biology 102 final

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________. a)blood b)muscle c)bone d) adipose tissue

d) adipose tissue

Which of the following is LEAST associated with the others? a)horizontal gene transfer b)transformation c)conjugation d) binary fission

d) binary fission

Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. If an animal did not consume lysine in its diet, you might expect that the animal ________. a)was a carnivore b)would make lysine from other amino acids c)would be very healthy d) could not effectively make many necessary proteins

d) could not effectively make many necessary proteins

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancerous cells by punching holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis? a)macrophages b)toll-like proteins c)plasma cells d) cytotoxic T cells

d) cytotoxic T cells

If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would eventually vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster? a)pelagic ocean b)tundra c)a desert spring d) deep benthic ocean

d) deep benthic ocean

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for ________. a)dehydration synthesis b)regurgitation c)demineralization d) enzymatic hydrolysis

d) enzymatic hydrolysis

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ________. a)smooth muscle cells b)connective tissue c)neural tissue d) epithelial tissue

d) epithelial tissue

Pulse is a direct measure of a)cardiac output b)breathing rate c)blood pressure d)heart rate e)stroke volume

d) heart rate

Nutrient-rich blood from the intestine is carried through the ________ to the liver. a):lacteal vessels b)hepatic portal artery c)lymphatic system d) hepatic portal vein

d) hepatic portal vein

Nutrient-rich blood from the intestine is carried through the ________ to the liver. a)lymphatic system b)hepatic portal artery c)lacteal vessels d) hepatic portal vein

d) hepatic portal vein

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes a)across the United States from east to west. b)in an ecosystem as it evolves over time. c)at different depths in the ocean.in a community through different seasons d) in biomes at different latitudes

d) in biomes at different latitudes

The general term for fungal infection in animals and humans is a)aspergillosis b)basidium c)mycosis d)lichen

c)mycosis

How can biodiversity affect the way we decontaminate industrial sites?I) Bacteria have been found to be able to detoxify certain chemicals; perhaps there are more.II) Trees produce sawdust, which can be used to soak up chemicals.III) Species evolving in contaminated areas could adapt and detoxify the area. A).only I b)only II c)only III d)only II and III

A).only I

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____. a)osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging b)a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation C)gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints d)a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs

C)gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints

Which of the following statements is not true? a) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. b)A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule c).An antigen can have different epitopes. d)An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.

a) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

Consider a population whose growth over a given time period can be described by the exponential model: dN/dt = rN. Select the correct statement about this population. a) A population with a positive value of r will grow exponentially b).A population with an r of 0.1 will decrease over time c).A population with an r of 0 will have no births or deaths during the time period under consideration.

a) A population with a positive value of r will grow exponentially

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? a) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. b)Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection. c)Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee. d)Humans evolved from chimpanzees.

a) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.

Which of the following equations is correct? a) NPP = GPP − R b)R = NPP + GPP c)GPP = NPP − R d)NPP = GPP + R e)NPP = GPP/R

a) NPP = GPP − R

If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen? a) Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose. b)The flavor becomes less noticeable because the sugars are digested. c)The proteins in the cracker begin to be digested. d)The vitamins in the cracker are immediately absorbed.

a) Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into glucose.

Why do the cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms? a) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. b)By secreting inactive enzymes, the catalytic activity of the enzymes is maintained for a longer time. c)The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form. d)Inactive pepsin and trypsin are more easily transported across the cell membrane

a) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens. a) Toll-like receptors b)Complement proteins c)Interferons d)Cytokines

a) Toll-like receptors

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up a) a paraphyletic group. b)a monophyletic taxon. c)an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. d)a polyphyletic group.

a) a paraphyletic group.

