Biology 1002 (CH.18,20,31,37,38,19)

Complete the analogy: ________ is/are to birds as ________ is/are to mammals. A) Wings; legs B) Water; milk C) Feathers; hair D) Wings; opposable thumbs

Feathers; hair

Which of the following is an advantage of using managed relocation? A) Scientists will be able to accurately predict how many members of a species will survive the relocation because they can start the process with a definite number of members being moved. B) Purposefully moving species will allow scientists to put specific numbers of organisms in different areas so that the species population always maintains an even distribution of organisms across the area. C) All species moved will be saved from extinction. D) Governments will not face the large costs of maintaining conserved areas for corridors.

Governments will not face the large costs of maintaining conserved areas for corridors.

Refer to the figure above. Suppose a fossil was found and identified to be a species of approximately 3.5 million years old. This fossil could be a representative of which species? A) Australopithecus afarensis or Australopithecus anamensis B) Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus africanus C) Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus afarensis D) Australopithecus afarensis or Australopithecus africanus

Kenyanthropus platyops or Australopithecus afarensis

When a crocodile eats a fish, the interspecific interaction between the two could be expressed as ________ for the crocodile and ________ for the fish. A) -; - B) +; + C) +; - D) -; +

+; -

Which of the following statements about tunicates indicates that these animals are chordates? A) Larvae show segmentation, radial symmetry, and a pseudocoelom. B) Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and a notochord. C) Larvae and adults both have a true coelom. D) Tunicates have tube feet and a water vascular system.

Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and a notochord.

You find a wormlike, soft-bodied adult animal in a mudflat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and has a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animal represent? A) Cnidaria B) Platyhelminthes C) Nematoda D) Annelida

Annelida

While walking in your basement, you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have stepped on an organism. You look closely and see part of a segmented body and a few jointed appendages. What phylum does this animal represent? A) Echinodermata B) Annelida C) Arthropoda D) Chordata

Arthropoda

Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum A) Platyhelminthes. B) Annelida. C) Cnidaria. D) Arthropoda.

Arthropoda.

The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the A) Arthropoda. B) Mollusca. C) Annelida. D) Chordata.

Arthropoda.

Which phyla of animals are most closely related? A) Chordates and Nematodes B) Flatworms and Molluscs C) Sponges and Chordates D) Arthropods and Annelids

Arthropods and Annelids

Which phyla of animals are most closely related? A) Chordates and Nematodes B) Flatworms and Molluscs C) Sponges and Chordates D) Arthropods and Annelids

Arthropods and Annelids

Which of the following statements is true? A) Arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system. B) Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system. C) Vertebrates have an open circulatory system, while arthropods have a closed circulatory system. D) Annelids have an open circulatory system, while molluscs have a closed circulatory system.

Arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system.

According to this graph of changes in Earths atmosphere, which of the following took place between the years 1800 and 2000? A) Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels increased from 270 ppb to 390 ppb. B) Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increased from 950 ppb to 1,800 ppb. C) Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increased from 290 ppm to 380 ppm. D) Methane (CH4) levels increased from 270 ppm to almost 2,000 ppm.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increased from 290 ppm to 380 ppm.

Amphibians were diverse and abundant in the lush swamp forests of the ________, which is sometimes referred to as the age of the amphibians. A) Cambrian period B) Pleistocene epoch C) Mesozoic era D) Carboniferous period

Carboniferous period

Complete the analogy: ________ are to plant evolution as ________ is/are to vertebrate evolution. A) Ferns; insects B) Mosses; Tiktaalik C) Angiosperms; fungi D) Fungi; birds

Mosses; Tiktaalik

Which of the following statements is false? A) Stems and leaves depend on the water and minerals absorbed by the roots. B) Roots depend upon sugars produced in photosynthetic organs such as leaves. C) Plant root hairs help to absorb carbon dioxide from the soil. D) The shoot system of a plant consists of the stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction.

Plant root hairs help to absorb carbon dioxide from the soil.

Which of the following processes does not occur in ecosystems? A) Energy flows through the system. B) Carbon is cycled between biotic and abiotic forms. C) Producers convert light energy to chemical energy. D) The energy source that powers the system is used by consumers to make organic compounds.

The energy source that powers the system is used by consumers to make organic compounds.

Which of the following statements best describes how flight and feathers are related in the evolution of birds? A) The first flying birds did not have feathers, which evolved later. B) Feathers and flight evolved at the same time. C) The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly but may have used their feathers for insulation and display. D) Feathers are soft and do not leave fossils or fossil traces, so it is unknown which organisms first had feathers.

The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly but may have used their feathers for insulation and display.

Which of the following statements about germination is false? A) The germination of a seed represents the beginning of life. B) Germination usually begins when a seed takes up water. C) A hydrated seed expands, rupturing its seed coat. D) Germination usually takes place after a period of dormancy.

The germination of a seed represents the beginning of life.

What is the most likely evolutionary link between bipedalism and changes in the diet of early hominids? A) Bipedal species would be more likely to remain in one type of habitat. B) Bipedalism led to new farming practices. C) It is easier to escape predators with an upright posture. D) The greater ability to move to new habitats facilitated exploitation of new foods.

The greater ability to move to new habitats facilitated exploitation of new foods.

A vascular cambium cell divides to produce an inner and an outer daughter cell. Which of the following represents the probable fate of these cells? A) Both cells continue to divide to produce wood. B) The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will divide again. C) The inner cell will differentiate into phloem, and the outer cell will differentiate into xylem. D) Both cells will continue to divide without differentiating into specialized cells.

The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will divide again.

Which of the following statements about the phosphorus cycle is false? A) The main abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is in the soil. B) Plants release dissolved phosphate ions into the soil. C) Phosphates that drain from soils into the sea becomes part of new rock and will cycle back into living organisms. D) Guano can be used by farmers to add phosphorus to the soil.

The main abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is in the soil.

A 20-foot-tall tree that seemed to have stopped growing was cut down by the forester who had planted it 43 years earlier, who was concerned that it might be diseased. Measurements over the past 10 years had shown that the trees height varied only 2 or 3 inches each year, some years with a height increase and some years with a height decrease. Other data indicated that the tree had 41 rings of similar width and had produced similar numbers of nuts every year for the last 30 years. Based on these data, which conclusion was most likely a part of the foresters report on the trees health? A) All growth in this tree stopped 10 years ago. B) This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal growth. C) Overactivity of the trees apical meristems likely caused the stunted growth. D) The tree did not grow taller because it was putting all of its energy production into nut production.

This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal

The tallest plant on Earth is A) a 500-foot kelp living off the coast of California. B) a 379-foot redwood tree in California. C) a 740-foot white oak tree in Illinois. D) a giant seed fern in southern Peru.

a 379-foot redwood tree in California.

Starfish do not appear to have bilateral symmetry and yet the diagram indicates they are bilaterians. What other characteristics do they have that would confirm that classification? A)a bilateral larva and an anus that forms from the first opening in the embryoa B)water vascular system and tube feet C)external digestion and the ability to regenerate portions of its body D)an internal skeleton and a complete digestive system

a bilateral larva and an anus that forms from the first opening in the embryoa

Which of the following exhibits bilateral symmetry? A) a butterfly B) a sponge C) a sea anemone D) a pair of hands

a butterfly

You find a small, elongated animal embedded in the sand with one end sticking out. Among other things, it has segmental musculature, a coelom, a notochord, and a complete digestive tract with an anus located partway down the body. This animal is A) an annelid. B) a larval echinoderm. C) either a larval echinoderm or a chordate. D) a chordate.

a chordate

Which of the following items has a shape most like a squamous epithelial cell? A) a watermelon B) a cupcake C) a fried egg D) the letter "S"

a fried egg

Compared to other primates, anthropoids have A) a decreased reliance upon vision. B) a stronger reliance upon smell. C) a fully opposable thumb. D) smaller total body size in most cases.

a fully opposable thumb.

Foreign genes can be inserted into a single plant cell that is then cultured to produce A) a genetically modified plant. B) genetically modified seeds. C) a new plant species. D) clones of the organisms from which the genes were taken.

a genetically modified plant.

How could a population explosion of bacteria lead to oxygen depletion? A) The excess consumers used the oxygen for cellular respiration. B) The excess producers used the oxygen to complete photosynthesis. C) The excess decomposers removed all the nutrients from the habitat. D) The excess decomposers prevented plants from performing photosynthesis.

The excess consumers used the oxygen for cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements best describes the current scientific view of birds? A) a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs B) a group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth C) a group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic egg, and other heavy body features as an adaptation for flight D) a group of flying mammals that are derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs

a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs

Which of the following is an example of predation? A) a lizards camouflage B) a hawk swooping down quickly to capture, kill, and eat a prairie king snake C) a goldfinch feeding on the seeds of a thistle plant D) the vivid colors of the poison-arrow frog in Costa Rica

a hawk swooping down quickly to capture, kill, and eat a prairie king snake

Craniates are chordates that all possess A) a head. B) jaws. C) a vertebral column. D) amniotic eggs.

a head

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises, the level of sugar goes back down? A) the use of the sugar for energy by your cells B) a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback C) type II diabetes D) a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback

Neanderthals are best described as A) direct ancestors to modern humans. B) direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations. C) a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well-adapted to living in caves and carrying clubs. D) a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not have interbred with modern humans.

a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not have interbred with modern humans.

In this marine community, the sea otter is A) a primary consumer. B) a producer. C) a keystone species. D) a scavenger.

a keystone species.

The vertebrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of body fluids constant by varying the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) it secretes into the urine. You can confidently predict that this aspect of kidney function will be controlled by A) a positive feedback mechanism. B) a negative feedback mechanism. C) nerve impulses from the brain. D) a hormone produced in the kidney itself.

a negative feedback mechanism.

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be ________ that lived ________. A) a newly discovered species of Homo; as recently as 18,000 years ago B) a population of Homo sapiens with a genetic disorder; at the same time as the Neanderthals C) a lineage of early hominins; about 5 million years ago D) a dwarf lineage of Australopithecus; around the same time as "Lucy"

a newly discovered species of Homo; as recently as 18,000 years ago

Which of the following features is unique to chordates? A) bilateral symmetry B) a coelom C) a notochord D) a complete digestive tract including an anus

a notochord

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of molluscs? A) a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening B) a sessile lifestyle C) an internal skeleton and segmented body plan D) a rasping organ called the radula

a rasping organ called the radula

In a certain ecosystem, field mice are preyed on by snakes and hawks. The entry of wild dogs into the system adds another predator of the mice. The most likely short-term result of this addition is A) an increase in snake population. B) a tendency for hawks to prey on the dogs. C) a reduction in numbers of mice. D) migration of the hawks to another ecosystem.

a reduction in numbers of mice.

Which of the following animals displays radial symmetry? A) a worm B) a sea anemone C) a fish D) a lobster

a sea anemone

A typical sponge is best described as A) a slow-moving suspension feeder with a true coelom. B) a sessile suspension feeder with bilateral symmetry. C) a slow-moving carnivore with no true tissues or symmetry. D) a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues or body symmetry.

a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues or body symmetry.

