Biology 10-Chapter 16
woodchuck groundhog
a _ or _ is a stocky, burrowing rodent that belongs to the squirrel family; it may grow more than 16 inches, long and weigh up to 30 pounds; populate eastern United States; these animals build tunnel complexes covered by mounds perhaps several feet high; these mounds interfere with farming and create hazardous holes where livestock may break their legs
house cat
a common resident of homes in many nations is the _, which is prized in many cultures for its ability to keep homes, warehouses, and ships free from mice; they also make good pets; they are thought to be a domesticated breed of the European wild cat or the African wild cat, with which it can greeliy interbreed and produce fertile offspring
European African
a common resident of homes in many nations is the house cats, which is prized in many cultures for its ability to keep homes, warehouses, and ships free from mice; they also make good pets; they are thought to be a domesticated breed of the _ wild cat or the _ wild cat, with which it can greeliy interbreed and produce fertile offspring; these wild things look like ordinary household tabbies, but have a wild, ferocious nature and are completely untamable
marsupials marsupium
all of the more than 200 kinds of pouched mammals _ are identified by an abdominal pouch, or _ in which the young are raised; nearly all of the pouched animals live in Australia and nearby islands; the only exception is the opossum, found throughout North and South America
lions
also among the largest living cats are the _; male may attain a length of 7 feet (excluding tail) and weight of 500 lb.; like most cats, they typically ambush their prey, stalking as close as possible to the victim before making a short, high-speed charge; can briefly attain a speed of 50 mph; most of theses live in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few are found in India
tigers
among the largest cats are the _ the largest of the living cats is the Siberian tiger, or Amur; a male Siberian can weigh as much as 650 lb. and measure 10 feet in length (excluding tail)
spotted owl
an example of a controversial "endangered species" protected by this law is the _ (Strix occidentalis) a type of small owl that is fairly abundant in the western United States
ruminants
animals which chew the cud are called _; have a stomach that is divided into four sections
woolly mammoth
another famous type of extinct elephant was the _, characterised by its thick fur and huge tusks
"sea cows"
aquatic dugongs and manatees are the only living families in the order Sirenia; they are often called _ because they graze like cows; they can be seen in shallow waters of tropical rivers, lagoons, and seacoasts eating algae and submerged grasses and coming to the surface every minute or two for a breath of air; ancient sailors called these animals sirens, which is Greek for "sea nymph: or mermaid; therefore, scientists named the order Sirenia; dugongs, which have forked tails, reach 10 feet in length and weigh about 400 pounds
lemurs
are an unusual kind of primate which live in only one area- Madagascar and nearby islands
seals
are aquatic carnivores; the _ are well suited for to aquatic life; they have webbed flippers; are designed to dive deep in pursuit of fish; their muscles also contain large amounts of the oxygen-storage molecule myoglobin, allowing them to remain submerged for 15 to 20 minutes at a time
whales
are by far the largest of the mammals, and are probably the largest animals that have ever lived
shrews
are common insectivores that inhabit moist areas
hares
are much like rabbits except they are larger, reaching 25 inches in length, and they tend to have longer ears; their large ears act as radiators to expel excess heat; this is a very excitable animal with rapid body activities which create much heat; an earless one would overheat and die; give with to young that have eyes open and a full coat of hair; live in grassy hollows; the common jackrabbit of the southwestern United States is really a _; the snowshoe rabbit is also a _
flying lemur
are nocturnal animals of the tropical jungles of Malaysia, Thailand, Borneo, Java, and the Philippines; these animals were once confused with lemurs, a kind of primate, because of their arboreal habits, and that name remains with them; it is the longest-gliding mammal, able to glide several hundred yards at a time; this teeth do not grow continually
donkeys
are perissodactyls that have also helped man since earliest times; although they have been crossed with horses, their offspring-mules and hinnies- are always sterile
beavers
are the largest rodents in the United States; adults can be over 40 inches long (including tales) and weigh as much as 60 lbs.; construct large dams; in Colorado was over one thousand feet long; in Montana; it was roughly 23000 feet long
baleen whales
are whales that have two rows of comblike plates (known as baleen or whalebone) that hang like curtain from each side of the upper jaw
mammary glands
as well as all glands of a mammal's body, are specialized epithelial cells; the glands may nearly double in size as it manufactures milk to provide nourishment for the newborn
