BIOLOGY 1 FINAL

if an animal has 26 chromosomes in all their somatic cells, how many chromosomes will be in each of their egg cells?

13

What is the significance of crossing over

A pair of homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material with other pairs of homologous chromosomes

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, individuals with which of the following genotypes, would be affected by the disorder?

AA and Aa

The malfunctions of which two major types of cell surface receptors are associated with many human diseases

Both A and B (G protein, cup receptor and receptor tyro sign kinases)

Which of the following is not an application of recombinant DNA technology

DNA fingerprinting in forensic science

True or false: types of cancer treatments include chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy

False

Why are X-linked recessive, genetic disorders, more commonly seen in males

Females must receive two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the disorder, but males need only one copy.

Which of the following scientist was not involved in the discovery of the DNA molecule and its chemical structure?

Gregor Mendel

scientists Anna Soto, and Carlos Sonneschein, found evidence that nonylphenol interferes with the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle of human breast cells. a possible consequence of disabling the G1 checkpoint is that the cell

May begin to replicate DNA before it is ready or allow damage DNA to be replicated, and then continue dividing inappropriately. It unchecked this cell vision could continue to form of potentially cancerous tumor.

during which phase of the cells life cycle is DNA replicated

S phase

if a recessive allele causes a fatal disease that kills the effective individual before she can reproduce. Why doesn't that allele quickly become extinct in the population?

The recessive allele is carried in the genome of heterozygotes who do not suffer from the disease

What is one way that cancer cells managed to avoid detection in destruction by the immune system

Undergo genetic mutations, or have proteins on their surface that turn off immune cells

What are the basic reasons that multicellular eukaryotes undergo cell division?

all of the above (to reproduce,to grow, to repair damaged or dead cells)

patients with sickle cell anemia have a short life expectancy, and rarely produce offspring to pass on their trait. In some regions of the world, however, where malaria is prevalent, being heterozygous for sickle cell anemia, is protective against malaria, and therefore, natural selection has caused an increased in the frequency of the mutated sickle cell allele. this is called.

an environment influenced trait

_is a type of program cell, death or controlled cell suicide in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion. During this process, cellular agents top up the DNA and fragment, the organelles and other cytoplasmic components.

apoptosis

homologous chromosomes

are pair of DNA, one from each parent, that contain the same genes as each other

All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness, except

binary fission

humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Select the true statement below.

both chromosomes in pairs one through 22 have the same genes at the same loci, but the alleles may be different on the two chromosomes

most _ diseases ( such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes) are caused by multiple genes interacting in complex ways with each other, and with external factors. They are referred to as _ traits in which malfunctions in key genes may make a person susceptible to disease development with environmental factors in lifestyle choices, influencing disease occurrence and severity.

chronic; complex

an individual which is generally identical to the parent produced by asexual reproduction is called a

clone

When two alleles for trait are equally expressed, it exhibits

codominance

One difference between normal cells and cancer cells that cancer cells

continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together

engineering molecular biologist, often buy segments of DNA from two separate organisms. This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting. Which of the following is the form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?

crossing over

True or false: Mendel deciphered the five principles of inheritance with full knowledge and understanding of chromosomes or DNA

false

_ is a technique for correcting abnormal genes responsible for disease development

gene therapy

For a Mendelian traits, the genotype BB is also referred to as

homozygous dominant

When red and white flowers are crossed, both alleles for flower color are partially expressed resulting in an intermediate (pink) phenotype. This is an example of.

incomplete dominance

which lifecycle phase does the cell spend the longest time in?

interphase

consider cholera, a disease that is frequently epidemic in places where the water supply is contaminated with human feces. People acquire the color of bacterium, vibrio cholerae by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria that causes the disease cholera produces the toxin that locks the G protein in is activated state. What is the function of the G protein?

it causes diarrhea

ABO blood type in humans exhibits, codominance and multiple alleles. What is the likelihood of a type AB father and a type a mother having a type O child? hint: the father is heterozygous AB, and the mother is heterozygous AO. Refer to the figure below. draw a pun square to guide you.

it is impossible

Which two processes combined to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number

meiosis and independent assortment

in _, pairs of homologous chromosomes, do not separate normally during meiosis one or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis two. As a result, one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy.

nondisjunction

A_ trait is a characteristic, such as eye color, that is influenced by two or more genes. because multiple genes are involved, they do not follow the patterns of Mendelian inheritance.

polygenic trait

Which of these is not a reason for cells to undergo cell division to produce identical, daughter cells

production of gametes

disease causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. this is possible because of

quorum sensing

Which of the following does not occur during mitosis

replication of DNA

down syndrome is caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21. Having three copies instead of two homologous chromosomes is called

trisomy

True or false: normal cells use checkpoint to control, speed of cell division, and prevent cell division with damaged or incomplete DNA

true

true or false? eukaryotes undergo two types of division: asexual reproduction through mitosis and sexual reproduction ( the production of sperm and eggs) through meiosis

true

The sequence of DNA differs among individuals within a species. This is the reason for.

variations in phenotypes