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is A) jaws and a swim bladder. B) vertebrae. C) calcified (hard) bones. D) a skeleton made of cartilage

a skeleton made of cartilage

Which of the following is characteristic of all vertebrates? A) a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae B) a calcified (hard) skeleton and four legs C) a hinged jaw D) lungs or lung derivatives

a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae

The digestive tract of a nematode is most like which of the following? A) a sock B) a soda straw C) a cup D) a baseball

a soda straw

Which of the following is a characteristic of eudicots? A) parallel leaf venation B) vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem C) a flower with six petals D) a taproot system

a taproot system

In which of the following situations would plant reproduction be most likely to be pollinator-limited? A) a very large field of a single crop covering a large area B) a field of wildflowers in a very cold region C) a species of plant with a very long growing season D) plants that produce large fruits

a very large field of a single crop covering a large area

Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms? A) bilateral symmetry B) a water vascular system C) radial symmetry D) a deuterostome pattern of development

a water vascular system

About how much of the energy in the producers of an ecosystem will be available to secondary consumers in this ecosystem? A) 100% B) about 50% C) about 10% D) about 1%

about 1%

DDT and mercury A) were once used as an energy source. B) contribute to acid precipitation. C) accumulate in the tissues of organisms. D) deplete the ozone layer.

accumulate in the tissues of organisms.

To stabilize the environment in the habitat and enable it to become self-sufficient again, it would be helpful to A) add nitrates and phosphates to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. B) add producers to absorb excess carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. C) add consumers to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. D) add decomposers to recycle nutrients in the soil and water.

add producers to absorb excess carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue? A) plasma B) adipose tissue C) epithelial tissue D) muscle tissue

adipose tissue

Fossil and genetic evidence strongly supports the idea that modern humans A) independently arose from three different ancestral Homo species in Africa and Eurasia. B) all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting about 50,000 years ago. C) derive from an African lineage but also have genes derived from mixing with several Eurasian descendants of Homo erectus. D) derive from Neanderthals that independently evolved the features of modern humans in Europe and Africa.

all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting about 50,000 years ago.

What advantage do free-swimming larvae confer on reef-building corals? A) providing reef-building corals with a defense against fishes and other predators B) allowing reef-building corals to establish colonies in the deep ocean C) increasing survival since coral larvae have exoskeletons of chitin D) allowing reef-building corals to expand their populations into new habitats

allowing reef-building corals to expand their populations into new habitats

Which of the following adaptations allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land? A) lungs B) ectothermic metabolism C) an amniotic egg D) four legs

an amniotic egg

Which of the following items demonstrates radial symmetry? A) a glove B) a tennis racket C) a pair of sunglasses D) an apple pie

an apple pie

Typical animal embryos have ________, or external cell layer, and ________, which lines the digestive tract. A) an ectoderm; a blastula B) an ectoderm; an endoderm C) an endoderm; an ectoderm D) a mesoderm; a gastrula

an ectoderm; an endoderm

An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be A) a member of the Chordata. B) an echinoderm. C) an insect. D) a polychaete.

an insect

Kudzu is a fast-growing vine that was introduced to the United States in 1876 as a fragrant, ornamental plant and was later used as a source of erosion control. Kudzu grows especially well in the warm, humid climate of the Southeastern United States. In fact, it grows so well that it outgrows and can kill off less successful native plants; it can also kill off areas of forest because it prevents forest tress from receiving sunlight. Kudzu can best be described as A) a keystone species. B) an invasive species. C) a source of primary production. D) an abiotic reservoir.

an invasive species.

By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have A) a cartilaginous skeleton. B) rasping tongues to enhance their parasitic behavior. C) an operculum and swim bladder. D) high economic importance for their skin, which can be made into faux leather.

an operculum and swim bladder.

Unlike sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes have A) an operculum. B) a lateral line system. C) a flexible skeleton made of cartilage. D) hinged jaws.

an operculum.

During the Cambrian explosion approximately 535 to 525 million years ago, A) all modern species of animals suddenly appeared. B) animals rapidly diversified in the oceans. C) a massive volcanic eruption nearly wiped out life on Earth. D) great forests produced peat layers that were later transformed into coal.

animals rapidly diversified in the oceans.

A dogs head is at its ________ end, and its belly is its ________ surface. A) posterior; dorsal B) anterior; dorsal C) posterior; ventral D) anterior; ventral

anterior; ventral

In a flowering plant, the cells that give rise to sperm undergo meiosis in the A) ovaries. B) sepals. C) anthers. D) stigma.

anthers

In your backyard you overturn a large rock. In the damp soil underneath the rock, you see various insects scurrying for cover: two black beetles, five black ants, two brown beetles, and three pillbugs. In this community of organisms, relative abundance favors A) pillbugs. B) ants. C) beetles. D) pillbugs and beetles equally.

ants

Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails? A) apes B) Old World monkeys C) New World monkeys D) lemurs

apes

New growth that increases stem length on a plant arises mainly from A) the base of the stem. B) apical meristems. C) the tips of leaves. D) the vascular cambium.

apical meristems.

Most of the animals alive today A) are vertebrates. B) are invertebrates. C) are choanoflagellates. D) are really colonies of protist cells.

are invertebrates.

A prehensile tail is like an opposable thumb in that both A) evolved before the anthropoids. B) are used for grasping. C) can be fully bent in any direction. D) are characteristics of the earliest primates.

are used for grasping.

A hypothetical community on a barren mid-Atlantic island consists of two fish-eating seabirds (the booby and the noddy), the fungi and microorganisms that live on the birds dung, a tick that feeds on these two birds, a cactus, a moth that feeds on cast-off feathers, a beetle that lives on dung organisms, and spiders that eat the other arthropods. There are no other plants and no lichens. Which of the following choices incorrectly pairs a member of this assemblage with its position in the trophic structure? A) fungi—detritivores B) booby—primary consumer C) moth—detritivore D) cactus—producer

booby—primary consumer

A woody plant lives through five years of drought, followed by five years of good growing conditions. The ring of xylem cells formed during the five good years will A) be thicker than those formed during the drought years. B) be living, whereas those formed during the drought years will be dead. C) be thinner than those formed during the drought years. D) conduct a higher ratio of sugar to water than those formed during the drought years.

be thicker than those formed during the drought years.

Scientists worry that global warming will result in the oceans A) becoming more acidic. B) becoming more basic. C) containing less dissolved oxygen. D) containing less dissolved carbon dioxide.

becoming more acidic.

The human wrist is very agile, but because of this agility it is also very prone to injuries involving the tissue connecting the wrist bones. This statement illustrates A) that animal structures are not perfect. B) that connective tissue can be damaged. C) that muscle tissue can be damaged. D) both A and B

both A and B

Which of the following is formed from a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance? A) cartilage B) bone C) adipose tissue D) fibrous connective tissue

bone

Which of the following is a part of the immune system? A) bone marrow B) liver C) pancreas D) lungs

bone marrow

Which of the following is an invasive species? A) mallard duck in the western United States B) brown tree snake in Guam C) elephant in India D) carrier pigeon in the continental United States

brown tree snake in Guam

Movement corridors A) increase inbreeding. B) reduce dispersal. C) can be harmful because they allow for the spread of disease. D) can be harmful because they allow for gene flow.

can be harmful because they allow for the spread of disease.

The growth that pushes a root down through the soil takes place through A) cell elongation at the tip of the root cap. B) cell division in the apical meristem. C) cell elongation behind the root tip. D) differentiation of xylem cells in the apical meristem.

cell elongation behind the root tip.

Carbon mainly cycles between the biotic and abiotic worlds through the processes of A) cellular respiration and transpiration. B) transpiration and photosynthesis. C) evaporation and photosynthesis. D) cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

During ecological succession, the species composition of a plant community generally A) changes from a diverse community in which many plants are common to one in which a few species are numerically dominant. B) remains stable as long as major environmental factors (climate, human interference) remain constant. C) changes gradually because each species responds differently to the changing environment. D) changes until forest is established and a single species remains.

changes gradually because each species responds differently to the changing environment.

Which of the following groups includes both spiders and horseshoe crabs? A) millipedes B) crustaceans C) chelicerates D) insects

chelicerates

One predator avoidance mechanism that has evolved in prey is A) chemical defenses. B) secretion of digestive enzymes that hydrolyze glucose. C) secretion of enzymes that break down toxic plant compounds. D) development of a short gestation period.

chemical defenses

The ________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponges body. A) choanocyte B) amoebocyte C) spicule D) spongin

choanocyte

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of the following describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl? A) predation B) competition C) mutualism D) parasitism

competition

Caddisflies are insects that lay their eggs on the bottom of streams. The eggs mature into larvae, and eventually the larvae pupate, move to the surface of the stream, shed their pupal membranes, and emerge as winged adults. Caddisflies demonstrate A) incomplete metamorphosis. B) complete metamorphosis. C) alteration of generations. D) animal diversification.

complete metamorphosis.

Organisms that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into inorganic forms are A) primary consumers. B) decomposers. C) primary producers. D) detritivores.

decomposers.

When snakeheads enter aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity in these ecosystems would most likely A) increase, since another species has been added to the environment. B) decrease, since the snakehead will prey on native species. C) remain the same, since local species will prey on the snakeheads and remove them. D) remain the same, because the snakeheads will merge without problems into established communities.

decrease, since the snakehead will prey on native species.

Which of the following forms of homeostasis would not be affected by a severe burn involving both the epidermis and dermis? A) control of water loss by the integumentary system B) protection from microbes by the integumentary system C) defense against microbes by the immune system D) sensation of external temperature

defense against microbes by the immune system

The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in A) manipulating small objects. B) depth perception as they navigate through forests. C) swinging from tree branches. D) seeing in the dark.

depth perception as they navigate through forests.

Which layer of the skin contains connective tissue? A) epidermis B) dermis C) hypodermis D) Skin does not contain connective tissue.

dermis

Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA A) differ by about 1%. B) differ by about 3%. C) differ by more than 10%. D) differ by the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA.

differ by about 1%.

The three tissue systems of a mature plant root complete their development in the root zone of A) elongation. B) cell division. C) differentiation. D) vascularization.

differentiation.

The "halves" of an individual peanut, which represent its cotyledons, develop from the fertilized zygote and are composed of A) triploid endosperm cells. B) haploid endosperm cells. C) diploid embryo sporophyte cells. D) diploid maternal sporophyte cells.

diploid embryo sporophyte cells.

To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must A) display all four key characteristics of Chordata in both the larval and adult stages. B) possess a backbone in at least one life stage. C) possess a backbone in both the larval and adult stages. D) display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.

display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.

Organisms with true radial symmetry A) have their sense organs, mouth, and brain clustered in the head. B) tend to be highly mobile. C) do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters. D) can be divided into two matching halves along only one plane.

do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters.

In angiosperms, the process of ________ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg. A) cytogenesis B) meiosis C) double fertilization D) cytokinesis

double fertilization

Which of the following organisms is a monotreme? A) echidna B) kangaroo C) whale D) zebra

echidna

The introduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park in 1991 resulted in A) a general decline in overall habitat B) ecological changes involving numerous plant and animal species. C) the migration of most of these wolves out of the park and back to Canada. D) the death of all of the wolves, likely due to an insufficient amount of available prey.

ecological changes involving numerous plant and animal species.