animals
biologist characterize _ as living organisms that move from place to place in their environment, mainly for the purpose of obtaining food
ungulates
hoofed animals are called _ and scientists divide them into two groups, according to the number of toes they have; most of these have been designed as swift runners, because they need a means of escape from predators
equine
horses, zebras, and donkeys are all members of the _ family
Strix occidentalis
however, some people have questioned the wisdom of classifying the northern spotted owl as a threatened species when it is virtually indistinguishable from relatively abundant owls of the same species (_) living in California
cecum
in horses (perissodactyls), and rabbits (lagomorphs), a special side pocket, called a _, lies near the stomach to provide for a fermentation; sometimes this side-pocket style of digestion does not complete the job, and the food is eaten twice to complete the process
duckbill platypus echidna Monotremata
in two unusual orders of mammals, the young are not nourished inside the mother's body through a placent; in the _ and the _ (spiny anteater), the members of the order _, the egg is covered with a leathery shell after fertilization and expelled from the mother's body
pika
is a most unusual lagomorph because it is very small, about 7 inches in length; it has short ears and looks more like a guinea pig than a rabbit; live in Asia, Europe, and western North America; America's live on mountainsides beyond the tree line
oviduct
life begins for the young mammal during fertilization, when the sperm reaches the egg in a tube called the _
prides
lions are unusual among the cats in that they dwell in small groups called _ (most cats are rather solitary)
moles
living almost exclusively underground, _ burrow and tunnel close to the surface, searching for their favorite food, earthworms; to provide for times of short supply, this will store up earthworms by biting off their head and twisting them in a knot into a reserve until their head grows back and they escape
rats
look like mice but larger, stronger, and much more aggressive; spread disease
tusks
made of ivory, are actually enlarged incisor teeth; a walrus has _, which are elongated upper incisor teeth
flying squirrels
make their home among the trees and inhabit areas where they find their favorite food: hickory nuts
antlers
many artiodactyls have either _ (solid hornlike structures which are shed annually) or horns; are the bony elevations on the skull of deer; usually only the male deer will grow antlers, but the female reindeer also possesses them; unlike horns, which grow from skin cells, _ are solid bone; deer have branching _; used as a weapon which the buck uses to fight other deer in competition for territories or to protect his doe (female deer) from predators
horns
many artiodactyls have either _ antlers or _ (hollow structures which are usually permanent and thus not shed); true _, found in ruminants such as sheep and cattle, are composed of hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermal cells that surround a core of bone arising from the skull; cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and antelope; because the animal may injure each other or people farmers often will remove this; in some species both the males and females have these; the rhinoceros, a perissodactyl, does not have a true one produced from hairlike keratin fibers
New World Old World
monkeys are often divided into two groups, _ _ monkeys (they include the marmosets, capuchins, douroucoulis, howlers, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and woolly monkeys) and _ _ monkeys (they include the mandrill of the high forest regions of Africa, the colobus monkey of the rain forests of central Africa, and the baboon of the African savannas)
water Cape
more exotic varieties of bovids include the _ buffalo a type o fox, which eats the buds of aquatic plants and grasses, and the _ buffalo, a fierce creature which is very strong and easily is very strong and easily provoked
motile
most animals are _; that is, they are capable of moving their bodies from place to place
artiodactyls
most of them (cattle, buffalo, antelope, deer, sheep, goats, camels) have an even number of functional toes (two or four), giving them their order name artiodactyla (artios means "even" dactylos means "toe"); many of our domesticated animals are members of this order; are the most important animals on earth
sea lions
most performing seals are _ large seals that have ears but lack underfur
tetrapods
most vertebrates are _, animals with four appendages of limbs attached by special bones to the body at the hips and shoulders
weasel
one of the most relentless hunters among the carnivores is the _; it will attack animals larger than itself; a male one may kill at least 500 small rodents each year
porcupine
one of the most unusual rodents is the _ which has long stiff quills on its back sides and tail; have barbs at the end of their quills which make the quills almost impossible to remove without cutting them out
chimpanzee
one of the most well-known apes is the _, which is considered to be the most intelligent of the apes and is probably the most intelligent animal
