Biology 1 EOC 2 Review Questions

What is the human embryo called after the eighth week of development?

A zygote.

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of what?

Lipids.

What is meiosis?

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

What do all cells have?

- Cell membrane - DNA - Cytoplasm - Ribosomes

One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria?

0%.

The sequence of DNA below is a part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? 5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3'

4.

Hitchhiker;s thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotype ratio of their children?

50% Hh: 50% hh.

Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes. Often, this requires moving the molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient (high to low **requires energy). How do these molecules get into the cell?

Active transport sing ATP.

What does autotrophic mean?

An organism capable of making its own food from non-organic substances using light or chemical energy.

Which of the following best illustrates natural selection?

An organisms with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully.

A weightlifter is using heavy weights in short bursts for a competition. Because his muscle cells are not able to take in enough oxygen to make very much ATP the weightlifter begins to get fatigue in his muscles. Which of the following processes is most likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter as he competes in his event?

As the cells run out of oxygen they switch to anaerobic respiration, which allows the cell to make small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the...

Atmosphere.

Which of the following is a limiting factor in a population of organisms?

Availability of food.

AT what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur and why?

Before a cell divides, to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instruction.

Which type(s) of cells have genetic material that is contained in a nucleus?

Both plants and animal cells.

You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the compound?

Carbohydrates.

Which gas is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide.

Cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigations resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that was removed of the new scientific knowledge?

Cells form through spontaneous generation.

Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?

Chromosome number.

The framework of organic molecules essential to all organisms is composed mainly of carbon atoms. Which processes are involved in the cycling of carbon within an environment?

Photosynthesis and respiration.

Which of these organissms would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid?

Sharks - a secondary consumer.

Mitosis and Meiosis are processes involved in cellular reproduction. Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis?

Daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the temperature between these two statements?

Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.

In a process called transpiration, plants get rid of excess water through pores in the leaves called stomata. This excess water is then released into the atmosphere as part of the water cycle. Which of the following terms best described how the released water enters the atmosphere?

Evaporation.

According to fossil records, the horses that have lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker and slower than modern horses Which process is most likely responsible for the chnages that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses?

Evolution by natural selection.

A small portion of the population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased:

Genetic drift<< if isolated genetic drift can't happen

When an environment has reached its carrying capacity for a certain population, which of the following is true?

Growth and immigration rate is equal to death and emigration rate.

Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. The hypothesis is supported by which observation?

Haploid cells are produced by meiosis.

Where is DNA found?

In the nucleus.

How does the predator-prey relationship affect a population?

It allows the intake of sugars necessary for plant reproduction.

As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloride acid (HCI), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCI converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?

It becomes inactive.

Which of the following phrases best describes cancer? (uncontrolled cell growth)

Uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations in genes that control the cell cycle.

Which of the following best describes meiosis?

It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of organisms.

A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?

It will reduce genetic diversity.<<not changing at all

Over time, the climate of an island becomes drier, which resulted in changes to the populations of various island finch species.Finch populations with a certain beak shape thrived, while those not having that beak shape decreased. Which of the following describes a necessary condition for these changes in the finch populations to occur?

Limited food resources.<<bc the birds have different beaks for foods.

The enzyme lactase will break down the sugar lactose into which of the following components?

Monosaccharides.

Why are there so few aquatic plants and phytoplankton that live at the bottom zones in the ocean?

Most sunlight is absorbed before reaching these levels.

Organisms classified as fungi have unique characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is found only in organisms classified in the kingdom fungi?

Multicellular filaments that absorb nutrients.

Mutations within a DNA sequence are...

Natural processes that produce genetic diversity.

Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Which of the following describes the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman who's father is a hemophiliac?

None the their daughters will have hemophilia.

RNA and DNA are which type of macromolecules?

Nucleic Acid.

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?

Nucleic Acids.

Alleles for the A and B blood cell antigens are co-dominant. The condition where no antigens are present on the blood cells (type O blood) is a recessive trait. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood?