Which of the following is a major category of animal tissue? A) epithelium B) heart C) lymph D) biceps

epithelium

One of the most worrisome results of the large-scale clearing and cultivation of land is A) erosion and soil degradation. B) the inability to supply fresh water. C) the inability to supply enough food for growing populations. D) hurricanes.

erosion and soil degradation.

The respiratory system includes all of the following structures except the A) esophagus. B) trachea. C) larynx. D) lung.

esophagus.

Most angiosperms are dicots, and most dicots are A) cycads. B) gymnosperms. C) eudicots. D) mosses.

eudicots.

Some populations, especially those with high genetic variability and short life spans, may avoid extinction as the climate changes through A) enforcement of the Endangered Species Act. B) bioprospecting. C) distribution of populations. D) evolutionary adaptation.

evolutionary adaptation.

By the year 1980, a wolf species (Canis rufus) once common to the southeastern region of the United States disappeared from all areas except for one small part of eastern Texas. This is an example of A) extirpation. B) extinction. C) an invasive species. D) genetic diversity.

extirpation.

A common knee injury in athletes involves the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL. The ACL consists of tissue that connects the bones of the femur (upper leg bone) and tibia (lower leg bone). What kind of tissue would you expect to be damaged in an ACL injury? A) bone tissue B) striated muscle tissue C) fibrous connective tissue D) cartilage

fibrous connective tissue

The traits that are unique to insects and have probably contributed to their diversity and success include A) small body size, an exoskeleton, and sexual reproduction. B) flight, short generation times, and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis. C) the exoskeleton, an open circulatory system, and jointed appendages. D) the presence of four or more pairs of legs, an exoskeleton, and a water-resistant cuticle.

flight, short generation times, and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis.

In your backyard you overturn a large rock. In the damp soil underneath the rock, you see various insects scurrying for cover: one black spider, five black ants, two brown beetles, and three gray pillbugs. In this community of organisms, species richness is represented by A) the ants, since there are more of them than any other organism. B) eleven total organisms. C) four different species of organisms. D) the ants and the spider equally, since they have the greatest number of organisms of the same color.

four different species of organisms.

A mature ovary, specialized as a vessel that houses and protects seeds, is a A) fruit. B) ovule. C) cotyledon. D) seed coat.

fruit

The part of corn that is used for fuel or food is the A) fruit. B) root. C) zygote. D) flower.

fruit

The connection between structure and ________ is a basic concept of biology. A) species B) adaptation C) function D) sex

function

If you hadn't eaten for several hours, which hormone would be responsible for returning your glucose levels to the set point? A) insulin B) glucagon C) liver D) pancreas

glucagon

If you hadnt eaten for several hours, which hormone would be responsible for returning your glucose levels to the set point? A) insulin B) glucagon C) liver D) pancreas

glucagon

________ spend almost all of their time on the ground, instead of in trees. A) Gorillas B) Orangutans C) Gibbons D) Chimpanzees

gorillas

According to this figure, which two groups are most closely related? A) tarsiers and gibbons B) gorillas and orangutans C) chimpanzees and gibbons D) Old World monkeys and humans

gorillas and orangutans

Which of the following accurately represents a food chain in the grasslands of Africa? A) grass, giraffes, lions, vultures, fungi B) grass, fungi, giraffes, vultures, lions C) grass, lions, giraffes, fungi, vultures D) grass, fungi, lions, vultures, giraffes

grass, giraffes, lions, vultures, fungi

Unlike both smooth and skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle A) has cells that contact one another. B) has cells that are striated. C) generally cannot be contracted at will. D) has branched cells.

has branched cells.

According to recent genetic research, the complexity of an organism A) is directly correlated with the number of protein-coding genes in its genome. B) is inversely related to the number of protein-coding genes in its genome. C) has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present. D) is not related to genes or development, so it must have another source.

has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present.

Mammals A) evolved from birds. B) all give birth to live young. C) all lay eggs. D) have hair and mammary glands.

have hair and mammary glands.

Complete metamorphosis is considered to occur in a species A) if the larva and adult have different diets. B) if the larva and adult live in different habitats. C) if a pupation stage separates the larval and adult stages. D) if the adult has wings, but the larva does not.

if a pupation stage separates the larval and adult stages.

The Kissimmee River Restoration Project is intended to A) drain natural wetlands in the central Florida region. B) increase biodiversity of the region. C) restrict ecotourism and other recreational usage in the impacted region. D) provide areas for homes and businesses.

increase biodiversity of the region.

The chief function of root hairs is to A) decrease the anchoring power of roots. B) increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals. C) provide a direct passageway from the soil to the vascular cylinder. D) provide a home for symbiotic bacteria.

increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

Removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause A) an increase in the growth of the root system. B) increased growth of the terminal bud. C) increased growth of the axillary buds. D) an immediate flowering of the plant.

increased growth of the axillary buds.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of thinning of the ozone layer? A) increases in skin cancer B) increases in escape of heat from Earth C) global warming D) decreases in flying insect populations

increases in skin cancer

Of the over 19,000 new species described for the first time in 2009, more than half were A) marine organisms. B) plants. C) insects. D) vertebrates.

insects.

Fingernails are a component of the ________ system. A) respiratory B) integumentary C) muscular D) skeletal

integumentary

Which character of vertebrates is associated with colonization of land? A) opposable thumbs B) lungs C) internal fertilization D) gills

internal fertilization

Materials such as food, minerals, and oxygen are passed to cells through A) water. B) interstitial fluid. C) matrix fibers. D) neurons.

interstitial fluid.

Based on the characteristics of the snakehead described, which of the following is most likely to be a productive strategy to reduce the spread of this species? A) extending the fishing season for prey fishes B) introducing a natural predator to feed on juvenile snakeheads C) capturing breeding snakeheads and sterilizing them so that they cannot breed any longer D) introducing algae and photosynthetic bacteria to reduce nutrient levels in the water

introducing a natural predator to feed on juvenile snakeheads

Non-native species that are introduced to new environments, spread far beyond the original point of introduction, and cause damage are called A) destructive species. B) enemy species. C) invasive species. D) proprietary species.

invasive species.

Smooth muscle is responsible for A) voluntary body activities. B) the pumping action of the heart. C) an athletes ability to run a 100-meter dash. D) involuntary body activities.

involuntary body activities.

Homeostasis A) is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal state. B) results from hormone imbalance. C) occurs when the external environment changes to match the internal environment D) is the way the internal environment influences the external environment.

is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal state.

A keystone species that is a predator will A) maintain the species diversity in a community. B) harvest prey species down to extinction. C) help many of its prey reproduce. D) reduce the diversity of the community.

maintain the species diversity in a community.

The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they A) are aquatic. B) lay eggs. C) have mammary glands. D) have hair.

lay eggs

Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body? A) nervous B) epithelial C) connective D) muscle

nervous

Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine? A) cardiac muscle B) nervous tissue C) bone tissue D) tendons

nervous tissue

The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the A) dendrite. B) axon. C) neuron. D) nerve.

neuron.

The sum total of a populations use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its habitat constitutes its A) environment. B) evolution. C) range. D) niche.

niche

Denitrifying bacteria convert ________ to ________. A) ammonium; nitrates B) nitrates; nitrogen gas C) nitrogen gas; nitrates D) nitrogen gas; nitrites

nitrates; nitrogen gas

The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the A) spinal cord. B) notochord. C) dorsal, hollow nerve cord. D) spine.

notochord.

All animals A) are prokaryotic. B) are heterotrophic. C) have cell walls made of chitin. D) obtain food by absorption.

obtain food by absorption.

Habitats with many edges A) are the result of natural disasters. B) favor animals that prefer large, open ranges. C) often result from human activities. D) result in a significant increase in diversity.

often result from human activities.

How many layers of vascular cambium will there be in the trunk of a 10-year-old tree? A) one B) two C) ten D) thousands

one

A florist assembles a bouquet of flowers from the following: 1. lilies, which have long leaves with parallel veins 2. Queen Annes lace, also known as wild carrot because of its large taproot 3. buttercups, with their five lovely yellow petals 4. new shoots of daisies with two small cotyledons This bunch of flowers contains A) one eudicot and three monocots. B) two eudicots and two monocots. C) three eudicots and one monocot. D) all eudicots and no monocots.

one eudicot and three monocots.

The American brook lamprey is a freshwater lamprey that lives in streams. Lampreys move streambed stones to make a nest in which to lay their eggs. Which defining feature of the lamprey might enable it to move these stones? A) slime B) head with a skull C) notochord D) oral disk

oral disk

Which of the following animals is an ape? A) New World monkey B) Old World monkey C) orangutan D) tarsier

orangutan

An organ system consists of A) organs that collectively perform a vital body function. B) a group of coordinated tissues. C) a collection of similar cells. D) blood, lymph, and other body fluids.

organs that collectively perform a vital body function.

In a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, grasshoppers, sparrows, and hawks, the grasshoppers are A) primary consumers. B) primary producers. C) secondary consumers. D) secondary producers.

primary consumers.

Most trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year. Such plants are known as A) biennials. B) perennials. C) annuals. D) superannuals.

perennials.

In a showy flower such as a magnolia or rose, the flower parts that play the main role in attracting the notice of animal pollinators are the A) petals. B) sepals. C) fruits. D) stigmas.

petals

Araschnia levana is a species of butterfly that breeds several times a year. It has two distinctly colored pupae: Those that emerge in spring are orange and those that emerge in summer are brown. The seasonal color variations in pupae mean that the pupae blend into the colors in their environment. This is an example of A) a threatened species. B) an endemic species. C) a keystone species. D) phenotypic plasticity.

phenotypic plasticity.

The ability to change phenotype in response to local environmental conditions is called A) genetic drift. B) mutation. C) alteration of generations. D) phenotypic plasticity.

phenotypic plasticity.

Sieve-tube elements are plant cells that are part of a plant tissue called A) xylem. B) tracheids. C) phloem. D) sclereids.

phloem.

Eutrophication of a lake could occur if A) phosphate-rich detergents were dumped into the lake. B) fertilizers were applied in an insoluble form. C) runoff from overfertilized lawns was prevented from reaching the lake. D) fish were removed.

phosphate-rich detergents were dumped into the lake.

For a given area and time period, the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds is called A) primary succession. B) secondary succession. C) primary production. D) secondary production.

primary production.

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive? A) neuron, phospholipid, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human B) phospholipid, neuron, nerve tissue, brain, nervous system, human C) phospholipid, neuron, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human D) neuron, phospholipid, nerve tissue, nervous system, human

phospholipid, neuron, nerve tissue, brain, nervous system, human

CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed by ________ and converted into biomass. A) the ozone layer B) other atmosphere gases C) photosynthetic organisms D) large land masses

photosynthetic organisms

The liquid part of the blood that consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins is known as A) interstitial fluid. B) lymph. C) plasma. D) platelets.

plasma.