insectivores
one order of small mammals, the _ gets its name from the insect-eating habits of its members
dogs dingoes coyotes jackals
other canines that are apparently members of the same kind (in the biblical sense) as wolves are domestic _, _, _, and _ all of which can interbreed with wolves and produce fertile offspring
dermoptera
scientists have given the flying lemurs the name _ meaning "skin wing"
aquatic carnivores
seals are _
Baikal seal
seals come in a variety of sizes, ranging from th e_ of southern Siberia, which is about 4 feet long and weighs about 140 pounds to the enormous elephant seal of the subantarctic islands, which reaches a length of up to 20 feet and weighs around 3 tons
hoofs
some of the most valuable mammals to man are those whose toes end in _ (enlarges and thickened toenails)
Alaskan brown bear
the _ (or Kodiak bear) is considered the largest land-dwelling carnivore; some of these bears have a nose-to-tail length of over 8 feet and weigh over 1600 pounds
hyrax
the _ also called a cony (coney), is described in the Bible as a defenceless animal that makes its home in the rocks; have hoofs on their toes and pas on the soled of their feet; the soft feet pads allow the otherwise defenseless animal to cling to the rock for protection; they usually live in colonies
wombat
the _ an animal 27 to 47 inches long and weighing up to 80 pounds, is one of the best diggers among mammals
rodent
the _ are the small, gnawing mammals which have two pairs of sharp, chisel-like incisor teeth; they keep growing as long as the animal lives; there are more rodents than there are all other mammals combined
red squirrel
the _ has a reddish color that blends well with the reddish tint of pine trees; it lives well in coniferous forest, particularly in th southeastern United States
mouse lemur
the _ has the fastest development of any primate, being independent of its mother in only four months and fully mature between seven and eight months
toothed whales
the _ include such marine mammals as sperm whales, killer whales, dolphins, and porpoises
rhinoceros
the _ is a very large perissodactyl with three functional toes on each foot; weigh as much as 3 1/2 tons; wallowing in the mud; mud creates a protective coating which shields it from the sun; can charge at nearly 35 mph, out-accelerate a horse from a standing start, and turn faster than a horse
rabbit
the _ is a well-known lagomorph; give birth to naked young with closed eyes; burrow into the ground for a home
tapir
the _ is an unusual creature that looks much like a pig with an extra long snout or short trunk; today they are protected by the countries of their habitation
orangutan
the _ is characterized by its long, shaggy, orange-brown hair and large, sad-looking face; weighing up to 165 pounds
camel
the _ is rather unusual creature designed to withstand extremes of hot, dry lands; have been a prime source of meat, milk, and clothing, as well as a means of transportation for desert dwellers for centuries; can survive temperatures ranging from -20 to over 100 degrees F.; thick pads connect the two toes on each of the feet, giving the animal snowshoelike support on soft sand, traction on steep mountain trails, and insulation from hot and cold ground; eats a wide variety of vegetation, including highly alkaline plants that are unpalatable to other animals; has three chambers, and, as in other artiodactyls, fermentation aids its digestion; stores fat in large humps atop the body instead of in a layer under the skin; they allow this to go for long periods without food; they serve as a source of water
gray squirrel
the _ lives in hardwood forests where its grayish color blends well with the bark of trees such as oak, hickory, and maple
polar bear
the _ of the Arctic regions is only large land carnivore which does not instinctively fear man; will often deliberately stalk and kill a human for food
Alaskan bull moose
the _ the largest of all the deer, has a huge set of antlers which may spread over five feet across; must accumulate an extra 50 pounds of calcium salts from its vegetable diet
glyptodont
the _ was a 3-ton, armadillolike mammal with extremely heavy armor, making the animal a mobile fortress
horse
the _, a single-toed perissodactyl, has been one of the most useful animals in God's creation; since earliest history, they have been used for hunting, farming, travel, and warfare; scientists have found fossil evidence of some in all continents except Australia; after some catastrophe, they disappeared from the Western world, surviving only in the East; until the Spanish brought them into Mexico; the only ones considered truly wild by scientists are the Przewalski's in Mongolia
yak
the _, an ox which lives in the Himalayas at altitudes up to 20,000 feet, has a thick coat of hair to protect it against the cold and broad hooves that enable it to roam nimbly in rugged mountain terrain
bovids
the artiodactyls of the family Bovidae known as _, have been particularly valuable to mankind since the beginning as sources of food and clothing; are ruminants and equipped for grazing
bubonic plague food poisoning typhus