The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is ________. a) a reliable average rate of mutation b)a large number of base pairs c)being acted upon by natural selection d)a recent origin by a gene-duplication event

a) a reliable average rate of mutation

Interstitial fluid is ________. a) a site of exchange between blood and body cells b)the internal environment inside animal cells c)identical to blood in composition. d)found only in the lumen of the small intestine

a) a site of exchange between blood and body cells

Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____. a) ammonia b)uric acid c)urea d)guano e)proteins

a) ammonia

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because spores ________. a) are unicellular; seeds are not b)have an embryo; seeds do not c)have stored nutrition; seeds do not d)have a protective outer covering; seeds do not

a) are unicellular; seeds are not

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship? a) benefit ... harmed b)benefit ... no effect c)no effect ... benefit d)benefit ... benefit e)harmed ... harmed

a) benefit ... harmed

The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. a) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte b)providing nutrition for animals c)relying on animals for pollination d)using wind as a dispersal agent

a) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

In which biome would you most likely find plants that exhibit or CAM photosynthesis? a) desert b)tropical forest c)coniferous forest d0temperate grassland e)tundra

a) desert

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was ________. a) feet with digits b)the amniotic egg c)the appearance of jaws d)the mineralization of the endoskeleton

a) feet with digits

The single greatest current threat to biodiversity is _____. a) habitat destruction b)global warming c)introduced species d)overexploitation e)reduced genetic variability

a) habitat destruction

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________. a) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil b)only about 150 million years ago c)to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans d)in conjunction with insects that pollinated them

a) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Inflammatory responses typically include ________. a) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area b)release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area c)reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma d)inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

a) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring? a) inflammatory response b)adaptive immune response c)autoimmune response d)lytic response

a) inflammatory response

Which of the following investigations is an example of the study of an abiotic factor? a) investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species b)identifying food sources for an egret population c)the relationship between finch beak size and food availability on two different Galapagos Islands d)observing interactions among various organisms in a rainforest canopy e)investigating how an elk population competes for food

a) investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species

Edge species _____. a) may require conditions found in both of the bordering ecosystems b)require the unique homogenous edge environment c)exist only in areas that have been altered by humans d)are all nest parasites e)decrease biodiversity

a) may require conditions found in both of the bordering ecosystems

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________. a) more branching or folds b)increased thickness c)larger cells d)decreased blood supply

a) more branching or folds

An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of ________. a) one C region and one V region b)one H region and one L region c)three H regions and one L region d)two C regions and two V regions

a) one C region and one V region

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?I)Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.II)When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.III)Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.IV)Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. a) only I, II, and IV b)only I and III c)only II and IV d)only II, III, and IV

a) only I, II, and IV

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____. a) per capita population growth rate b)carrying capacity c)a time interval d)population density e)total number of individuals in the population

a) per capita population growth rate

In contrast to bioremediation, which is a strategy for _____, biological augmentation _____ a degraded ecosystem. a) removing harmful substances...uses organisms to add essential materials to b)using organisms to add essential materials ... removes harmful substances from c)eradicating a crippling disease in a keystone species...involves planting fruit- and grain-bearing crops to provide more forage in d)adding new species to control problem species...adds fertilizer to nutrient-poor soils in e)replacing extirpated species... removes man-created pollutants and toxins from

a) removing harmful substances...uses organisms to add essential materials to

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________. a) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen b)long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen c)large quantities of the antigen initially recognized d)vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors

a) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a _____. a) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell b)larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell c)smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell d)similar nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell

a) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that a) the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice. b)the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice. c)mice evolved before frogs. d)frogs evolved before mice.

a) the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________. a) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces b)the release of slightly alkaline secretions c)interferons produced by immune cells d)the secretion of complement proteins

a) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? a) the set of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced b)the set of T cell antigen receptors produced c)the susceptibility to a particular virus d)the set of antibodies produced

a) the set of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. a) their mode of nutrition b)the way that they generate ATP c)their sources of energy d)their electron acceptors

a) their mode of nutrition

The function of chylomicrons is to ________. a) transport lipids from the intestine to other organs b)digest nucleic acids in the intestine c)move proteins across plasma membranes of cells d)break down carbohydrates in the mouth

a) transport lipids from the intestine to other organs

The function of chylomicrons is to ________. a) transport lipids from the intestine to other organs b)move proteins across plasma membranes of cells c)break down carbohydrates in the mouth d)digest nucleic acids in the intestine

a) transport lipids from the intestine to other organs

Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________. a) triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes b)enhances the activity of macrophages c)stimulates the complement system d)promotes inflammation

a) triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes

The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots? a)+/+ b)+/0 c)0/0 d)+/-

a)+/+

Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? a)0.01% b)0.1% c)10% d)1%

a)0.01%

Chose the correct set of words that fill the 4 blanks. a)1=plasmogamy; 2 asexual; 3=zygote; 4=germination b)1=mitosis; 2= sexual; 3=asexual; 4=plasmogamy c)1=fertilization; 2 sexual; 3=spore; 4=germination d)1=karyogamy; 2 asexual; 3=zygote; 4=meiosis

