the semilunar valves

C. closing of the atrioventricular valves

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________. A. intrinsic pathway B. extrinsic pathway C. common pathway D. formation of the platelet plug

C. common pathway

A molecule of hemoglobin ________. A.is shaped like a biconcave disk packed almost entirely with iron B. contains four glycoprotein units studded with oxygen C. consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme D. can carry up to 120 molecules of oxygen

C. consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme

The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ________. A. leukocytosis B. positive chemotaxis C. emigration D. cytoplasmic extending

C. emigration

What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas? A. T3 B. glucagon C. insulin D. T4

C. insulin

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? A. thyroid B. liver C. kidneys D. hypothalamus

C. kidneys

Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________. A. myeoblasts B. monocytes C. macrophages D. mast cells

C. macrophages

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive? A. humoral B. hormonal C. neural D. positive feedback

C. neural

. A newly discovered hormone contains four amino acids linked together. Under which chemical class would this hormone be classified? A. lipid-derived hormone B. amino acid-derived hormone C. peptide hormone D glycoprotein

C. peptide hormone

Recent studies suggest that blue light exposure can impact human circadian rhythms. This suggests that blue light disrupts the function of the _____ gland(s). A. adrenal B. pituitary C. pineal D. thyroid

C. pineal

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? A. B cells B. natural killer cells C. platelets D. all of the above

C. platelets

Endocrine glands ________. A. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs B. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft C. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream D. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

C. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

. The gonads produce what class of hormones? A. amine hormones B. peptide hormones C. steroid hormones D. catecholamines

C. steroid hormones

The development of a goiter indicates that ________. A. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged B. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid's follicle cells C. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles D. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone

C. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

Which of the following is a positive inotrope? Na+ K+ Ca2+ both Na+ and K+

Ca2+

A new antagonist molecule has been discovered that binds to and blocks plasma membrane receptors. What effect will this antagonist have on testosterone, a steroid hormone? A. It will block testosterone from binding to its receptor. B. It will block testosterone from activating cAMP signaling. C. It will increase testosterone-mediated signaling. D. It will not affect testosterone-mediated signaling.

D. It will not affect testosterone-mediated signaling.

What effect will a cAMP inhibitor have on a peptide hormone-mediated signaling pathway? A. It will prevent the hormone from binding its receptor. B. It will prevent activation of a G-protein. C. It will prevent activation of adenylate cyclase. D. It will prevent activation of protein kinases.

D. It will prevent activation of protein kinases.

Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing? A. atrioventricular node B. atrioventricular bundle C. bundle branches D. Purkinje fibers

D. Purkinje fibers

Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? A. Their transport protein moves them through the membrane. B. They are amphipathic, allowing them to interact with the entire phospholipid. C. Cells express channels that let hormones flow down their concentration gradient into the cells. D. They are non-polar molecules.

D. They are non-polar molecules.

. Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? A. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. B. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. C. It manufactures three hormones. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following? A. production of various lymphocytes B. immune responses C. inflammation D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which ________. A. a type AB mother is carrying a type O fetus B. a type O mother is carrying a type AB fetus C. an Rh+ mother is carrying an Rh− fetus D. an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus

D. an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus

The central nervous system is comprised of ________. A. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems B. organs and glands C. somatic and autonomic nervous systems D. brain and spinal cord

D. brain and spinal cord

The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? A. sodium B. potassium C. chloride D. calcium

D. calcium

The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of ________. A. copper B. zinc C. vitamin B12 D. copper, zinc, and vitamin B12

D. copper, zinc, and vitamin B12

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood? A. chordae tendineae B. papillary muscles C. AV valves D. endocardium

D. endocardium

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? A. somatostatin B. pancreatic polypeptide C. insulin D. glucagon

D. glucagon

The end result of the RAAS is to ________. A. reduce blood volume B. increase blood glucose C. reduce blood pressure D. increase blood pressure

D. increase blood pressure

. The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone? A. estrogens B. progesterone C. relaxin D. inhibin

D. inhibin

The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected? A. systole B. diastole C. quiescent D. isovolumic contraction

D. isovolumic contraction

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA. A. allele B. chromosome C. epigenetic D. mutation

D. mutation

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria? A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

D. none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates: A. excretion of calcium from the kidneys. B. excretion of calcium from the intestines. C. osteoblasts. D. osteoclasts.

D. osteoclasts.

Thrombocytes are more accurately called ________. A. clotting factors B. megakaryoblasts C. megakaryocytes D. platelets

D. platelets

A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________. A. a hematocrit below 30 percent B. hypoxemia C. anemia D. polycythemia

D. polycythemia

When insulin binds to its receptor, the complex is endocytosed into the cell. This is an example of ______ in response to hormone signaling. A. cAMP activation B. generating an intracellular receptor C. activation of a hormone response element D. receptor down-regulation

D. receptor down-regulation

. Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response? A. pupil dilation B. increased oxygen supply to the lungs C. suppressed digestion D. reduced mental activity

D. reduced mental activity

anterior pituitary hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH)

adrenal cortex hormones

aldosterone and cortisol

Short-term stress causes the hypothalamus to trigger the adrenal medulla to release...

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver? A. fibrinogen B. alpha globulin C. beta globulin D. immunoglobulin

immunoglobulin

Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. A. atrial depolarization B. ventricular repolarization C. ventricular depolarization D. atrial repolarization

ventricular repolarization