In an ecosystem, you would expect to find interspecific competition between A) males and females of a species in which both sexes occupy the same niche. B) populations of two species that occupy the same niche. C) a prey species and its predator. D) two wasp species that mimic each others appearance.

populations of two species that occupy the same niche.

If current trends in global warming continue for the next 50 years, where will the greatest effects of global warming likely be felt? A) the continental United States B) the Pacific Ocean C) the Mississippi River D) Russia

russia

Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed). A) scales; jellylike egg masses B) scales; the amniotic egg C) scales; aquatic larvae D) claws; lungs

scales; the amniotic egg

Which of the following are not included among the bilateria, a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry at some stage of development? A) sea stars (Echinodermata) B) earthworms (Annelida) C) sea anemones (Cnidaria) D) octopus (Mollusca)

sea anemones (Cnidaria)

One way in which populations and species have been responding to climate change is by A) changing their coat color. B) shifting their distribution. C) changing their metabolism. D) evolving a flexible mode of reproduction.

shifting their distribution.

Suppose that the bottom of an ocean floor is disrupted, and bits of algae along with other bottom-dwelling microorganisms are scattered about into the ocean water. Which organism would be able to take the best advantage of this temporary food source? A) sponges B) cnidarians C) parasitic flatworms D) soil-dwelling nematodes

sponges

Which of the following are not included among the eumetazoans that have true tissues? A) sea stars (Echinodermata) B) earthworms (Annelida) C) sea anemones (Cnidaria) D) sponges (Porifera)

sponges (Porifera)

Which of the following correctly lists organisms from least complex in overall development to most complex? A) hydras, sponges, lobsters, clams, tunicates B) sponges, hydras, clams, lobsters, tunicates C) sponges, clams, lobsters, tunicates, hydras D) clams, sponges, hydras, tunicates, lobsters

sponges, hydras, clams, lobsters, tunicates

You inflate a balloon and let it go. It shoots away as air exits forcefully through the balloons narrow opening. This most closely resembles the mode of movement seen in A) sea anemones. B) snails. C) squid. D) nematodes.

squid.

The male organ of a flower is the A) style. B) stamen. C) sepal. D) carpel.

stamen

Which of the following would a shark not be able to detect with its lateral line system? A) schools of fish B) mobile predators C) stationary objects D) sand on the bottom of the ocean floor

stationary objects

In the figure above, which structure allows sufficient water to enter the leaf? A) structure A B) structure B C) structure C D) structure D

structure B

In the figure above, which structure transports the products of photosynthesis? A) structure A B) structure B C) structure C D) structure D

structure C

Which structure allows exchange of gases between photosynthetic cells and the surrounding air? A)structure A B)structure B C)structure C D)structure D

structure C

In the figure above, which structure can change to regulate the amount of CO2 entering the leaf? A) structure A B) structure B C) structure C D) structure D

structure D

Which part of this figure shows the thorax segment of the lobster? A) structure A B) structure B C) structure C D) structure D

structure D

Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of the starfish? A) structure A B) structure B C) structure C D) structure D

structure D

In the figure above, which structures ensure that too much water does not leave the leaf? A) structures A and B B) structures B and C C) structures C and D D) structures D and A

structures D and A

Different species of brittle stars (echinoderms) have different feeding mechanisms. When a species of brittle star feeds by using tentacle-like appendages to capture large food particles, it is using which of the following feeding mechanisms? A) radula for feeding B) suspension feeding C) clawlike appendages for feeding D) nectar feeding

suspension feeding

Compared to other hominins, modern Homo sapiens display a particular ability for A) symbolic thought. B) making stone tools. C) upright walking. D) manipulating objects with their hands.

symbolic thought.

In an average ecosystem, about how much energy is present in the organisms at a given trophic level compared to the organisms at the next higher trophic level? A) a tenth as much B) half as much C) twice as much D) ten times as much

ten times as much

In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → fishermen, the fishermen are A) secondary consumers. B) tertiary consumers. C) quaternary consumers. D) secondary producers.

tertiary consumers.

The vertebrate group that describes all jawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs is the A) craniates. B) amniotes. C) tetrapods. D) mammals.

tetrapods.

Suppose you use a dissecting microscope to observe organisms that have colonized discs of densely packed, fibrous wood (Masonite plates) that have been submerged in 6 inches of lake water for eight weeks. You see insect cases (protective shelters), insect larvae, and newly emerged insects with wings. You determine that you are looking at an insect species A) that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. B) that undergoes complete metamorphosis. C) with a body plan of radial symmetry. D) with complete digestive tracts.

that undergoes complete metamorphosis.

What is the evolutionary advantage of the very long life span of some plants? A) the ability to adapt to changing environments B) the ability to develop resistance to many diseases C) the ability to produce many offspring over many years D) the ability to grow back after being damaged

the ability to produce many offspring over many years

What event that occurred around 10,000 years ago led to genetic changes in many of the plants we are most familiar with? A) the beginning of agriculture B) the domestication of animals C) the invention of genetic engineering D) the mass extinction of herbivores

the beginning of agriculture

Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that A) it is made of cells. B) the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix. C) it is not made of cells. D) it is found only in humans.

the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.

Which of the following is closely associated with the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems? A) the skeletal system B) the circulatory system C) the reproductive system D) the muscular system

the circulatory system

In the figure above, if the leaf is like a solar panel receiving light energy and converting it to another form of energy, structure A is like what part of the solar panel? A) the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy B) the wires leading the transformed energy to the point of energy use or storage C) the point of attachment of the solar panel to a rooftop D) the cells in the panel that trap light energy

the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy

In the figure above, if the leaf is like a solar panel receiving light energy and converting it to another form of energy, structure A is like what part of the solar panel? A)the wires leading the transformed energy to the point of energy use or storage B)the point of attachment of the solar panel to a rooftop C)the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy D)the cells in the panel that trap light energy

the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy

A community is composed of A) potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms. B) one species of organism living in a specific environment on Earth. C) living organisms and their nonliving environment. D) the factors that constitute an organism's niche.

potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms.

Camouflage typically evolves as a result of A) predation. B) interspecific competition. C) mutualism. D) herbivory.

predation

Which of the following structures is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a eudicot such as the garden bean? A) the embryonic shoot hook B) cotyledons C) the embryonic root D) the shoot sheath

the embryonic root

A physiologist is a biologist who studies A) the structure of body parts. B) the evolution of animals. C) the physics of living things. D) the function of body parts.

the function of body parts.

Biodiversity considers A) the genetic diversity within and between populations of a species. B) the fate of water in the ecosystem. C) commensal relationships between species. D) the relationships of individuals to a food chain.

the genetic diversity within and between populations of a species.

Traditional animal phylogenetic trees and the most recent molecular phylogenetic trees have many similarities. Which is a feature of the recent trees that was not present in the traditional phylogeny? A) the placement of Echinodermata and Chordata together in a clade of deuterostomes B) the status of sponges as the first group to diverge from the other animals C) the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa D) the grouping of all bilaterally symmetric animals within a single clade

the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa

The greatest challenge facing the zoned reserve systems of Costa Rica is A) high predation by jaguars. B) forest fires. C) soil erosion. D) the growing human population.

the growing human population.

The human spine acts like a weight-bearing column. Compare this to the spine of a horse, which acts like an elastic suspension bridge. Which organism would you predict to experience more back pain and why? A) the horse, because its spine is less evolutionarily advanced B) the horse, because its spine supports more organ systems than human spines C) the human, because in order to walk upright, the spine is compressed D) the human, because of longer neurons

the human, because in order to walk upright, the spine is compressed

Biological control is defined as A) the use of chemicals, such as pesticides, to control pests. B) the intentional release of a natural enemy of a pest population. C) the exploitation of coevolutionary principles to produce pesticides. D) an intentional attempt to increase the numbers of specific prey populations.

the intentional release of a natural enemy of a pest population.

Which of the following best represents an adaptation to increase surface-to-volume ratio? A) the long bones of a giraffe B) the smooth skin of an earthworm C) the multilobed sacs in the lungs D) the striations of skeletal muscle

the multilobed sacs in the lungs

Human skin color likely represents a locally adapted compromise between A) the need to block UV radiation that causes cancer and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. B) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D. C) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to absorb sunlight for heat. D) the need to blend in with the environment and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.

the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D.

The locomotive behavior of earthworms is enabled by contraction of their longitudinal and circular muscles; this is seen through their typical burrowing behavior. Nematodes, however, contract their longitudinal muscles against the pressure of fluid in their bodies to produce a whiplike motion that enables them to move. Suppose you place an earthworm and a nematode in a watery solution. Which do you think would be able to move more easily, and why? A) the earthworm, because it uses two sets of muscles to help it move through the watery solution B) the nematode, because its whiplike motion will easily propel it through the watery solution C) the earthworm, because it can contract and expand its muscles to burrow down through the watery solution D) the nematode, because it can move its paddle-like appendages on its segments to help it move through the watery solution

the nematode, because its whiplike motion will easily propel it through the watery solution

The laryngeal nerve is 15 feet long in giraffes because A) the giraffes throat is located far away from its brain. B) this nerve connects to the spinal cord. C) the nerve is modified from an ancestor that did not have a neck. D) the laryngeal nerve is a vestigial organ.

the nerve is modified from an ancestor that did not have a neck.

You are looking at a sample of epithelial tissue under a microscope. What would you look for to determine the type of epithelium you are viewing? A) the number of cell layers B) the shape of the cells C) the color of the cells D) the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

In protostomes, A) the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth. B) the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. C) there is no body cavity. D) there is no endoderm.

the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth.

What is the node of a plant stem? A) the point of leaf attachment B) the point of apical dominance C) the area between the shoots and the roots D) a small pore where gases are exchanged

the point of leaf attachment

How many chromosomes are there in a maize egg cell nucleus as compared to a maize pollen cell nucleus? A) half as many B) twice as many C) the same number D) half as many or the same number, depending on whether the pollen cell has divided to produce sperm or not

the same number

A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a A) bulb. B) tuber. C) taproot. D) runner.

tuber.

Which animals are ectothermic? A) frogs and mammals B) lizards and birds C) turtles and lizards D) birds and mammals

turtles and lizards

The Salalizard is a fictional vertebrate that lives in the forest and appears to be half salamander and half lizard. You are not allowed to collect any wild animals, so you decide to take a video of it to show your colleagues. What behavior best distinguishes the Salalizard as either a salamander (amphibian) or a lizard (reptile)? A) what the animal eats B) if it lives in trees C) where it reproduces D) whether it is active at night

where it reproduces

Sustainable development A) will require making difficult decisions regarding travel to other planets. B) will require many people to contribute financially. C) will speed up evolution. D) will require global, multinational cooperation.

will require global, multinational cooperation.

According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in A) North America. B) Europe. C) Asia. D) Africa.

Africa

The average global temperature has risen ________ over the past 100 years. A) 3°C B) 10°C C) 5°C D) 0.8°C

0.8°C

About one-third of all animal and plant species are concentrated on ________ of Earth's land. A) 20% B) 10% C) 5% D) 1.5%

1.5%

The last common ancestor shared by humans and chimpanzees lived about A) 6,000-8,000 years ago. B) 5-7 million years ago. C) 25-40 million years ago. D) 1.5-2.5 billion years ago.