a)1=plasmogamy; 2 asexual; 3=zygote; 4=germination

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?1. cells with a single haploid nucleus2. heterokaryotic cells3. dikaryotic cells4. cells with two diploid nuclei a)2 or 3 b)1 or 3 c)3 or 4 d)2 or 4

a)2 or 3

Suppose that the number of newborns (N) in an insect population can be predicted from the number of adult insects (I) according to the following equation, where r and b are variables related to the rates of population growth: N=rI−bI2. Calculate N if r=1.5, b=0.0015, and I=500. Rounding to the nearest whole number, N equals which of the following? a)375 b)188 c)1880 d)749

a)375

In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000 people. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008? a)59,850 b)42,275 c)140,000 d)6,000

a)59,850

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways? a)ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na+ and water reabsorption. b)ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration, and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. c)ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. d)Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder.

a)ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na+ and water reabsorption.

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? a)About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. b)National parks are one of many types of protected areas. c)It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. d)Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

a)About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

Select the correct statement about osmoregulation. a)All osmoconformers are marine animals. b)All marine invertebrates are stenohaline. c)The less the gradient between an animal's internal osmolarity and its external osmolarity (that of its surroundings), the higher the cost of osmoregulation.

a)All osmoconformers are marine animals.

Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is incorrect? a)Birth rates and death rates are high. b)The population has undergone the demographic transition. c)The survivorship curve is Type I. d)Average family size is relatively small.

a)Birth rates and death rates are high.

Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what result should we expect Gleason had a more accurate view of communities than did Clement's hypothesis? a)Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds. b)Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds. c)Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds. d)Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds.

a)Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.

Which statement about dispersal is false? a)Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale. b)Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals. c)The ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribution of a species. d)Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on dispersal. e)Seeds are important dispersal stages in the life cycles of most flowering plants.

a)Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale.

Which of the following causes Earth's seasons? a)Earth's tilt on its axis b)ocean currents c)changes in the Earth's distance from the sun d)vertical air circulation e)global wind patterns

a)Earth's tilt on its axis

Elephants are not the most abundant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands are converted to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following statements describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario? a)Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance. b)Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community. c)Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland. d)Elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators.

a)Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the process of photosynthesis? a)Energy from light is converted to chemical energy stored in organic molecules. b)Molecules synthesized in cellular respiration are broken down, releasing energy that the plant uses to grow. c)Plants absorb O2 from the atmosphere and release CO2 to the atmosphere. d)Plants break down CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere, releasing energy used to do work.

a)Energy from light is converted to chemical energy stored in organic molecules.

Select the correct statement about the global carrying capacity for the human population. a)Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita. b)It is impossible to calculate the global carrying capacity for the human population. c)The global carrying capacity for the human population is limitless because technological advances allow food supply to keep up with global population growth.

a)Estimates of the global carrying capacity for the human population depend on resource use per capita.

What is the biggest problem with selecting a site for a reserve? a)Making a proper selection is difficult because currently the environmental conditions of almost any site can change quickly. b)Keystone species are difficult to identify in potential reserve sites. c)Most of the best sites are inaccessible by land transportation, so making roads to them is often prohibitively expensive. d)Only lands that are not useful to human activities are available for reserves.

a)Making a proper selection is difficult because currently the environmental conditions of almost any site can change quickly.

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be accurate? a)Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat. b)Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can. c)The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals. d)Seal populations are larger than fish populations.

a)Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

Bouchard and Brooks studied the effect of insect flight on dispersal and speciation in rain forest insects. They sampled all of the insects in the study area and found that 60 insect species are flightless and 19 are able to fly. What can you conclude so far about this study?(P. Bouchard and D. R. Brooks. 2004. Effect of vagility potential on dispersal and speciation in rainforest insects. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17:994-1006.) a)Flightless insects have a higher species richness in the study area. b)Flightless insects have a greater dispersal potential from this study area. c)Flightless insects are more numerous in the study area. d)Flightless insects are better suited for the tropics.

a)Flightless insects have a higher species richness in the study area.

