Biology 1010 Final Exam Concept Coach
Why are the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts not considered to be a part of the endomembrane system?
Mitochondria and chloroplast membranes are not directly connected to the other membranes in the endomembrane system.
Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells.
four haploid
What type of RNA passes through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm before splicing?
mRNA
Which molecule in the central dogma can be compared to a disposable photocopy of a book kept on reserve in the library?
mRNA
In which compartment of the plant cell do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
stroma
What structure is most important in forming the tetrads?
synaptonemal complex
Which of the following statements about mitosis are correct? 1. Anaphase is the stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other. 2. Telophase is the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form. 3. Prophase is the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope. 4. Prometaphase is the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. 5. Metaphase is the stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
1
Which of the following terms are incorrectly matched with their description? 1. Allopatric speciation is speciation that occurs in the same geographic space. 2. Adaptive radiation is speciation when one species radiates out to form several other species. 3. Vicariance is speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups.
1
Which of the following are examples of dehydration synthesis? 1. Amino acids joining via peptide bonds to form proteins. 2. Glucose monosaccharides joining via glycosidic bonds to form the polysaccharide starch. 3. Phospohodiester bonds in nucleic acids breaking to realease short strands of nucleotides.
1 & 2
Which of the following domains contains prokaryotes? 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya
1,2
Madagascar, a large island in the Indian Ocean, is home to a variety of plant and animal species that are found nowhere else in the world. 170 million years ago, Madagascar was located in the middle of the supercontinent Gondwana. Due to continental drift, Madagascar eventually split from this landmass, and has been an island for the past 88 million years. Some of the species present in Madagascar were present on the landmass when it was a part of the supercontinent. Which of the following descriptions can be applied to the speciation of these species in Madagascar? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. dispersal 4. vicariance
1,4
Imagine you are performing a cross involving garden pea plants. What F₁ offspring would you expect if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green.
100 percent yellow seeds
Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct? 1. Meiosis is a process during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are equally divided. 2. Meiosis II is a process during which sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid cells. 3. Meiosis I is referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid.
2
The apple maggot is a pest of hawthorn plants and apple trees. Before the introduction of apple trees to North America in the early 1600s, apple maggot flies laid their eggs only on hawthorns. After the introduction of apple trees, these flies started to lay eggs in apples or hawthorns. These flies tend to live and reproduce in the type of plants they were born in. Therefore, hawthorn flies tend to mate with other hawthorn flies and apple flies tend to mate with other apple flies. Some genetic differences are currently found between these two groups of flies. If these flies become different species in the future, this will be an example of: 1. adaptive radiation 2. sympatric speciation 3. reproductive isolation 4. aneuploidy
2,3
Consider a cross to investigate the pea pod texture trait, involving constricted or inflated pods. Mendel found that the traits behave according to a dominant/recessive pattern in which inflated pods were dominant. If you performed this cross and obtained 650 inflated-pod plants in the F₂ generation bred from true-breading stock, approximately how many constricted-pod plants would you expect to have?
217 (650/3)
How many nucleotides form a codon?
3
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a disease causing bacteria that has become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin and methicillin. Which of the following explanations best explains this antibiotic resistance? 1. When the Staph bacteria encounter antibiotics they gain a resistance to them, and this resistance is inherited. 2. "Survival of the fittest" selected for those Staph bacteria that were most fit, and when these bacteria encounter antibiotics they were already resistant to them. 3. Natural genetic variation within the Staph bacterial population meant that some bacteria were resistant to these antibiotics, and these bacteria survived antibiotic exposure, and this resistance was inherited.
3
Which of the following terms are incorrectly matched with their description? 1. Convergent evolution is a process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point. 2. Divergent evolution is a process by which groups of organisms independently evolve to similar forms. 3. Homologous structures are parallel structures in diverse organisms that have a common ancestor. 4. Vestigial structures are physical structures present in organisms that have no apparent function and appear to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor.
3 and 4
Which of the following terms are incorrectly matched with their description? 1. Convergent evolution is a process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point. 2. Divergent evolution is a process by which groups of organisms independently evolve to similar forms. 3. Homologous structures are parallel structures in diverse organisms that have a common ancestor. 4. Vestigial structures are physical structures present in organisms that have no apparent function and appear to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor.