the best method of control are sanitation procedures; rats are of grave concern to health officials, because rats carry diseases fatal to man such as _, _, and _
house mouse
the common _ is found on every continent including Antarctica, where it lives in the heated dwellings of man; are among the most prolific creatures; they breed throughout the year and may have five or more liters of 3 to 12 young in one year; young can begin to reproduce when they are only 35 days old
"chew the cud"
the even-toed mammals can be divided into those that do not chew the cud (pig and hippopotamus) and those which do chew the cud (cow, sheep, etc.); the term_ refers to the habit of hastily chewing and swallowing food which is later regurgitated and chewed more thoroughly
rumen
the first division of such a stomach, called the _ is the section which holds the unchewed food until it can be masticated (chewed) thoroughly; when these animals eat, the food passes down the esophagus to the _, the largest portion of the stomach, where it is acted upon by a rich supply of bacteria and formed into small balls called cud; this then moves the food to the reticulum, then to the omasum, and finally to the abomasum, which acts more like the human stomach by digesting the proteins in the vegetation
cougar jaguar
the largest cats found in the New World are the _ (also known as the mountain lion or puma) and the _
wolverine
the largest member of the weasel family is the _ which may weigh up to 50 pounds; are noted for their strength and ferocity
indricotherium
the largest of all extinct land mammals (known by the Latin genus name _) was nearly as tall as a 3-story building and may have weighed 50,000 pounds
bears
the least carnivorous of the flesh eaters, take advantage of several kinds of food; is supported by a flat-footed stance
monkeys
the most familiar primates with tails, vary widely in size and behavior
fermentation
the process used by microorganisms to break down cellulose is called _
four-chambered stomach
the ruminants possess a special _ in which fermentation can take place
deer
there are 53 species of _; the early Egyptian people used the _ in some sort of managed way as a source of food and leather; the Laplanders of northern Europe tend herd of reindeer; northern Canada hunt caribou, moose, and elk to supply their needs
lagomophs
there are about 60 species of _; they have fur incisors in the upper haw instead of two; (hares, rabbits, and pikas) are herbivores; the tails of these mammals are very short, and their hind legs are longer than their front legs
oviparous
these _ (egg-laying) mammals differ from viviparous mammals in that they do not bear their young alive
bottle-nosed dolphin common dolphin
two of the most common types of dolphins are the _ and the _ both of which live in all of the oceans of the world
endangered
types of animals and plants that still exist today but are in danger of extinction are said to be _
cud
when these animals eat, the food passes down the esophagus to the rumen, the largest portion of the stomach, where it is acted upon by a rich supply of bacteria and formed into small balls called _
cold-blooded
whereas a _ animal must regulate its temperature by external factors (such as lying in the sun when its body temperature is too low or cooling off in the shade when its temperature is too high)
walruses
which are also aquatic carnivores look somewhat like seals but are different animals; has tusks; may weigh as much as 3000 pounds, and its tusks may measure more than 2 feet long and 10 inched around at the base
herbivores
which are plant eaters are the prey of carnivores
calves
while closely resembling fish, cetaceans are true mammals in that they are warmblooded, breathe with lungs, bear live young (called _), and nurse their young with milk
canine
wolves which are members of the dog (Canidae or _) family, are ruthless and ferocious carnivores with a justified reputation as cunning attack animals
marsupial
(kangaroos, opossums, etc.) do not lay eggs; they bear their young alive
grizzly bear
Kodiaks are a type of _, some of which live in the western United States; may be the most dangerous animals of North America
killer whales orcas
_ (_) are another well-known toothed whale; prey on such creatures as seals, penguins, dolphins, and small baleen whales; although they commonly hunt in packs and are ferocious hunters in the wild, they are surprisingly gentle in captivity and, like dolphins, are noted for their intelligence
nocturnal
_ (active at night) in densely populated areas
wolves
_ which are members of the dog (Canidae or canine) family, are ruthless and ferocious carnivores with a justified reputation as cunning attack animals; running in packs of two to three dozen animals; are enormous eaters, but can go for days without eating, or even weeks if necessary
elephants
_, the largest living land animals, are the mammals with trunks (order Proboscidea); there are only two living species the African and the Asian (also known as the Indian ), but nearly 300 species of these are known from fossils; the African ones are larger and have bigger ears than the Asian ones; have tusks
extinct