5-7 million years ago.

The current rate of extinction may be as much as ________ times higher than at any other time in the past 100,000 years. A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 10,000

1,000

All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens was restricted to ________. A) 20,000; Africa B) 50,000; Africa and Asia C) 180,000; Africa D) 500,000; Africa, Asia, and Europe

180,000; Africa

Hominin fossil footprints that are obviously bipedal date to about ________ years ago. A) 50,000 B) 100,000 C) 3.6 million D) 12 million

3.6 million

Hyperthyroidism treatment in cats usually involves antithyroid medication or the use of radioactive iodine to destroy the abnormal (overactive) tissue growing in the thyroid gland. Surgery to remove the abnormal tissue is generally not advised, as the surgery could also accidentally destroy parathyroid tissue. The parathyroid gland releases a hormone called PTH that increases blood calcium levels. Based on your knowledge of homeostasis, predict why surgery is ill-advised. A) A lack of PTH will cause blood calcium levels to drop to abnormally low levels. B) A lack of PTH will cause blood calcium levels to rise to abnormally high levels. C) Positive feedback will compensate for any problems caused by negative feedback. D) Surgery will not be a problem because homeostasis will find other ways to regulate blood calcium.

A lack of PTH will cause blood calcium levels to drop to abnormally low levels.

Which of the following statements is true? A) A line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of tetrapods gave rise to modern amphibians. B) A line of tetrapods gave rise to chordates, and a line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods. C) A line of amphibians gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to modern amphibians. D) Tetrapods and amphibians evolved at approximately the same time, while lobe-finned fishes evolved 2 million years later.

A line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods, and a line of tetrapods gave rise to modern amphibians.

Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback? A) After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. B) After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot. C) An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood pressure to decrease. D) The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH.

After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot.

Of all of the chordate groups, why are there only two amniote groups (reptilia and mammalia)? A) Amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land. B) The other craniate groups had brains that were not developed enough to allow the organisms to develop tool-building survival skills. C) The vertebral columns of the other vertebrates were not strong enough to survive the transition to land. D) The other jawed vertebrates were not able to obtain enough food to survive the transition to land.

Amniotes are the only chordate group that has successfully survived the transition to land.

Complete the analogy: ________ are to vertebrate evolution as ________ are to plant evolution A) Lungs; stomata B) Amniotic eggs; seeds C) Limbs; flowers D) Opposable thumbs; hyphae

Amniotic eggs; seeds

Which of the following statements about organs is false? A) An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissues composing it. B) An organ consists of several tissues. C) An organ can only carry out the functions of its component tissues. D) An organ consists of many cells.

An organ can only carry out the functions of its component tissues.

Suppose that scientists who study predator-prey relationships notice that over a 50-year span, new color patterns evolve in the stonefly nymphs such that they are better able to blend into the colors of a streambed. What would be a logical and reasonable question that the scientists could investigate in relation to their observations and their knowledge of predator-prey relationships? A) As the color pattern changes in nymphs developed, was there also a change in the color of the sand of the streambeds on which the nymphs molted? B) As the color pattern changes in nymphs developed, was there an increase in the fish population size? C) As the color pattern changes in nymphs developed, was there a decrease in the phosphorus concentration in the stream water? D) As the color pattern changes in nymphs developed, did the fish eat a greater number of nymphs?

As the color pattern changes in nymphs developed, was there also a change in the color of the sand of the streambeds on which the nymphs molted?

"Lucy" who belongs to the group ________, was a bipedal hominin with a brain smaller than that of humans. A) Australopithecus B) Homo erectus C) Ardipithecus D) Homo habilis

Australopithecus

When body temperature is too high, which of the following occurs? A) The brain sends out distress signals. B) Blood vessels in the skin dilate. C) Capillaries contract. D) The internal lining of the intestine increases in surface area.

Blood vessels in the skin dilate.

Given that CO2 is produced by cellular respiration, why does the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question, exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.) A) CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates. B) CO2 is split apart during photosynthesis. C) CO2 mostly forms carbonate rocks. D) CO2 is trapped in dead organisms bodies.

CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates.

Which of the following phyla is most closely related to echinoderms? A) Annelida B) Mollusca C) Arthropoda D) Chordata

Chordata

Which of the following is an advantage of cloning horticultural crops over sexual propagation? A) Cloned plants are healthier and less susceptible to disease. B) Cloning plants can allow growers to produce large numbers of plants with minimal effort and expense. C) Cloned plants grow more slowly but have stronger stems. D) Cloning provides more variation in flower color and size.

Cloning plants can allow growers to produce large numbers of plants with minimal effort and expense.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of cloning as a propagation technique? A) Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease. B) Cloning is more expensive and more difficult than growing from seeds. C) Cloning is time-consuming, with slow results. D) Cloned organisms are dangerous and unpredictable.

Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease.

While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong? A) Porifera B) Cnidaria C) Platyhelminthes D) Mollusca

Cnidaria

Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion? A) Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification. B) A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact. C) Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity, which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation. This led to rapid diversification of animals. D) The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmospheres carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earths climate.

Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification.

Which of the following statements is false? A) The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll. B) Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both. C) The pith of a stem is often important in food storage. D) Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system.

Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.

________ are soil-dwellers; ________ are mostly marine; and ________ mostly inhabit fresh water. A) Earthworms; leeches; annelids B) Earthworms; leeches; polychaetes C) Earthworms; polychaetes; leeches D) Polychaetes; earthworms; leeches

Earthworms; polychaetes; leeches

Which of the following statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms? A) Ectotherms are warm-blooded, but endotherms are cold-blooded. B) Endotherms are warm-blooded, but ectotherms are cold-blooded. C) Endotherms control their temperature, but ectotherms have no control over their temperature. D) Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

What are the consequences if decomposers are removed from the carbon cycle? A) Fewer carbon compounds are broken down; therefore, less CO2 is released into the atmosphere. B) Loss of decomposers causes an increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. C) Primary consumers are not able to consume as many producers. D) An increase in the burning of wood and fossil fuels will occur.

Fewer carbon compounds are broken down; therefore, less CO2 is released into the atmosphere.

If you were a scientist working on this project, how would you argue that the results of the research would be worth the time investment? A) Finding the wild relative with disease resistance would help avoid extirpation of fungus that has a mutualistic relationship with the cultivated rice plants. B) Finding the wild relative with disease resistance would protect the continent of Asia as a biodiversity hot spot. C) Finding the wild relative with disease resistance would allow Asian farmers to continue to grow the crop they know. D) Finding the wild relative with disease resistance would help deter invasive species of rice plants.

Finding the wild relative with disease resistance would allow Asian farmers to continue to grow the crop they know.

Suppose that a bacterial infection swept across a sea otter population and killed most sea otters before they could reproduce. How would the marine community be affected? A) For a period of time, there would be overpopulations of sea urchins and therefore a decline in kelp populations. B) For a period of time, there would be an overpopulation of kelp and therefore a decline in sea urchins. C) Sea otters would continue to decline until they reached extinction. D) Kelp would become a primary predator of sea urchins.

For a period of time, there would be overpopulations of sea urchins and therefore a decline in kelp populations.

One assumption about plant reproduction is that because it requires so many resources (energy and molecules), reproductive output is resource-limited. Which of the following statements provides evidence that this assumption may be incorrect? A) There is a correlation between the amount of sunlight a plant receives and how much fruit it produces. B) Hand-pollinated plants produce more seeds than naturally pollinated plants. C) Plants growing in moist conditions produce more flowers than plants growing in dry conditions. D) Domesticated plants produce more seeds than wild plants.

Hand-pollinated plants produce more seeds than naturally pollinated plants.

What is the difference between the heartwood and sapwood of a tree? A) Heartwood contains xylem, and sapwood contains phloem. B) Sapwood contains xylem, and heartwood contains phloem. C) Heartwood no longer transports water and minerals, and sapwood still conducts xylem sap. D) Heartwood contains old phloem that no longer functions, and sapwood contains functioning phloem.

Heartwood no longer transports water and minerals, and sapwood still conducts xylem sap.

Which of the following statements is true of a typical animal? A) Homeotic genes play important roles in the development of the organism from zygote to adult. B) The organism requires carbon dioxide as an essential nutrient. C) The cell walls are diverse in structure but are composed of chitin. D) The haploid larvae develop into diploid adults.

Homeotic genes play important roles in the development of the organism from zygote to adult.

The earliest hominin to be found outside of Africa belongs to which species? A) Australopithecus afarensis B) Homo habilis C) Homo erectus D) Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Which extinct hominin first appeared about 1.9 million years ago and had a larger brain than Homo habilis, its immediate predecessor? A) Homo ergaster B) Homo neanderthalensis C) Homo sapiens D) Australopithecus

Homo ergaster

________ appears to have been the first hominin to use stone tools. A) Homo erectus B) Homo habilis C) Ardipithecus D) Australopithecus

Homo habilis

The hominin group includes ________. A) Homo sapiens only B) Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives. C) humans and all other apes. D) all anthropoids.

Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

In Utah there is a clone of aspen trees that covers over 100 acres. Such clones can be considered to be a single plant with many stems. It appears that the first stem of this clone originated over 80,000 years ago, even before there were humans in North America. Which of the following likely contributes most to the long-term survival (long life span) of aspens? A) If parts of the organism (clone) are damaged, there are still other parts that can continue growing. B) All parts of the clone carry the same genes. C) A shared root system means that all stems receive the same nourishment. D) Sexual reproduction can occur more frequently in clones.

If parts of the organism (clone) are damaged, there are still other parts that can continue growing.

Which of the following statements about movement corridors is true? A) Movement corridors can connect otherwise isolated habitat patches. B) Movement corridors can promote inbreeding in declining populations. C) Movement corridors are detrimental to species that migrate between habitats seasonally. D) Movement corridors can prevent the spread of disease.

Movement corridors can connect otherwise isolated habitat patches.

The most recent evidence clarifying the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals comes from analysis of A) skeletal structure. B) the types of tools that were made by Neanderthals. C) Neanderthal artwork and burial rites. D) Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA.

Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA.

A bilaterally symmetrical, wormlike animal that has a complete digestive tract and a cuticle could be a member of which of the following phyla? A) Cnidaria B) Annelida C) Nematoda D) Chordata

Nematoda

Prehensile tails are found among A) Old World monkeys. B) most hominoids. C) New World monkeys. D) all primates.

New World monkeys.

Which of the following represents a step in the nitrogen cycle? A) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. B) Nitrites bind to soil particles. C) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. D) Denitrifiers convert ammonium to atmospheric nitrogen.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.

If you carve your initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows? A) Yes. A tree elongates from the ground up. B) Yes. Secondary growth will cause them to move up. C) No. Elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems. D) Yes. Growth continues in all parts of a plant throughout its life.

No. Elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.