3,4
If a polypeptide is 100 amino acids long, what would be the minimum number of bases needed to encode this polypeptide without counting start and stop codons?
300
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. How many protons and neutrons does it have?
8 protons and 8 neutrons
What are two similarities between facilitated transport and osmosis?
ATP is not required, and molecules move down their concentration gradient.
What is the role of glucose in the body's metabolism?
As the primary energy source for cells.
Petunias can be blue, red, or violet. When a blue flower is crossed with a red flower, all the resulting flowers are violet. When a violet flower is crossed with another violet flower, what are the expected ratios of colors?
Blue/violet/red in a 1:2:1 ratio
Which of the following metabolic reactions is catabolic? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O C3H4O3 + C3H3O3- + 5H+ -> C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Which of these reactions contravenes the first law of thermodynamics? C6H12O6 -> C3H4O3 + C3H3O3- + 5H+ + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O +energy
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O +energy
Which of the following would likely move across a plasma membrane most rapidly? starch K+ glucose CO2
CO2
Membranes consist of many different types of fatty acids, which confer different properties, including membrane fluidity. Which of the following fatty acids is the LEAST adapative to maintaining a fluid membrane at cold temperatures? Linoleic CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Arachidonic CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH Myristoleic CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Caprylic CH3(CH2)6COOH
Caprylic CH3(CH2)6COOH
Methotrexate is a cancer drug, which blocks DNA synthesis. In a cell culture experiment, the cell cycle is synchronized so that all of the cells in the culture are in the same stage of the cell cycle. Methotrexate is then added when the cells are in the G2 phase and cells in the culture are permitted to go through one round of the cell cycle before measurements are made. What will be seen when the number of cells in the cell culture is measured?
Cell numbers will have doubled
Why are chemoautotrophs not considered the same as photoautotrophs if they both extract energy and make sugars?
Chemoautotrophs extract energy from inorganic chemical compounds.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is false? A cofactor is an inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal regulation of enzyme activity. A coenzyme is a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance the activity of an enzyme. Feedback inhibition results when a product of a reaction decreases its further production by inhibiting the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway that produces it. Competitive inhibition is the inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Competitive inhibition is the inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Classify each of the following examples as convergent or divergent evolution. 1. Wings have evolved in a number of species including insects and bats. 2. Bones in the appendages of a human, dog, bird, and whales have similar structures. 3. Different species of Darwin's finches have similar beak structures with some variations.
Convergent, Divergent, Divergent
The DNA of virus A is inserted into the protein coat of virus B. The combination virus is used to infect E. coli. The virus particles produced by the infection are analyzed for DNA and protein contents. Which results would you expect?
DNA and protein from A
Methotrexate is a cancer drug, which blocks DNA synthesis. In a cell culture experiment, the cell cycle is synchronized so that all of the cells in the culture are in the same stage of the cell cycle. Methotrexate is then added when the cells are in the G2 phase and cells in the culture are permitted to go through one round of the cell cycle before measurements are made. What will be seen when the DNA content of the cell culture is measured?
DNA content will remain the same.
What is the flow of information for the synthesis of proteins according to the central dogma?
DNA to mRNA to protein
When acids are added to a solution, the pH should
Decrease
The difference between osmosis and diffusion is
Diffusion is the movement of solute or solvent molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration; osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Which of the following levels of biological organization is the most complex?
Ecosystem
An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited ______.
Genes
What is the primary energy source for cells?
Glucose
What are the two acids in the following reaction? HNO3+H2O→H3O++NO−3
HNO3and H3O+
Which type of bond exemplifies a weak chemical bond?
Hydrogen Bond
Energy is released as a result of which of the following chemical reactions?
Hydrolysis
A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a
Hypothesis
Which of the following statements is false? Electrons are unequally shared in polar covalent bonds. Electrons are equally shared in nonpolar covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds based on electrostatic forces. Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds.
Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds.
Which of the following steps in the scientific method usually comes first?
Make an observation
Which of the following college departments would not be associated with natural sciences?
Mathematics
Which of the following statements describes an activity in a natural science?