a type of animal or plant that is no longer found alive on the earth is said to be _
gophers
about halfway between a squirrel and woodchuck in size, populate the central and western areas of America and belong to a family of their own; living in long, complex, underground tunnels which form a community, often consisting of hundreds of individuals
amniotic fluid
all during its growth, the embryo is surrounded by a fluid called the _
endoskeleton
all vertebrates have an internal framework, or skeleton, called an _ made of bone or cartilage or a combination fo the two
squirrel
another familiar rodent similar in size to the rat is the _; there are over 200 species of squirrels around the world comprising several types: ground _, chipmunks, woodchucks, tree _, and flying _; ground _, which have shorter, less bushy tails and larger feet than tree squirrels, dig burrows in the earth or find shelter in hollow logs, under logs, or among rocks; to rise on their hind legs to look for danger; chipmunks, marmots, praire dogs, and woodchucks are often called ground squirrels, but they are not in the same genus
apes
are primates without tails
endoderm
cells of the _ (inner layer) will specialize to become the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra
mesoderm
cells of the _ (middle layer) will specialize into muscle, bone, blood, lymph vessels, reproductive organs, and kidneys
ectoderm
cells of the _ (outer layer) will specialize into the nervous system, sensory organs, and skin
Endangered Species Act
concern for endangered species in the United States led to the _ a Federal law originally enacted in 1973 and later expanded
foxes
despite their doglike appearance, _ do not appear to be members of the wolf kind because of fundamental genetic differences
spinal cord brain skull backbone notochord
every vertebrate has a _ with a _ at its anterior (front) end; the brain is protected by a _, and the body is supported or stiffened by either a _ or a _ (a flexible, un-segmented rod)
saber-toothed cat
extinct carnivorous mammals include the magnificent _, a lion-sized carnivore characterized by its prominent 8-inch fangs
oxen
familiar animals in this family include cattle, sheep, goats, antelope; the domestic breeds of cattle are all different breeds o f_ a name for wild cattle
gliding flight
flying squirrels have _ instead of powered flight like the bats
capybara
fortunately, the mice and rats of populated areas do not reach the size of the _, the largest rodent; growing up to 4 feet long and weighing over 100 pounds, this lives in South America east of the Andes; a smaller species lives in the southern part of Central America; grazes near lakes and rivers and carries no threat to man; in fact, it is easily tamed and makes a good pet
diurnal
giant anteaters are _(active during the day-time) in uninhabited regions
placenta
in most orders of mammals (the placental mammals) the region of implantation between the developing young and the tissues of the uterus will become the _
echolocation system
these small bats "home in" on flying insects by emitting high-pitched sounds and then using their extra-large ears to detect the echoes that bounce from the insects
prehensile tail
they possess a _ (a tail designed for grasping objects) and their nostrils are widely spaced
royal antelope
they vary in height from the 15 inch _ to the 18 foot giraffe the tallest living animal
giraffe
they vary in height from the 15 inch royal antelope to the 18 foot _ the tallest living animal
velvet
this skin covering is called _, because of its appearance; at just the right time of development, the blood vessels in this will constrict (close off) and the skin dies
perissodactyls
three families (horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses) have an odd number of functional toes, giving them their order name perissodactyla (perissos means "odd")
homeothermic
thus, warm-blooded animals such as mammals are also said to be _ ("maintaining the same temperature")
krill
to feed, the whale swims through a school of its prey (such as _, a small marine crustacean) with its mouth open, trapping thousands of the animals in its mouth; it then closes its mouth, stains out the excess water through the baleen plates, and swallows the prey whole
fetus
later in its development, when it can be recognized as a young individual, it is called a _
dolphins
many scientists think that _ may be among the most intelligent of the mammals, ranking second only to the chimpanzee in intelligence;like bats, they have a sophisticated sonar system for detecting underwater objects; are produced by blowing air through the air passages used in breathing; these passages lead to the blowhole, which has flaps of muscle that move to help produce different sounds; they like the company of other dolphins, congregating in herds often numbering into the hundreds; dolphins can apparently swim at more than 30 miles per hour and are noted for their habit of leaping out of the water; dolphins feed on fish and squid
Chordata
modern evolutionists usually place vertebrates within a lightly larger group known as the phylum _; in this system, the phylum _ includes, along with the vertebrates, the amphioxus, along with the sea squirts and a few other rarely seen tunicates
