Biological Science Chapter 7 Test

When a population has a gene with two alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?

3

Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?

50% of the boy children

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

A strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of TAGCTAC will have a complementary strand with the sequence __________.

ATCGATG

The development of evolutionary theory is credited to Charles Darwin and ______.

Alfred Russell Wallace

In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All male offspring have white eyes.

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All offspring have red eyes.

Mendel's law of segregation states that

Allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation Gametes randomly unite at fertilization.

Gene variants that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes are called

Alleles

Two discrete copies of a gene that are passed individually to offspring is called

Alleles

Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?

Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.

What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.

What is DNA proofreading?

Correction of DNA mutations.

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

DNA->RNA->Protein

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

Descent with modification

--------------------traits are those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization and ---------------------traits become latent, or disappear in the offspring of a hybridization

Dominant, Recessive

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Incomplete dominance describes the simultaneous expression of both of the alleles in the heterozygote (True/False)

False

Which of the following techniques allows for DNA fragments to be separated by size?

Gel electrophoresis

All of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population is called?

Gene pool

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

Guanine

How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?

He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.

Why are all the eggs in humans X and never Y?

Human females only have X genes to put into their eggs.

Which of the following best describes evolution? a. It is the tendency for species to remain unchanged over successive generations. b. It is the change in heritable traits in living populations over a single generation. c. It is the change in heritable traits in living populations over successive generations.

It is the change in heritable traits in living populations over successive generations.

The father of modern genetics was:

Mendel

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

Mutation and gene flow

The primary pressure on species to change over time is what?

Natural Selection

Where does transcription take place in human cells?

Nucleus

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the environment.

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

RNA->DNA->Protein

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

Semiconservative

Which of these characters is most typical of a subspecies?

Show intermediate characters where their boundaries meet.

Two organisms mate and have offspring. How could you test to see if the parents were the same species?

Test to see if the offspring are fertile

For variation to be a meaningful contribution to evolution, what must be true? a. The traits that vary in ways meaningful to evolution have genetic components. b. The traits that vary in ways meaningful to evolution have purely non-genetic components.

The traits that vary in ways meaningful to evolution have genetic components.

Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a pair of alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed.

Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

If one species is split into two populations in two different places, natural selection may drive them to become two different species. How?

They are isolated and adapting to two different environments.

Codominance describes the simultaneous expression of both of the alleles in the heterozygote (True/False)

True

DNA molecules in a single human cell would come to a length of about 2 meters (True/False)

True

Who else discovered natural selection at the time Darwin was ready to publish his theory?

Wallace

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

When members of closely related species reproduce.

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

A heritable trait that confers on an individual a survival and reproduction advantage in its current environment is called what?

adaption

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Alternate forms of a gene are called _______.

alleles

Paleontologists are often described searching for the "missing link." A missing link is _________ and an example is_______.

an intermediate form between a more recent species and its presumed ancestor, the Parahippus, a horse with three toes

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is _______?

an organism with an artificially altered genome

Genes are instruction sets for

biochemical, physical, behavioral traits

An appropriate basis for distinguishing human races is ________.

culture and personal identity

Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

double-stranded circular; double stranded linear

Speciation occurs when _______.

enough differences accumulate between two populations that they can no longer interbreed

The word "theory" in theory of evolution is best replaced by _______.

fact

Evidence believed to support the theory of evolution fall into which major categories?

fossil record, homologous structures, biogeography, and molecular biology

Specific segments of DNA that are the functional units of inheritance are called ________.

genes

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of _______.

genetic drift and founders effect

The genetic makeup of an organism and its physical appearance are its ________ and ________, respectively.

genotype; phenotype

The existence of superficial differences among groups of humans is primarily due to _______.

geographic isolation

If mom's genotype is Bb, her eggs will be ______.

half B and half b

Melanin in the skin _______.

helps protect from UV energy

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

homologous structures

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

homozygous

The now discredited idea about how traits are acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population is called _______.

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .

inside the nucleus, DNA

"Survival of the fittest," or the reproductive advantage in individuals who inherit traits that help it adapt to a changing environment was something Darwin called ________.

natural selection

If the fossils of present day species are absent in lower layers of sediments and the fossils of ancient species are absent in the upper layers of sediment then this means _______.

older species have gone extinct and new species have evolved

The theory of evolution states that:

organism populations can change physically over long periods of time

The biological definition of a species is a group of ___________ .populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

organisms adapted to a particular set of resources

The overwhelming acceptance of the theory of evolution by scientists is due to _______.

overwhelming evidence

Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

phenotype

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

phenotype

Evolution acts on _______.

populations

The biological definition of a species is a group of ___________ .

populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.

segregation

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

semiconservative

Unless evolutionary forces are acting on a population the allele frequency of the gene pool will _______.

stay the same

A nucleotide is made of _______.

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

The modern, social definition of race is based on ______.national affiliation

superficial physical differences

During replication the DNA helix is maintained, but ________________ .

the individual base pairs are "unzipped" by a specific enzyme

Gene expression refers to what process?

the process of transcribing DNA into RNA and translating RNA into protein

The main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid is _______.

the source of the extra chromosomes

Which best describes genotype and phenotype, respectively? A. the type of genetic makeup and the type of phenomena that the organism experiences- B. the location of the alleles and the overall condition of the organism- C. the structure of the alleles and the outward appearance of the organism

the type of genetic makeup and the type of phenomena that the organism experiences

The process of producing RNA using a gene as a template is called:

transcription

Speciation occurs when _______.

two populations become geographically isolated

Individual differences with a genetic basis lead to ______ in successive generations.

variation

The wings of a penguin are examples of _______.

vestigial structures

Hemophilia is not seen in individuals heterozygous for the hemophilia gene. Thus, the disease is:

x-linked