If an overlap develops between the ranges of two closely related species, and if the species occupy the same niche in the zone of overlap, what will probably happen in the zone of overlap? A) A new species will arise by hybridization. B) Both species will coexist, provided the environment in the zone of overlap is different from that in either individual range. C) Both species will coexist, provided the environment in the zone of overlap is similar to that of one of the individual ranges. D) One species will take over most or all of the zone of overlap.

One species will take over most or all of the zone of overlap.

If the epithelium that lines the air sacs of your lungs were to gain a layer of cells, which of the following would likely occur? A) Oxygen will enter the lungs more quickly. B) Oxygen will enter the lungs more slowly. C) Secretion of mucus will increase. D) Oxygen will enter at the same rate, because it is only the shape of the cells that matter.

Oxygen will enter the lungs more slowly.

According to this figure, which species lived concurrently with Homo ergaster? A) Australopithecus anamensis B) Australopithecus africanus C) Paranthropus boisei D) Homo sapiens

Paranthropus boisei

Which of the following statements is true? A) Sharks have a skeleton made of bone, while ray-finned fishes have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. B) Ray-finned fishes have a skeleton made of bone, while sharks have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. C) Sharks have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage. D) Ray-finned fishes have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins, while lobe-fins have flexible skeletons made of cartilage.

Ray-finned fishes have a skeleton made of bone, while sharks have flexible skeletons made of cartilage.

Which of the following options lists the major groups or genera from the fossil record in the correct order from earliest to most recent? A) Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homo B) Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo C) Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, Homo D) Sahelanthropus, Homo, Australopithecus, Ardipithecus

Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo

Which of the following statements regarding food webs is true? A) A consumer eats only one type of producer. B) Detritivores consume dead organic matter from a specific trophic level. C) Several species of primary consumers may feed on the same species of producer. D) energy transfer moves from producer to consumer and back.

Several species of primary consumers may feed on the same species of producer.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using managed relocation? A) Many vehicles will be needed to transport the species, so CO2 emissions from the vehicles will cause an increase in global greenhouse gas levels. B) Governments will face long-term high fuel costs for the many vehicles that will be needed to move the species. C) Scientists may move the species to ranges where they will become invasive. D) Local economies will see an increase in jobs as many individuals will need to be hired to help move the species.

Scientists may move the species to ranges where they will become invasive.

Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is true? A) Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons. B) Skeletal muscle cells do not contain nuclei. C) Skeletal muscle is largely responsible for involuntary body motions. D) Skeletal muscle coordinates movement of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons.

A biology teacher takes fish, algae, pond weed, invertebrates, and bottom muck from a local pond and establishes them in an aquarium. When the system is stable, the teacher seals it into a large, airtight glass box and leaves the box in a sunny location. After three months, the organisms in the aquarium appear alive and healthy. Which of the following statements about the experiment is true? A) No energy has entered or left the glass box during the three months. B) Some of the energy in the system has moved from one organism to another during the three months. C) The air in the glass box contains no carbon dioxide. D) During the three months, the biomass of animal life was greater than the biomass of plant life.

Some of the energy in the system has moved from one organism to another during the three months.

Which of the following is not an observed effect of global warming on organisms? A) Some species of birds and frogs now begin their breeding seasons later in the year. B) Corals "bleach" when increased water temperatures cause them to expel their symbiotic algae. C) Many butterfly populations have shifted their ranges to the north. D) Many polar bears show signs of starvation as their hunting grounds melt away.

Some species of birds and frogs now begin their breeding seasons later in the year.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Cnidarians have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while flatworms have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. B) Nematodes have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while chordates have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. C) Molluscs have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity. D) Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.

Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a gastrovascular cavity.

Which of the following statements, according to this figure, is true? A) The efficiency of corn production (yield per area) in the United States has increased more than global efficiency. B) The efficiency of global corn production (yield per area) has increased more than efficiency in the United States. C) Global production efficiency was greater prior to 1980 than since 1980. D) The efficiency of U.S. production has decreased.

The efficiency of corn production (yield per area) in the United States has increased more than global efficiency.

The insect body plan includes many groups of serially repeated units. For example, there are typically three pairs of legs, one on each of the three segments of the thorax. Which of the following options best describes how these pairs of legs develop and evolve? A) A single gene controls the development of all six legs. Thus within a species, all three pairs of legs are identical. B) The leg pairs all influence each other during development. Gene products move by diffusion from one segment to the other. Therefore, it is impossible to alter the development and form of one pair of legs without causing similar changes in the other two pairs of legs. C) The body parts develop in a modular fashion. Therefore, a genetic change could alter the development of one pair of limbs without noticeably changing the rest of the insects body plan. D) The leg pairs grow under the control of an ancient set of highly conserved genes. Therefore, all insects have more or less identical legs. Other parts of the insect body plan can evolve somewhat more freely.

The body parts develop in a modular fashion. Therefore, a genetic change could alter the development of one pair of limbs without noticeably changing the rest of the insects body plan.

A number of studies have found that for many plants there is an increase in seed production under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels. Which of the following is a likely explanation for this phenomenon? A) The energy needed to produce seeds comes from carbon dioxide. B) The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide. C) Increased carbon dioxide levels cause increased cell respiration, which is needed to produce more seeds. D) Increased carbon dioxide causes increased plant heating, which speeds up seed production.

The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.

Suppose that you have scratched a mosquito bite and, in the process, damaged some of your stratified squamous epithelial cells. What will happen? A) The damaged cells will heal themselves. B) The cells near the base of the epithelium will rapidly replicate to replace the damaged cells. C) Vitamin D synthesis will begin, thus encouraging cell replacement. D) The function of the skin will be totally lost.

The cells near the base of the epithelium will rapidly replicate to replace the damaged cells.

Which of the following statements regarding cnidarians is true? A) Cnidarians have three true tissue layers. B) The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity. C) The more stationary cnidarian body form, which is cylindrical with a ring of tentacles, is the medusa. D) Cnidarians are herbivores and can be destructive grazers on seaweeds.

The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity.

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is true? A) The nitrogen cycle requires different types of bacteria. B) Nitrogen gas is converted to nitrates in plant leaves. C) Nitrogen cannot be cycled through living organisms. D) When plants and animals die, nitrogen is removed from the nitrogen cycle.

The nitrogen cycle requires different types of bacteria.

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true? A) Deuterostomes lack true tissues. B) Deuterostomes have only two tissue layers. C) The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus. D) The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the mouth.

The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.

Suppose a species of wild boar (a type of pig) is actively hunted when it is at a young age because at that stage of its development the meat of the boar is particularly tender. What is a likely outcome if this species is overharvested? A) The wild boar population will dwindle because their food source will disappear due to habitat loss. B) The wild boar population will increase because older boars will continue to survive. C) The wild boar population will dwindle and potentially go extinct if not enough boars that can reproduce are left to mate. D) The wild boar population will increase because boundaries will help separate boars from humans.

The wild boar population will dwindle and potentially go extinct if not enough boars that can reproduce are left to mate.

While cleaning out the attic, you find a packet of seeds that your grandmother gathered from her garden. You plant them outside, and some of them sprout. What was the condition of these germinating seeds while they were in the attic? A) The endosperm cells were dead; the embryo cells were alive but inactive. B) They were dead, but the embryo cells revived in response to water. C) They were alive and very metabolically active. D) They were alive but dormant.

They were alive but dormant.

How do sponges transport nutrients within their bodies? A) They have simple digestive and circulatory systems composed of spongin. B) They rely on diffusion to move nutrients between their cells. C) Their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell. D) They are not able to transport nutrients within their bodies but must independently absorb all necessary nutrients from the surrounding water.

Their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell.

Which of the following statements about the cells of the mucous membrane lining your air tubes is false? A) They manufacture secretory products. B) They are stratified squamous epithelial cells. C) They are cuboidal or columnar in shape. D) They carry cilia that sweep mucus up and out of the respiratory system.

They are stratified squamous epithelial cells.

What happens to the cotyledons of pea and maize seeds? A) They remain in the soil and decompose. B) They form a protective sheath around the developing root system. C) They surround the base of the shoot to provide additional strength. D) They immediately begin to use the sun's energy in photosynthesis.

They remain in the soil and decompose.

Which of the following would be additional evidence that one of the functions of skin is the synthesis of vitamin D? A) Vitamin D levels are higher in people who take supplements, such as multivitamins. B) Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen. C) Cancer rates are higher in people with more sun exposure. D) People living in the tropics are vitamin D deficient.

Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen.

Which of the following statements is false? A) Stalks of celery are the petioles of the plant. B) White potatoes are modified plant roots. C) A carrot is an example of a taproot. D) The layers of an onion are actually modified leaves.

White potatoes are modified plant roots.

Which of the following is not an example of a predicted impact of climate change? A) Wildfires in Colorado will increase in severity. B) Wildflower diversity in northeastern United States will increase. C) Spring seasonal temperatures will continue to increase. D) Australian coral reefs will experience greater loss of marine life.

Wildflower diversity in northeastern United States will increase.

In general, plant dermal tissues are found A) at the outer surface of a plant. B) near the center of the plant stems and roots. C) lining the vascular tissue. D) throughout the plant body.

at the outer surface of a plant.

You are looking at a tissue under a microscope. You see mostly densely packed fibers with some cells scattered throughout. You would predict that the function of this tissue is to A) attach bones to muscles or other bones. B) connect epithelia to underlying tissues. C) conduct electrical impulses. D) make voluntary movements of the body.

attach bones to muscles or other bones.

The Kissimmee River Restoration Project is an A) example of large-scale bioremediation to clean up a mercury spill. B) example of a dam that interrupted the breeding of salmon and other species. C) attempt to restore the natural wetlands associated with the Kissimmee River. D) effort to join two previously unconnected lakes to permit better drainage.

attempt to restore the natural wetlands associated with the Kissimmee River.

Which of the following does not indicate a well-designed study? A) a control group B) variables were controlled C) bias D) follow-up studies

bias

The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes A) radially symmetrical larvae and adults. B) bilaterally symmetrical larvae and adults. C) bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults. D) radially symmetrical larvae and bilaterally symmetrical adults.

bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults.

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are ________ and typically have ________. A) radially symmetrical; no digestive system B) bilaterally symmetrical; a gastrovascular cavity with one opening C) bilaterally symmetrical; a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus D) all parasites; no digestive system

bilaterally symmetrical; a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

Small areas that are home to a large number of threatened species and an exceptional concentration of species found nowhere else on Earth are called A) biomes. B) movement corridors. C) biodiversity hot spots. D) local populations

biodiversity hot spots.

You spray your lawn with a pesticide. The concentration of the pesticide in the tissues of the grass on your lawn is 10-6 parts per million (ppm). Grasshoppers eat the grass and are in turn eaten by rats, which are then eaten by owls. At each successive trophic level, the concentration of pesticides increases. The term for this process is A) extirpation. B) biological magnification. C) habitat loss. D) climate change.

biological magnification.

Invertebrate diversity contributes to all of the following except A) medicines. B) food sources for humans. C) bioremediation. D) cosmetics.

bioremediation.

Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as A) migration. B) restoration ecology. C) bioremediation. D) landscaping.

bioremediation.

Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles? A) cephalopods B) gastropods C) chitons D) bivalves

bivalves

What kind of connective tissue has an extracellular liquid matrix called plasma? A) nerve tissue B) loose connective tissue C) adipose tissue D) blood

blood

Most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines, and thorns because the plants A) cannot run away from herbivores. B) feed on the organisms that try to eat them. C) are camouflaged into their surroundings. D) must rely on photosynthesis for food.

cannot run away from herbivores.

Protecting the endangered black-footed ferret from extinction involved A) captive breeding and reintroduction. B) collecting individuals from multiple small populations and combining them into a single large population. C) vaccinating the remaining population against sylvatic plague. D) providing food during harsh winters.

captive breeding and reintroduction.

Which of the following substances is cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs? A) fat B) carbon C) protein D) nucleic acid

carbon

Greenhouse gases include A) nitrous oxide and oxygen. B) nitrogen and oxygen. C) carbon dioxide and nitrogen. D) carbon dioxide and methane.

carbon dioxide and methane.

You arrive back in the United States after a visit to a foreign country located on another continent. The customs agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit basket this person is bringing home. Being the knowledgeable person you are, you calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is that the fruit basket may be A) carrying endangered fruit. B) carrying an exotic species that could damage North American ecosystems. C) contaminated with chemicals that will damage the ozone layer above North America. D) contaminated with sufficient DDT to cause serious harm to anyone who eats the fruit.

carrying an exotic species that could damage North American ecosystems.

A leiomyoma is a benign tumor that affects smooth muscle. A large tumor of this type might be predicted to A) impair a patients ability to walk. B) result in heart problems. C) cause uterine pain in female patients. D) do all of the above.

cause uterine pain in female patients.

Aspen trees are the most widely distributed tree in North America. A forest of many aspen trees, some of which may be tens of thousands of years old, is actually one single clone. Which of the following is likely to be the greatest threat to the long-term survival of aspen forests? A) insects, which may bore holes in the stems of trees B) climate change, which alters aspen trees; typical environment from the usual moist and cool to dry and warm C) a fungus that is often found associated with roots of some trees in the stand D) lack of pollinators

climate change, which alters aspen trees; typical environment from the usual moist and cool to dry and warm

The genetically identical organisms that result from asexual reproduction are called A) clones. B) seeds. C) seedlings. D) rootlets.

clones.

Cassiopeia is a marine organism with a medusa body that has an unusual orientation: It floats upside-down. It also has a distinct coloration that is due to algae that live between the epidermis (outer) layer and gastrodermis (inner layer that lines the digestive cavity) of the Cassiopeia. The algae provide food for the Cassiopeia, and the Cassiopeias orientation provides sunlight to the algae for photosynthesis. Cassiopeia is a/an ________, and the Cassiopeia and the algae have a ________ relationship. A) mollusc; mychorrizal B) arthropod; symbiotic C) cnidarian; symbiotic D) echinoderm; symbiotic

cnidarian; symbiotic

Corals supplement the energy they receive from the zooxanthellae by capturing prey with their A) amoebocytes. B) cnidocytes. C) choanocytes. D) osteocytes.

cnidocytes.

Some herbivore-plant interactions evolved through a series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in both species. This process is called A) herbivory. B) coevolution. C) selection. D) trophism.

coevolution

Which of the following cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants? A) collenchyma cells B) sieve-tube elements C) sclerenchyma cells D) parenchyma cells

collenchyma cells

This image represents monocots and eudicots. Which column shows traits that are incorrectly categorized? A) column A B) column B C) column C D) column D

column B

The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative is a plan to A) connect all of the national parks in the western United States. B) connect all of the national parks in the United States. C) connect parks in the United States and Canada with protected corridors where wildlife can travel safely. D) create a giant, fenced private land area between the national parks in the United States to create a protected zone for wildlife.

connect parks in the United States and Canada with protected corridors where wildlife can travel safely.

The main function of muscle tissue is A) sensation. B) support. C) contraction. D) covering surfaces.

contraction.

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of tissues a tunnel would pass through (starting from the outer surface of the tree and passing through the central core)? A) cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, sapwood, heartwood B) epidermis, cortex, primary phloem, primary xylem, heartwood, sapwood C) heartwood, wood rays, cork cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium D) bark, wood rays, growth rings, lateral meristems, primary phloem, secondary phloem

cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, sapwood, heartwood

The primary goal of conservation biology is to A) estimate the total number of species that exist. B) maximize the land set aside for wildlife. C) integrate human culture back into nature. D) counter the loss of biodiversity.

counter the loss of biodiversity.

Epithelial tissues A) cause body movements. B) cover both external and internal body surfaces. C) sense stimuli. D) form a framework that supports the body.

cover both external and internal body surfaces.

One result of Costa Ricas commitment to conservation is that A) destructive practices such as massive logging and large-scale single-crop agriculture have been nearly eliminated. B) both protected park areas and the buffer zones around them have suffered only negligible deforestation. C) ecotourism generates many jobs and brings in a significant fraction of the countrys revenue. D) about 95% of the countrys land is protected in some way.

ecotourism generates many jobs and brings in a significant fraction of the countrys revenue.

If wolves were now removed from Yellowstone National Park, A) elk populations would increase. B) deer populations would decrease. C) the vegetation would remain unchanged. D) vegetation would increase, providing shelter for smaller animals.

elk populations would increase.

An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissue composing it and performs functions that the tissues cannot perform alone. This is an example of the principle of A) structural adaptations. B) cellular regulation. C) emergent properties. D) biotechnology.

emergent properties.

Species found in only one place on Earth are called ________ species. A) hot spot B) exotic C) keystone D) endemic

endemic

Reptiles are not able to eat as frequently as mammals and birds can eat. This is due to a trait that mammals and birds share but that reptiles do not have. What is this trait? A) airfoils B) endothermy C) amniotic egg

endothermy

The flow of ________ into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while ________ are recycled within the ecosystem itself. A) minerals; energy compounds B) genetic information; genotypes C) organic compounds; minerals D) energy; chemicals

energy; chemicals

The cells that store starch in dicot roots are located between the A) xylem and the phloem. B) epidermis and the root hairs. C) epidermis and the vascular cylinder. D) epidermis and the cortex.

epidermis and the vascular cylinder.

Which of the following plant cells or tissues help regulate the movement of carbon dioxide into and out of a leaf? A) guard cells B) root hairs C) sieve tubes D) xylem

guard cells

Currently, the single greatest threat to biodiversity is A) global warming. B) habitat destruction due to humans. C) the introduction of exotic species. D) overexploitation of populations for food.

habitat destruction due to humans.

Which of the following are threats to the biodiversity of invertebrates? A) habitat destruction B) non-native (invasive) species C) habitat degradation D) habitat destruction, non-native (invasive) species, habitat degradation

habitat destruction, non-native (invasive) species, habitat degradation

The three greatest current threats to biodiversity, in order starting with the greatest, are A) habitat loss, overharvesting, and invasive species. B) habitat loss, invasive species, and overharvesting. C) invasive species, habitat loss, and overharvesting. D) invasive species, overharvesting, and habitat loss.

habitat loss, invasive species, and overharvesting.

Suppose scientists discovered an organism that had a head with a brain at the anterior end of the dorsal nerve, eyes and other sensory organs, a skull, and a vertebral column. The organism could not be a/an A) lamprey. B) hagfish. C) ray-finned shark. D) amphibian.

hagfish

Which of the following clades is most directly related to lancelets? A) ray-finned fishes B) lampreys C) hagfishes D) lobe-fins

hagfishes

Coral reefs are A) shells of Mollusca that have been converted to rock by geological processes. B) hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria). C) marine rocks that often are used as attachment places by Cnidaria. D) hardened sugars that are secreted by algae.

hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria).

Captive breeding A) has allowed for the reintroduction of many species to areas from which they had disappeared. B) has advanced to the point where biologists believe it can be used to save most endangered species. C) can work for animals but is generally not used for endangered plants. D) is the main conservation technique used to try to save endangered species from extinction.

has allowed for the reintroduction of many species to areas from which they had disappeared.

Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections. They are the A) head, body, and legs. B) head, thorax, and abdomen. C) antennae, head, and abdomen. D) legs, wings, and body.

head, thorax, and abdomen.

Which of the following is an example of a tissue? A) heart muscle B) heart C) red blood cell D) circulatory system

heart muscle

Which of the following ecological problems might result from fertilizing a golf course with phosphorus-rich fertilizer? A) poisoning of the grass caused by excess phosphorus B) heavy growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers caused by phosphorus runoff C) accumulation of toxic levels of phosphorus in animals in the vicinity, especially those higher on the food chain D) a slowdown in the weathering of rock that releases phosphates into the soil under natural conditions

heavy growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers caused by phosphorus runoff

According to this figure, which organisms have the highest concentration of PCBs, and why? A) phytoplankton, because they are at the bottom of the food chain B) herring gulls, because they are at the bottom of the food chain C) herring gulls, because they are at the top of the food chain D) smelt, because they are in the middle of the food chain

herring gulls, because they are at the top of the food chain

Which bird adaptation is probably less well-developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches? A) honeycombed bone structure B) amniotic egg C) vertebrae D) presence of feathers

honeycombed bone structure

Which of the following organisms is a marsupial? A) echidna B) kangaroo C) whale D) zebra

kangaroo

Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys A) lack a backbone. B) lack an endoskeleton. C) lack jaws. D) possess a backbone and skull.

lack jaws

Which of the following is an invertebrate chordate? A) lancelets B) snakes C) sharks D) sea urchins

lancelets

A regional assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a A) biome. B) landscape. C) corridor. D) hot spot.

landscape

The main difference between the earliest evolved tetrapods and the most recently evolved tetrapods is that A) later tetrapods have larger brains. B) later tetrapods produce milk to feed their young. C) early tetrapods lack legs. D) early tetrapods lack a vertebral column.

later tetrapods produce milk to feed their young.

Which of the following substances, by providing strength, allows sclerenchyma cells to provide support and play a role analogous to that of an animals skeleton? A) lignin B) sucrose C) starch D) chlorophyll

lignin

Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for A) exchanging materials by diffusion. B) lining our lungs. C) lining body surfaces subject to abrasion. D) secreting mucus.

lining body surfaces subject to abrasion.

According to this figure, which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals? A) tunicates B) sharks and rays C) ray-finned fishes D) lobe-finned fishes

lobe-finned fishes

Facelifts are a type of cosmetic surgery that are meant to tighten the skin. In addition to the skin, what else would you predict is also involved in this type of surgery? A) loose connective tissue B) smooth muscle C) bone D) simple cuboidal epithelium

loose connective tissue

The most common type of connective tissue in the human body is A) fibrous connective tissue. B) adipose tissue. C) loose connective tissue. D) bone.

loose connective tissue.