omnivores
some are classified as _, because they consume both plant and animal foods; bears are more accurately described as this because they live on both plant and animal foods
porpoise
some people confuse the _ with the dolphin; a dolphin has a beaked snout; this does not; this is not as playful as the dolphin and rarely leaps out of the water
ai
the _ a three-toed sloth which lives in the tropical forests of South America is about two feet long and gives the distress call "ai-ai" that inspired its name; to the ai belongs the distinction of being the slowest land mammal, with a usual speed of 6 to 8 feet per minute
umbilical cord
the _ connecting the fetus to the placenta will be cut by the mother, completely freeing the newborn from the mother
long-nosed bat
the _ of Mexico and the southwestern United States has a long snout and tongue which it plants upon which it feeds
Rodentia
the largest order, _, contains well over 1500 species of beavers, gophers, mice, porcupines, rats, squirrels, and other gnawing mammals
gibbon
the smallest ape is the _ which uses its long arms to swing hand over hand through the trees; when on the ground it walks erect, with a characteristic waving of the arms above the head
species
there are over one million known and classified _ of animals alive today
mammals birds reptiles amphibians fish
vertebrates, which make up only about 3% of all animals, include the more familiar animals: _, _, _, _, and _
four-chambered
warm-blooded animals such as mammals need the efficiency provide by a _ heart; the atria, muscular pouches on top of the heart, act as a priming pump to fill the strong ventricles with blood; the separate action is required because blood flows through capillaries in the lungs, providing much resistance; as a result, the blood pressure falls greatly after the blood gets through the lungs
placental egg-laying pouched
we have seen that there are three major categories of mammals, based on the way the developing young are nourished: _ mammals, _ mammals, and _ mammals
vertebrates
zoology is such a broad study that historically it has been divided into smaller parts, beginning with animals with a backbone
invertebrates
zoology is such a broad study that historically it has been divided into smaller parts, beginning with animals without a backbone
pangolin
a _ or scaly anteater, has a protective hide like an armadillo and eating habits like the anteater; the characteristic that makes it different is the composition of its skin; the order name, Pholidota, means "horny scale" and describes the overlapping plates that cover the body; the plates are made from fused bundles of hair in the skin rather than from horn as in armadillos; their sticky tongue is up to 10 inches long; like anteaters, they have poor vision and hearing but a keen sense of smell
sessile
a few animals are attached to one location but are able to move the environment-air or water-toward themselves for the purpose of trapping food; these are said to be _
radial symmetry
a few animals possess _; the best way to illustrate radial symmetry is to picture a pie
asymmetrical
a few animals, like the amoeba, display great variation in form, changing shape almost constantly; biologists call these animals _ which literally means without symmetry
amphioxus
a marine invertebrate that looks somewhat like a small fish
mammals
animals of the Mammalia, better known as _, are the most familiar and the most dominant group of vertebrates on the earth today; these animals are warm-blooded, have hair, and are provided with mammary glands for producing milk; all of these breathe air by means of lungs, and all have a four-chambered heart; most have two pairs of limbs and seven neck vertebrae, and most are born alive and nourished by the mother; horns, claws, nails, and hoofs are special structures in the skin of some mammals that are produced the same way as hair an dare composed of keratin; some mammals have thick, long hairs coming from their mout or head, which are used for the sense of touch; we commonly call them whiskers; the coloration and pattern of hair often blend in well with the surroundings, protecting the mammals form predators
bilateral symmetry
humans and most animals are constructed with a design called _; can be cut in half in only one plane to make each half like the other; this design is also the basic blueprint form which God made most animals
spermaceti
in addition, the sperm whale's huge head contains a large amount of a waxy substance known as _ that was once used as a lamp oil, as a lubricant, and as a base for cosmetics
carnivores
most _ or flesh-eating animals, prey on herbivores; scientists use the Latin word carnis, meaning "flesh" and vore, meaning "to eat" to name these meat eaters; in general, they lead a more active life than herbivores
diaphragm
only mammals have a muscular _ that separates the body cavity into two main areas-abdominal and thoracic
vampire bat