Suppose that 60% of Earth's species became extinct during a mass extinction. If you could survey Earth's biological communities 10,000 years after the end of this mass extinction, which of the following would you most expect to find? a)Food webs would show fewer connections and fewer trophic levels than before the extinction. b)Species that were well adapted to conditions before the extinction would have survived. c)The number of species would have recovered to pre-extinction levels. d)Net primary production (NPP) would be higher than before the extinction.

a)Food webs would show fewer connections and fewer trophic levels than before the extinction.

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat? a)Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. b)Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments. c)Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas. d)New environments are almost always smaller in area so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts

a)Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection.

In terms of community ecology, why are pathogens often more virulent now than in the past? a)Human activities are transporting pathogens into new habitats (or communities) at an unprecedented rate. b)Medicines for treating pathogenic disease are in short supply. c)Host organisms have become more susceptible because of weakened immune systems. d)More new pathogens have recently evolved.

a)Human activities are transporting pathogens into new habitats (or communities) at an unprecedented rate.

The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees. ​ Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? a)I b)II c)III d)IV

a)I

Organisms evolve over generations to become adapted to the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. The diversity of organisms that occurs in any particular area thus may be largely determined by the abiotic factors limiting survivorship and reproduction of organisms in a region. Which of the following limit the range of Saguaro cactus in North America?I) pollinatorsII) sunlightIII) precipitationIV) temperature a)I, II, III and IV b)only I and III c)only II, III, and IV d)only I, III, and IV

a)I, II, III and IV

Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla?I) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limbII) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephronsIII) diffusion of urea from the collecting ductIV) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle a)I, II, and III b)I, II, and IV c)All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. d)I and IV

a)I, II, and III

Which of the following statements regarding turnover in a lake is correct? a)In fall turnover, dense water at 4°C sinks and disturbs sediments in the benthic zone. b)Fall turnovers and spring turnovers are exactly the same. c)In fall turnover, dense water at 4°C rises and disturbs sediments in the benthic zone. d)The surface water gets to 4°C only by cooling.

a)In fall turnover, dense water at 4°C sinks and disturbs sediments in the benthic zone.

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? a)It made additional food sources available. b)It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding. c)It allowed for smaller body size. d)It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.

a)It made additional food sources available.

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population,dNdt=rN(K−N)K,which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population? a)K b)r c)N d)rN

a)K

Which of these is not part of insect immunity? a)activation of natural killer cells b)phagocytosis by hemocytes c)production of antimicrobial peptides d)enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals

a)activation of natural killer cells

Which of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity is correct? a)Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area. b)About 25 percent of Earth's land area is now protected. c)Developing nations have a larger ecological footprint than developed nations, thus protected areas should be primarily established in developing nations. d)It is only important to protect land within biodiversity hot spots.

a)Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

Philippe Bouchet and colleagues conducted a massive survey of marine molluscs on the west coast of New Caledonia. For 20% of the total species that were located and identified, only a single specimen was found. What does that suggest about the diversity of molluscs in this area? a)Many of the species from this 20% are probably rare. b)Many of the species from this 20% are most likely just dispersing through the area. c)They were not sampling uniformly throughout the area. d)The west coast of New Caledonia is not an appropriate habitat for molluscs.

a)Many of the species from this 20% are probably rare.

Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity? a)Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances b).In many biomes, periodic disturbances may eliminate the dominant plants. c)Moderate levels of disturbance generally act to reduce species diversity within a community.

a)Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances

Studies of cricket Malpighian tubules revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tubule, moving against the potassium concentration gradient. Based on the information, what can you infer about the mechanism of potassium transport? a)Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. b)Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. c)Sodium ions will follow potassium ions. d)Potassium transport is a passive process.

a)Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process.

Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose? a)Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars. b)The ingested plant material also contains enzymes for cellulose digestion. c)Cellulose is digested intracellularly in the termite hindgut. d)Termites have specialized mouthparts to mechanically break down the cellulose.

a)Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars.

Why is it that satellites, using wavelength reflectance technology, detect variable levels of productivity across Earth's oceans, rather than an increase toward the equator? a)NPP in Earth's open oceans could differ due to variability in depth, the presence of coral reefs, or by ocean currents. b)Light at the equator is too constant and direct. c)Satellites detect differences by measuring the amount of water vapor emitted by transpiring producers, and this is a variable measurement in the oceans. d)Temperatures at the equator often exceed those which are optimal for primary production.

a)NPP in Earth's open oceans could differ due to variability in depth, the presence of coral reefs, or by ocean currents.