As global temperatures continue to rise, what is a likely outcome? A) loss of populations of fish B) greater overharvesting of medicinal plant species C) less greenhouse gas emissions D) formation of new glaciers

loss of populations of fish

Which structure can change to regulate the amount of CO2 entering the leaf? A)structure C B)structure B C)lower epidermis D)xylem

lower epidermis

Natural populations of lemurs are found in A) Borneo. B) North Africa. C) New Zealand. D) Madagascar.

madagascar

Like many insects, some amphibians undergo ________ in their life cycle as they have distinct larval and adult stages. A) aquatic development followed by terrestrial existence B) development in a nest followed by flight C) metamorphosis D) alternation of generations

metamorphosis

You are a climate scientist who wants to investigate climate change. Which of the following measurements would be the least useful? A) rainfall in the southeastern United States from 20 years ago to the present day B) a long-term (30-year) study of coral biodiversity in the Australian reef ecosystem C) changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels in China from 25 years ago to the present day D) methane (CH4) levels from dairy farms in Iowa during the years 2011 and 2012

methane (CH4) levels from dairy farms in Iowa during the years 2011 and 2012

Which of the following groups has a series of similar segments that make up most of the body? A) millipedes B) crustaceans C) scorpions D) insects

millipedes

Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells? A) chloroplasts B) mitochondria C) a large central vacuole containing fluid D) cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane

mitochondria

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive? A) cell, molecule, organ, organ system, tissue, organism B) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism C) molecule, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism D) cell, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

According to the "new" revised phylogeny based on genetic analyses, annelids are a member of the Lophotrochozoa and are most closely related to which of the following groups? A) echinoderms B) molluscs C) cnidarians D) arthropods

molluscs

Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in an animal, such as a gorilla? A) connective B) epithelial C) muscle D) nerve

muscle

When two different populations in a community benefit from their relationship with each other, the result is called A) herbivory. B) mutualism. C) parasitism. D) competition.

mutualism.

Most homeostasis depends on A) positive feedback control. B) negative feedback control. C) hormonal regulation. D) predictable environmental conditions.

negative feedback control.

Flowers bear seeds that develop from ovules housed in protective chambers called A) stamens. B) sepals. C) ovaries. D) antheridia.

ovaries

A seed develops from a(n) A) pollen grain. B) fruit. C) ovary. D) ovule.

ovule

Which of the following flower parts produces female gametophytes? A) anthers B) ovules C) stigmas D) sepals

ovules

In addition to abiotic factors, community composition of plants can be severely compromised by A) parasites and pathogens. B) introduction of chestnut trees. C) non-native birds. D) rapid coevolution.

parasites and pathogens.

The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a ________ relationship with humans. A) parasitic B) predatory C) mutualistic D) competitive

parasitic

The freshwater leech is an organism that feeds off of the blood of other organisms such as frogs and turtles. Which of the following describes the relationship between freshwater leeches and frogs or turtles? A) herbivory B) predation C) mutualism D) parasitism

parasitism

Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue? A) parenchyma B) vascular cambium C) epidermal tissue D) collenchyma

parenchyma

Which part of the figure above shows an organ? (giraffe) A) part A B) part B C) part C D) part D

part C

Which part of this root tip is the apical meristem? A) part A B) part B C) part C D) part D

part C

Which part of this seed contains stored food that allows the seed to grow until it can perform photosynthesis? A) part A B) part B C) part C D) part D

part D

Dinoflagellates are important to coral and coral-dwelling animals because they A) produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis. B) provide shelter for the fast-growing seaweeds associated with coral. C) produce CO2 and nitrogen for coral. D) are toxic to species that prey on reef-dwelling fish.

produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis.

Within an ecosystem, a tree is a A) secondary consumer. B) detritivore. C) primary consumer. D) producer.

producer

One simple thing that you can do to help safeguard the environment is to eat a diet consisting only of organisms that are A) producers. B) primary consumers. C) secondary consumers. D) a mix of producers and consumers.

producers

Animals directly evolved from A) plants. B) protists. C) fungi. D) bacteria.

protists

Complete the analogy: A cuticle is to a nematode as a/an ________ is to a/an ________. A) sock; shoe B) raincoat; human C) collar; dog D) earring; ear

raincoat; human

The aspect of conservation ecology concerned with returning degraded ecosystems (as nearly as possible) to their natural state is A) bioremediation. B) sustainable development. C) restoration ecology. D) landscape ecology.

restoration ecology.

The number of species in a community is called species A)diversity. B)composition. C)richness.

richness.

Global warming is the result of A) rising ocean levels. B) rising concentrations of greenhouse gases. C) increased solar activity. D) habitat loss.

rising concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Which of the following plant parts commonly contributes to asexual reproduction? A) seeds B) roots C) flowers D) fruits

roots

The increase in girth associated with production of wood and bark in trees occurs as a consequence of A) primary growth. B) secondary growth. C) growth in apical meristems. D) indeterminate growth.

secondary growth.

Bark consists of A) functioning xylem, secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. B) secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. C) cork cambium and cork. D) cork only.

secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.

When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of A) evolution. B) a trophic chain. C) secondary succession. D) primary succession.

secondary succession.

Which of the following is a function of fruits? A) production of food for the developing embryo B) pollen dispersal C) seed dispersal D) attracting pollinators

seed dispersal

The most obvious feature that this animal shares with annelids is A)large claws B)segmentation C)several types of jointed appendages D)three major body regions

segmentation

Which adaptation is a key characteristic of annelids that greatly increases their flexibility and mobility? A) complete digestive tract B) exoskeleton C) segmentation D) three true tissue layers

segmentation

Before it opens up into full blossom, the outer green layer of a rosebud consists of the leaflike A) sepals. B) stamen. C) ovary. D) petals.

sepals

Jaws appear to have evolved from A) the fusion of many bony elements found in the skin of the neck region of jawless ancestors. B) a large, bony shield that protruded from between the base of the pectoral fins. C) modification of a disk of bones surrounding the mouth in lampreys. D) skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth.

skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth.

Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will have A) slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range. B) regular variations that range from large to small. C) a cyclic variation opposite that of the surrounding water. D) a cyclic variation depending upon when the animal drinks.

slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.

The number of species in a community is called the A) species diversity. B) species richness. C) species population. D) species index.

species richness

When the redwood tunnels were first constructed, not much consideration was given to the long-term effects of a tunnel on a trees health. Nevertheless, many trees have survived more than 100 years after a tunnel was cut through their trunks. This is possible because A) the wood rays run laterally through the trunk, so water and nutrients can still travel to all the trees tissues. B) the remaining heartwood is able to transport water and nutrients through the trunk. C) the secondary xylem and phloem run vertically on either side of the vascular cambium and are not completely disrupted by the tunnel. D) mature cork cells are dead, so their loss does not disrupt nutrient and water transport.

the secondary xylem and phloem run vertically on either side of the vascular cambium and are not completely disrupted by the tunnel.

The key derived character of the lobe-finned fish is A) the lateral line system. B) the series of rod-shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins. C) the operculum. D) the flattened scales covering their skin.

the series of rod-shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins.

Which part of the body is likely to be much more diverse in mammals compared to that in other groups? A) the teeth B) the structure of the vertebrae C) the structure of the limbs D) the jawbone

the teeth

Based on your understanding of homeostasis, for negative feedback control of blood glucose levels to function properly, A) the control center for glucose must be somewhere in the digestive system. B) there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels. C) there must be several other hormones involved (in addition to insulin and glucagon). D) the body must prevent glucose levels from changing even slightly.

there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels.

Based on your understanding of homeostasis, for negative feedback control of blood glucose levels to function properly, A) the control center for glucose must be somewhere in the digestive system. B) there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels. C) there must be several other hormones involved (in addition to insulin and glucagon). D) the body must prevent glucose levels from changing even slightly.

there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels.

Tapeworms are similar to fungi in that A) they have cell walls made of chitin. B) they are sessile autotrophs. C) they feed by absorption. D) they inhabit marine, damp terrestrial, and freshwater habitats.

they feed by absorption.

Monocot floral parts usually occur in multiples of A) five. B) four. C) two. D) three.

three

Which type of epithelial tissue shown is a stratified tissue? A) tissue A B) tissue B C) tissue C D) tissue D

tissue D

One reason it is important to understand community ecology is A) to understand the life cycle of fish, such as cichlids. B) for identification of stomach microbes. C) to aid in conservation of endangered species. D) to provide an enriched habitat for humans.

to aid in conservation of endangered species.

To decrease pollution from sulfur, your local power plant built very tall smokestacks. The ultimate consequence of this would most likely be A) biological magnification. B) to dilute the sulfur pollutants in the atmosphere and thus reduce their effects on the environment. C) to create an environmental problem at a distance from the power plant. D) a decrease in the pH of local lakes.

to create an environmental problem at a distance from the power plant.

In Clackamas, Oregon, a stand of hybrid poplar trees was planted on an area of land that is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Why would someone purposely plant trees in an area with contaminated soil? A) to use the trees as a means of phytoremediation B) to use the trees as a means of eliminating insect species that consume nearby endemic plants C) to use the trees for lumber for houses D) to see if animals will make nests in trees that grow in contaminated soil.

to use the trees as a means of phytoremediation

Bioengineering does not involve A) growing cells on a balloon-like scaffold. B) transplanting unaltered organs. C) seeding a scaffold of connective tissue matrix with stem cells. D) using printers to build structures layer by layer.

transplanting unaltered organs.

Most biodiversity hot spots are found in ________ regions. A) western B) tropical C) temperate D) tundra

tropical

How many chromosomes are there in a maize embryo cell nucleus as compared to a maize endosperm cell nucleus? A) half as many B) two-thirds as many C) the same number D) twice as many

two-thirds as many

Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record? A) sophisticated stone tools B) increased brain size C) upright walking (bipedalism) D) a very long period of parental care

upright walking (bipedalism)

Which organ system removes nitrogen-containing waste products from blood? A) lymphatic system B) integumentary system C) muscular system D) urinary system

urinary system

Evidence from fossil dentition suggests that Australopithecus species A) evolved specifically to eat meat. B) experienced a decrease in both tooth size and brain size. C) were direct ancestors of modern humans. D) were adapted to function successfully in a wide range of habitats.

were adapted to function successfully in a wide range of habitats.

Based on Acanthostega fossils, scientists now believe that the earliest tetrapods A) were fully terrestrial. B) were amphibians that used their limbs to drag themselves over the land from one water hole to another. C) were fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen. D) were reptiles that resembled crocodiles.

were fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen.

Which type of vascular tissue cell in a plant is dead at maturity? A) vessel elements B) companion cells C) sieve-tube cells D) parenchyma cells

vessel elements

How does the sperm of an angiosperm reach the egg? A) via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule B) via the pollen tube that grows from the ovule to reach the pollen grain on the stigma C) usually via an insect, which places sperm in the ovary while probing for nectar D) by actively swimming down through the style to the egg

via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen graincthrough the carpel tissues to the ovule

While habitat destruction by humans creates fragmented ecosystems, fragmentation can also occur due to natural processes. Which of the following natural processes would most likely create a fragmented ecosystem? A) thunderstorm B) glacier movement C) blizzard D) volcanic eruption

volcanic eruption

Which of the following is a function of tracheids? A) food storage B) photosynthesis C) production of sex cells D) water conduction

water conduction