perhaps the most feared bat is the common _ of Central and South America; with razor-sharp incisor teeth, it makes a small incision in the skin of its victim (often livestock) and proceeds to lap up the blood that blood that flows out; an anticoagulant in the bat's saliva prevents clotting of the blood so the bat can obtain a full meal; although this causes little harm to the victim, they can carry rabies, making them a threat to livestock
order
recall that an _ is a category in the Linnaean system of classification
armadillo
sixteenth-century Spanish explorers gave the _ its name, which means "little armored one"; rows of tough plates which are jointed across the back; some kinds are only about 6 inches long, but the giant of this of South America is 4 feet long and weighs over 100 pounds; is a shy nocturnal animals which burrows into the ground to rest and hide; it uses its claws to scrape the ground in search of insects, spiders, earthworms, and snails; always bear identical twins or quadruplets, causing all offspring in one litter to be of the same sex
sloths
the - spend the majority of their life hanging upside down with their long, curved claws hooked around tree branches; they eat, move from branch to branch, and even sleep in this position; are arboreal; because the hair lies from belly to back-the opposite direction to that of other mammals-rainwater runs off easily while the animals are in a hanging position
opossums
the _ (commonly known as the possum) is the only marsupial outside Australia and the surrounding islands; it is about the size of a cat, with hairless ears and tail and a narrow, tapered snout; will play dead by going limp, rolling over with its eyes shut and tongue lolling out; they eat just about anything, especially insects and carrion
hedgehog
the _ is and interesting insectivore which is covered with spines that are shorter and softer than a porcupine's spines and always lack barbs; weighs 2 pounds; are the longest-living insectivores (they may live up to 15 years) and are immune to the poisons of most insects; they are extremely durable animals; it hibernates from October to April, these animals have a greatly lowered activity and rely on stored fat supplies for energy
numbat
the _ or banded anteater, is a squirrel-sized marsupial that inhabits the eucalyptus forests and sandy deserts of southern and western Australia; unlike most marsupials, this is diurnal and retires for the night into a hollow log or a bed of leaves and grass it makes for itself; it swallows smaller termites whole, but the larger ones it chews up thoroughly with its 52 teeth-more than any other land mammal
aardvark
the _ seems to be custom-designed for two things: digging holes and eating termites and ants; is an Afrikaans name meaning "earth pig"; they differ from all other mammals in that their permanent teeth possess little tubes that radiate from the central pulp cavity; hence, scientists have named the order Tubulidentata (tube teeth); their teeth have no roots or enamel
koalas
the animal with the most confining diet may be the _; it eats only the buds and leaves of the eucalyptus, an evergreen tree native to Australia; it spends most of its time in the trees, seldom coming to the ground; when it does descend, it will lick the solid to add grit and bacteria to its digestive tract, helping it digest the leaves; it also has a special stomach which helps to digest the bulky, fibrous food; a baby is only the size of a bumble bee when born; its mother is about 24 inches long
echidna
the are the only oviparous (egg-laying) mammals in existence; the _ (spiny anteater) is from 12 to 18 inches long and weighs about 10 pounds; the spiny anteater has a long snout, a long, sticky tongue that it uses to lap up ants and termites, and a strong forefoot with flattened claws for digging; the creature can dig its way very suddenly into the earth when threatened, leaving only its sharp spines showing; if the ground is too hard for this disappearing act, it rolls itself into a spiny ball
duckbill platypus
the are the only oviparous (egg-laying) mammals in existence; the _ which weighs only about 4 1/2 pounds and is 1 1/2 feet long, is designed to live both on land and in water; is a graceful swimmer; the webs on its forefeet pull up under its paws, exposing the claws for walking and digging; the distinctive bill is one of their most useful pieces of equipment; it is not hard like a duck's bill but is soft and rubbery and is covered with soft, sensitive skin; on land, it uses the bill for digging; in water, the bill is the animal's chief sensory organ, because the eyes and ears close under water; special organs in its bill that detect electric fields; on each hind foot, the male has a sharp spur connected to a venom gland, which he uses for defense against predators
primary germ layers
the embryo takes form when the blastula forms three distinct layers of cells called the _
gestation period
the entre period of growth from fertilization to birth is called the _
bats
the flying mammals, differ in structure from other mammals in that their fingers are greatly elongated; in colder areas, these spend longer periods of uninterrupted hibernation than any other mammal; tropical of these eat fruit, drop seeds, and help spread the plants
blue whale