If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be: a)Pepsin activates pepsinogen. b)Cells in gastric pits secrete protons. c)Partially digested food enters the small intestine. d)HCl activates pepsinogen.

a)Pepsin activates pepsinogen.

Acid precipitation lowered the pH of soil in a terrestrial ecosystem that supported a diverse community of plants and animals. The decrease in pH eliminated all nitrogenfixing bacteria populations in the area. Which prediction most accurately reflects the impact this will have on the community? a)Primary producers will suffer from nitrogen deficiency and the entire community will experience a decrease in carrying capacity. b)Since phosphorus can replace nitrogen as an essential nutrient, the impact will be minimal. c)Plants can obtain the nitrogen necessary for growth from the atmosphere, but bacterial communities will be negatively impacted. d)The decrease in pH actually increases the availability of soil nutrients, so other nutrients that were less available cause an increase in primary production and an increase in biomass at other trophic levels.

a)Primary producers will suffer from nitrogen deficiency and the entire community will experience a decrease in carrying capacity.

In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are a)Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes. b)Prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution. c)The DNA in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate. d)Prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes but they are more useful to the organism

a)Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes.

Which of the following is a correct statement about MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model? a)Small islands receive few new immigrant species. b)As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. c)Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates. d)Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species.

a)Small islands receive few new immigrant species.

In osmosis, water undergoes net diffusion to an area of lower a)free water concentration. b)vapor pressure. c)solute concentration. d)net charge.

a)free water concentration.

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? a)Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction. b)Embryos are protected from predators. c)Tetrapods can now function with just lungs. d)Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.

a)Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

Easter Island is an extremely isolated island in the Pacific, about 3,500 km from South America. Although there are no forests on the island now, archeological studies, fossil pollen, and other data show that Easter Island was once home to forests containing giant palms and other trees. Some scientists think that the removal of the giant palms caused the forest ecosystem to collapse. Which of the following factors might have caused this collapse? a)The absence of the palm trees may have reduced habitat quality for many other species. b)Productivity increased, thereby increasing competition, in the palms' absence. c)Shade-tolerant species increased in diversity in the absence of the palm. d)Soil erosion decreased in the absence of the palm.

a)The absence of the palm trees may have reduced habitat quality for many other species.

You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium? a)The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die. b)Nothing: the fish will live normally. c)In the better conditions of fresh water, the fish adjust and do better than in salt water. d)The fish will dehydrate and die. e)The fish will get larger more quickly in the healthier conditions of fresh water.

a)The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die.

A fish swimming into an estuary from a river would have which of the following as its greatest physiological challenge? a)The change in water solute content would challenge the osmotic balance of the fish. b)The high water flow would make the fish expend more energy. c)The temperature change would stress the fish by denaturing its proteins. d)The low oxygen content would give the fish difficulty in swimming aerobically.

a)The change in water solute content would challenge the osmotic balance of the fish.

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? a)The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. b)Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. c)There would be no more pathogens on Earth. d)Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase.

a)The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.

What is the importance of the mucus that are released by salivary glands? a)They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus. b)They aid in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides. c)They are beginning the process of starch digestion. d)They are hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth.

a)They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

How do pyramids of net production and pyramids of biomass differ? a)Unlike pyramids of biomass, pyramids of net production are based on measurements per unit time. b)Pyramids of net production include fewer trophic levels than pyramids of biomass. c)Unlike pyramids of net production, the shape of a pyramid of biomass varies with the size of the organisms in the ecosystem.

a)Unlike pyramids of biomass, pyramids of net production are based on measurements per unit time.

In Australia, researchers tested the hypothesis that sea urchin abundance limits kelp distribution. Select the evidence that offers the best support for this hypothesis. a)When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased. b)Sea urchins graze on kelp. c)There is an inverse relationship between the abundance of sea urchins and the abundance of kelp.

a)When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased.

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons? a)a river otter a)a mouse species living in a desert b)a beaver c)a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest

a)a mouse species living in a desert

In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of r-selected individuals? a)a recently abandoned agricultural field in Colorado b)an old-growth forest with large, mature trees c)a coral reef community off the coast of Mexico d)a sand dune community south of Lake Michigan

a)a recently abandoned agricultural field in Colorado

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is a)a shared ancestral character. b)an example of analogy rather than homology. c)a shared derived character. d)a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.

a)a shared ancestral character.