Measuring the magnetic field of the Earth
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is false? Membrane surfaces that face the interior and exterior of the cell are hydrophobic. The interior of the cell membrane is hydrophilic. The hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions of integral proteins interact with the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer. Carbohydrates are found on the exterior surface of cells and are bound either to proteins, or to lipids. Phospholipids tend to become arranged with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing out.
Membrane surfaces that face the interior and exterior of the cell are hydrophobic. The interior of the cell membrane is hydrophilic.
Enantiomers are _____.
Molecules that share the same chemical bonds but are mirror images of each other.
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a(n)
Population
Which of the following molecule does not contain heritable information?
Protein
Which of the following statements about membrane transport is true? Proteins are transported from the smooth ER to the rough ER. Proteins are transported from the smooth ER to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. Membrane and secretory proteins are transported into the rough ER. Proteins are transported from the Golgi's trans face to the plasma membrane.
Proteins are transported from the Golgi's trans face to the plasma membrane.
What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring.
What is a reason why there are fewer offspring from a population that reproduces sexually than from a population that reproduces asexually?
Sexually reproducing organisms expend energy seeking and attracting mates.
Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration?
Shells 1, 2 and 3 are full, and shell 4 has one electron.
Calcium has an atomic number of 20. What is its electron configuration?
Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, and shell 4 has two electrons.
Which of the following statements about characteristics shared by all living organisms is false? Single-celled organisms are not considered to be alive because although they have atoms, molecules, and a cellular structure, they don't have a tissue structure. Viruses are not considered to be alive because although they have atoms, and molecules, they don't have a cellular structure. Plants, bacteria, and animals all share the characteristic of responding to stimuli. Plants, bacteria, and animals all share the characteristic of reproduction.
Single-celled organisms are not considered to be alive because although they have atoms, molecules, and a cellular structure, they don't have a tissue structure.
Which of the following statements are false? Aromatic hydrocarbons consist of closed rings of carbon atoms. Enantiomers are molecules that share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the three-dimensional placement of atoms so that they are mirror images. Hydrocarbons may exist as linear carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of both. Structural isomers have the same atoms but differ in how their atoms are arranged.
Structural isomers have the same atoms but differ in how their atoms are arranged.
Why is the S phase of a cell's life cycle not necessary between meiosis I and II?
The chromosomes have already been duplicated.
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is unexplained loss of entire bee colonies that has been occurring in increased numbers across the world. The cause of the disorder is unknown, although it has been suggested that pesticides may play a role. The following experiment is conducted to study this phenomenon: 300 bee colonies at twenty different sites across the U.S are analyzed. Colonies are classified as having no CCD symptom (group 1) or as having CCD symptoms (group 2). Bee pollen is isolated from group 1 and group 2 colonies and analyzed for the presence of pesticides. Ninety eight pesticides are found in the bee pollen, with significantly higher pesticide levels being found in group 2 colonies. The conclusion of the study states that increasing pesticides use may be leading to death of bees and a loss of bee colonies in CCD. Does this study have a control group? If so, what is the control group? If not, why not?
The control group for this study was group 2.
What does ∆H denote in the Gibbs equation?
The enthalpy lost in a chemical reaction.
What is the difference between the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
The first law involves conserving energy while the second law involves the inability to recapture energy.
Which of the following is an example of passive transport across a membrane? The uptake of glucose in the intestine The uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. The movement of water from a nephron into the collecting duct of the kidney. The movement of H+ into a thylakoid disc during photosynthesis
The movement of H+ into a thylakoid disc during photosynthesis
What happens if an enzyme is not functioning in a chemical reaction in a living organism that needs it?
The reaction proceeds, but much more slowly.
Which of the following statements about the laws of thermodynamics is true? Entropy is the energy transferred from one system to another that is not work. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy can't be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. The first law of thermodynamics states that no energy transfer is completely efficient and tends toward disorder. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that is not doing work.
Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that is not doing work.
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the resulting two semi-conserved strands of DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process? This is a catabolic process. This is both an anabolic and a catabolic process. This is a metabolic process, but is neither anabolic nor catabolic. This is an anabolic process.
This is an anabolic process.
In the mouse coat color phenotype, gray (G) is dominant over white (g). A true-breed gray mouse is crossed with a true-breed white mouse. The F1 mice are self-crossed. What is (are) the possible phenotype(s) of the mice in F2?