the giant _ the world's largest animal may attain a length of 110 feet and a weight of more than 150 tons-even more massive than the largest dinosaurs that ever lived; spend the summers in the polar regions and migrate to equatorial waters in winter, navigation by the earth's magnetic fiels and by long-distance sonar
sperm whale
the giant _ which may be as long as 65 feet and weigh as much as 60 tons, has between 36 and 56 teeth in its jaws; prey on large marine animals (most notably giant squid) and have been known to dive more than two miles beneath the ocean's surface in search of prey; was the most sought-after whale, and each yielded huge quantities of whale oil for fuel and spermaceti; release ambergris
giant anteater antbear
the largest anteater is the _ or _; it grows up to 6 feet long and weighs 75 pounds; with its long claws and powerful forelimbs it tears down large anthills and consumes as many as 30,000 ants and termites a day; its long tongue is almost two feet in length and is covered with a sticky secretion; is covered with a coat of shaggy, bristly hair and has a long, bushy tail that is about 2 1/2 feet long; although they have no teeth and have relatively poor eyesight and hearing, they do have an acute sense of smell
red kangaroo
the largest living marsupial is the _; it weighs around 160 pounds and measures about 8 feet long
kangaroo
the largest living marsupial is the _; males continue to grow throughout their entire lives, but as they get bigger they are less efficient at moving around; they will hop on their powerful hind legs when pursued, achieving speeds of 25-30 mph for several miles and 40 mph for short distances; some of these can go for long periods without water, perhaps two to three months, making them able to live in arid land
mountain gorilla
the largest of the apes is the _ of the volcanic mountain ranges in East Africa; the average male stands about 5 1/2 feet high when upright, has a chest 59 inches around, and weighs about 430 pounds; although not openly hostile, this is very powerful and able to fight to defend its family if necessary
uterus
the oviduct leads to a muscular organ called the _
pygmy shrew
the smallest mammal is believed to be the _ found in the Mediterranean region, South Africa, Pakistan, and India; an adult may measure only 1 1/2 inches in length and weigh less than a penny; can crawl through a tunnel left by an earthworm; are busy 24 hours a day with only brief periods of rest; will eat the equivalent of their own body weight each day; this nervous little animal can drop dead if startled by a loud noise
melon
the sound is then sent out through the _, a fatty organ lying in the bulge of the head
ambergris
the sperm whale's intestinal tract produces a grayish, waxy material known as _ that is often found floating in tropical seas and was once used to make perfumes
red bat
the tree-roosting _ can even tolerate parts of its body freezing solid
two toed three toed
the two types of sloths _-_ and _-_, are among the slowest-moving animals; on the ground, they can stand on their feet but cannot walk; to move, they sprawl on their belies and drag their bodies with their forelimbs
warm-blooded
a _ animal does not necessarily have warmer blood than a cold-blooded animal; the difference is that a _ animal regulates its temperature by internal mechanisms (altering blood flow, shivering, sweating, panting, etc.); all mammals are considered to be _
zebras
also perissodactyls look much like striped horses by are not
symmetry
as biologists study the living creation, they observe that many living things possess the quality of _
axial appendicular
as in man, the skeleton is divided into two parts, the _ skeleton and the _ skeleton
blastula
as the fertilized egg moves through the oviduct toward the uterus, it divides many times, increasing the number of cells until it is a hollow sphere of cells, called a _
insectivorous
as we have seen, many mammals are _
viviparous
mammals that bear their young alive and nourish them during development are called _ (vivus means "alive" and parous means "to bring forth")
Edentata
of the three families classed in this order or "without teeth" only one, the anteater, is actually toothless
hibernate
some small mammals like ground squirrels and woodchucks find it difficult to gather enough food in winter to keep their body temperature high, and so they have been given a special ability to _; their body temperature falls to within a degree of two of the freezing point, and their respiration and heartbeat slow as well; it would be stiff an d cold to the touch, breathing only about once every five minutes; although it appears dead, it will awaken in the spring; a few other mammals, such as bears, raccoons, and opossums, sleep during the wither but do not hibernate; a hibernating animal will not wake up of disturbed, but a sleeping one will
pronghorn antelope
the _ (an even-toed ungulate) of the United States plains is capable of sustained speeds in excess of 50 miles per hour and an briefly exceed 60; they graze on grass and herbs; although horns are not usually shed, the horns of the North American _ are shed each year after the breeding season
elephant seals
the _ is said to descend to 2000 feet to eat bottom-dwelling sharks, squids, and rays