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having ________. a)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells b)a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells c)a sufficient colony of H. pylori d)a cell wall impermeable to acid

a)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? a)an open ocean b)a salt marsh c)a grassland d)a coral reef e)a tropical rain forest

a)an open ocean

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with ________. a)antihistamines b)sterile pollen c)a vaccine d)monoclonal antibodies

a)antihistamines

Which of the following types of organisms is likely to have the widest geographic distribution? a)bacteria b)songbirds c)bears d)lizards

a)bacteria

Which of the following terms includes all of the others? a)biodiversity b)ecosystem diversity c)species diversity d)genetic diversity

a)biodiversity

Which of the following factors causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds? a)biological magnification b)eutrophication c)acid precipitation d)greenhouse effect

a)biological magnification

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? a)birds b)lizards c)tuataras d)crocodiles

a)birds

According to the nonequilibrium model of community diversity, ________. a)communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances b)interspecific interactions induce changes in community composition over time c)communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are permanently changed by disturbance d)community structure remains stable in the absence of interspecific competition

a)communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances

Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of _____. a)convergent evolution b)introgression c)gene flow d)allopatric speciation

a)convergent evolution

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer (km2) in one woodlot and 20 km2 in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? a)density b)carrying capacity c)dispersion d)range

a)density

Which of the following biomes spans the largest annual mean temperature range, but the narrowest mean precipitation range? a)desert b)tropical forest c)taiga d)temperate forest

a)desert

Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to a)determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population. b)determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes. c)determine if a population's growth is cyclic.determine a population's carrying capacity. d)determine the factors that regulate the size of a population.

a)determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____. a)differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient b)absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated c)additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle d)the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification

a)differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds? a)endothermy b)amniotic eggs c)jaws d)bone

a)endothermy

When an organism breaks down organic molecules, some of the energy that had been stored as chemical energy is lost as heat. This happens because a)every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy. b)chemical energy can only be converted to heat energy. c)the enzymes in photosynthesis are inefficient. d)the enzymes in cellular respiration are inefficient.

a)every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy.

Many of the bacterial flagella's proteins are modified versions of proteins that perform other tasks in bacteria. Flagella likely evolved as existing proteins were added to an ancestral secretory system. This is an example of ___?____, where existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification a)exaptation b)accommodation c)adaptation d)adoption

a)exaptation

To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must ________. a)excrete large quantities of water b)consume large quantities of water c)excrete large quantities of electrolytes d)take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

a)excrete large quantities of water

As climate changes because of global warming, plant species' ranges in the northern hemisphere may move northward. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that ________. a)have larger, more contiguous established populations to begin with b)produce well-provisioned seeds c)have seeds that become viable only after a forest fire d)disperse many seeds in close proximity to the parent tree

a)have larger, more contiguous established populations to begin with

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. a)have plasma membranes of low permeability to water b)are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes c)are the largest epithelial cells in the body d)are not in contact with interstitial fluid

a)have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes _____. a)in biomes at different latitudes b)across the United States from east to west c)in an ecosystem as it evolves over time d)in a community through different seasons

a)in biomes at different latitudes

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from ________. a)injection of antibodies to the toxin b)vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin c)injection of interferon d)injection of interleukin-1

a)injection of antibodies to the toxin

In a hydra, digestion is completed ________. a)intracellularly b)extracellularly c)in the alimentary canal d)in the gastrovascular cavity

a)intracellularly

In a hydra, digestion is completed ________. a)intracellularly b)in the alimentary canal c)in the gastrovascular cavity d)extracellularly

a)intracellularly

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? a)introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. b)Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. c)Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. d)Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.

a)introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________. a)it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste b)it requires less energy to transport across the egg shell c)it can be recycled by the embryo to make new protein d)it is less metabolically expensive to produce compared to other waste products

a)it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. a)its food source b)the intensity of its competition with other species c)whether it is early or late in ecological succession d)where it lives e)the rate at which it uses energy

a)its food source

According to the equilibrium model of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on an island that is a)large and close to a mainland. b)environmentally homogeneous. c)large and remote. d)small and close to a mainland. e)small and remote.

a)large and close to a mainland.