One parent with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type O blood.

Two different species of bacteria are examined. Scientists find that species X always produces CO2 and H2O during cellular respiration. Species Y always produces ethyl alcohol and CO2. Which conclusion can be made from these observations?

Only species Y is anaerobic.

In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?

Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.

Data on the immigration and emigration of a fish species would be most helpful in determining which of the following?

Population of the species.

Which of the following statements is true about natural systems?

Producers are at the bottom level of both the energy pyramid and the biomass pyramid.

Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth?

Prokaryotic and anaerobic anaerobic = air = oxygen

Which kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms?

Protists and plants (fungi do not make their own food and are not plants).

There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Ribosome (protein synthesis)

Which cell structure is correctly paired with its primary function?

Ribosome - protein synthesis

The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called...

Semi-permeable

How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other?

Sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent.

Which type of reproduction leads to increased genetic variation on a population?

Sexual reproduction.

In 1990, Carl Woese introduces the three domain system for classifying living things, after the advancement of DNA analysis allowed for a comparison of species genetic code. Which of the following is the best explanation for why domains were added to the previous system of classification?

Some organisms, which were previously characterized together, were determined to be genetically very different.

In his book On the Origin of the Species, Charles Darwin described how species change over time. Which of the following is NOT part of his observations that describes the mechanisms of natural selection?

Species today descended with modifications from ancestral species.

Theodosius Dobzhansky discovered that successful species tend to have a wide variety of genes that do not appear to be useful to the species in it's present environment. What did this discovery help explain about genetics and the changes that occur in a species over time?

Species with greater genetic diversity adapt more easily to changing environments.

One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is know as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?

Synthesis of organic molecules.

A human baby boy inherits a recessive alleles from his mother. In which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele?

The allele is on the X chromosome.

The pH of the water in several lakes in Norway and Sweden had decreased to below 5.0 due to an increase in acid rain. Which of the following is most likely to happen in these lakes?

The decline of several fish populations.

Abnormalities present in the cells that line the uterus may prevent the production of offspring by directly interfering with which process?

The development of the embryo.

What is cytokinesis?

The division of cytoplasm.

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related, in terms of energy?

The energy captured in photosynthesis is used to power cellular respiration.

Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation?

The insertion of a nucleotide into DNA.

Which invention from the 17th century allowed for the development of modern cell theory?

The light microscope.

The common brushtail possum is a marsupial native to Australia. This possum was introduced to New Zealand where it had no natural predators and had an abundant food supply. Which of these likely occurred a few years after the introduction of this possum to New Zealand?

The possum population grew to a larger size.

The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lighting supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. Which of the following describes why the Miller-Urey theory is widely accepted today?

The process of synthesizing organic molecules from a mixture of gases has been successfully modeled in the laboratory.

The number of pythons fount throughout Everglades National Park has increased in recent years. These huge snakes are not native to Florida and are believed to have been released into the wild by pet owners. Wildlife biologists have initiated attempts to capture and remove these pythons. Which statement best explains the biologists' reasons for removing these pythons from the Everglades?

The pythons could prey on native organisms and cause native population to decline.

What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction?

The reaction rate will increase.

A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which of the following has occurred?

The saltwater in the gums has moved out due to the high concentration of salt in the solution.

Which characteristic do most plants have in common?

They are autotrophic.

Which choice describes DNA after replication has taken place?

Two molecules, each with one original and one new strand.

A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed only one the amino acid phenylalanine what does this experiment indicate?

UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine.

What function does ATP carry out in living things?

Used to capture and transfer energy.

Which of the following are abiotic factors that shape ecosystems?

Wind, precipitation, and soil type.

A scientist wants to change the DNA of a sexually reproducing organism and have the new DNA present in every cell of the organism. In order to do this after fertilization, she would change the DNA in which of the following?

Zygote.

Which of the following carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis?

tRNA