Three quarters gray and one quarter white
Which of the following statements is true? To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon Molecules must have a single bond to be cis-trans isomers. Molecules with the formulas CH3CH2OH and C3H6O2 could be structural isomers. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.
To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.
A diploid cell has ______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.
Twice
Which of the following reasoning is deductive? Most swimming animals use fins; therefore, fins are an adaptation to swimming. Therefore, the reasoning is not deductive. Mitochondria are inherited from the mother; therefore, maternally inherited traits are encoded by mitochondrial DNA Small animals lose more heat than long animals. One would not expect to find wild mice in the poles. Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. long leaves increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves.
Water conservation is a major requirement to survive in the desert. long leaves increase loss of water by evaporation. Therefore, desert plants should have smaller leaves.
Which of the following statements is not true? Water is essential for life. Water can stabilize the temperature of nearby air. Water is polar. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
Which organism employs a diploid-dominant life-cycle strategy?
a gorilla
What is a gamete?
a haploid single cell
Which of the following analogies best describe the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? a hug between two people a square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children's toy the fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces a key fitting into a lock
a key fitting into a lock
What functional group is present in the molecule NH2CO2H?
amino
The monomers that make up proteins are called_______.
amino acids
The working of solar panels is an example of ____.
an energy transformation
Water's property of adhesion is defined as a(n) _____
attraction between water molecules and other molecules
Which organism contains a genome composed of a single double stranded DNA molecule in a loop or circular form?
bacteria
Where is the linkage made that combines two amino acids?
between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate binds to an active site and blocks it from binding substrate binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
What is a protein's chaperone?
chemical that helps the protein fold properly
Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but not animal cells?
chloroplast
Which structure in plant cells contains the pigments that capture light energy?
chloroplast
If sexual reproduction results in offspring that are unique, what are the offspring from asexual reproduction?
clones
Classify each of the following examples as convergent or divergent evolution. 1. Wings have evolved in a number of species including insects and bats. 2. Bones in the appendages of a human, dog, bird, and whales have similar structures. 3. Different species of Darwin's finches have similar beak structures with some variations.
convergent, divergent, divergent
Classify each of the following examples as convergent or divergent evolution. 1. Wings have evolved in a number of species including insects and bats. 2. Bones in the appendages of a human, dog, bird, and whales have similar structures. 3. Different species of Darwin's finches have similar beak structures with some variations.
convergent, divergent, divergent
The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?
degeneracy
Polymers are produced through the process of ____.
dehydration Synthesis
High temperatures and changes in pH can have what type of effect on proteins?
denaturation
DNA structure has been described as a ____.
double helix
The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of
eukaryotic cells
What is the chemical that supplies the energy used to fuel chemical reactions?
glucose
Often secreted proteins are modified with sugar residues. Where would you expect the sugar residues to be added onto the protein?
golgi apparatus
The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule?
histone
A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ______ for that trait.
homozygous
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?
hydrolysis
Where would you find DNA, the genetic material in an animal cell?
in the mitochondria and the nucleus
Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
in the nucleus
If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of ?
incomplete dominance
Ionic bonds are formed between ________.
ions with opposite charges
Which of the following structure(s) would not be observed under the electron microscope in a plant cell?
lysosome
What is the functional group R-CH3 ?
methyl
Which of the following functional groups is not polar?
methyl
Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?
nucleus
The process of _________ helps to ensure that a scientist's research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.
peer review
The linkage between amino acids in a protein is called a(n) ___ .
peptide bond
The linkage between the -COOH group on one end of one molecule and the -NH2 group at the end of another molecule occurs in ____.
peptides
The formation of nucleic acid polymers involves the removal of ____.
phosphates
What is found in RNA that is not in DNA?
ribose and uracil
Saltwater fish live in an environment that is hypertonic to their cells. To adapt to this environment, fish would most likely _______.
secrete salt through their gills and excrete highly concentrated urine
Which of the following sequences correctly lists, in order, the steps involved in the incorporation of a protein within a cell? synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; modification in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; modification in the vesicle synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle
synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle
Unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
telophase
Which structural level of proteins most often affects the function of the protein?
tertiary
Double bonds in phospholipid fatty acid tails contribute to
the fluidity of membranes
Which characteristic of a phospholipid increases the fluidity of the membrane?
unsaturated fatty acid tail