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. a)maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids b)regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons c)achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea d)reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

a)maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

Which one of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency? a)mammals, fish, insects b)mammals, insects, fish c)fish, insects, mammals d)insects, fish, mammals

a)mammals, fish, insects

Food chains are sometimes short because a)most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level. b)local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain c).only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species d).predator species tend to be less diverse and less abundant than prey species e).most producers are inedible.

a)most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level.

Which of the following is the best natural example of a uniform pattern of dispersion? a)mushrooms growing on the floor of an old growth forest b)bees collecting pollen in a wildflower meadow c)territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season d)moss spores floating in the wind to new locations of a forest

a)mushrooms growing on the floor of an old growth forest

The following question is based on the observation that several dozen different proteins comprise the prokaryotic flagellum and its attachment to the prokaryotic cell, producing a highly complex structure.Certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This evidence supports the claim that ________. a)natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other structures b)bacteria that possess flagella must have lost the ability to pump certain chemicals across their plasma membranes c)natural selection produces organs that will be needed in future environments d)the motors of bacterial flagella must have originated in other organisms

a)natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other structures

In _____?_____________, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) a)nitrogen fixation b)nitrate reduction c)nitrogen assimilation d)ammonification

a)nitrogen fixation

Which of the following traits is characteristic of K-selected populations? a)offspring with good chances of survival b)small offspring c)many offspring per reproductive episode d)a high intrinsic rate of increase

a)offspring with good chances of survival

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? a)uric acid b)ammonium ions c)urea d)ammonia

a)uric acid

Which of the following measurements would be most helpful in understanding the structure of an ecological community?I) determining how many species are present overall II) determining which particular species are presentIII) determining the kinds of interactions that occur among individuals of the same speciesIV) determining the abundance of resources available for one species a)only I and II b)only II and IV c)only I, II, and III d)I, II, III, and IV

a)only I and II

Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing, less industrialized countries are correct?I) The reproductive rates are predicted to remain below replacement level.II) Survivorship will increase.III) Overall population size will increase dramatically.IV) The fertility rate is predicted to remain high, especially in some regions. a)only II, III, and IV b)only I, II, and III c)only II and IV d)only I and III

a)only II, III, and IV

Which of the following threats to biodiversity is targeted at specific species rather than groups of species? a)overharvesting b)habitat destruction c)introduced species d)increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a cause of global warming

a)overharvesting

Which of the following processes remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere? a)photosynthesis b)decomposition c)cellular respiration by plants d)the burning of fossil fuels

a)photosynthesis

Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because _____. a)photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels b)photosynthetic protists are primary consumers in many marine food chains c)the increased oxygen consumption by large populations of photosynthetic protists will increase photosynthesis in land plants d)photosynthetic protists would release a lot of oxygen, and fertilizing them would increase levels of oxygen in the atmosphere

a)photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function? a)physically trapping of pathogens b)destruction of pathogens because it is acidic c)increasing oxygen absorption d)sweeping away debris

a)physically trapping of pathogens

You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest mixed with grassy meadows. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? a)planting 500 new trees b)relocating all of the deer found in the area c)adding fertilizer to the entire area d)introducing 100 rabbits into the area

a)planting 500 new trees

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response? a)presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface b)activation of complement proteins c)phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood d)memory cells

a)presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, _____. a)producers and decomposers b)producers, primary consumers, and decomposers c)producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers d)producers

a)producers and decomposers

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? a)reabsorption b)excretion c)secretion d)filtration

a)reabsorption

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)________. a)recombinase b)RNA polymerase c)telomerase d)reverse transcriptase

a)recombinase

Managing southeastern forests specifically for the red-cockaded woodpecker ________. a)required periodic forest burning to reduce the growth of a dense understory of trees and shrubs b0contributed to greater abundance and diversity of other forest plant species c)focused on the removal of standing dead longleaf pine to promote growth of young longleaf pine d)required the construction of nest boxes in the forest to promote successful nesting

a)required periodic forest burning to reduce the growth of a dense understory of trees and shrubs

The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as _____. a)restoration ecology b)conservation ecology c)landscape ecology d)resource conservation

a)restoration ecology

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. a)selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids b)formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure c)reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate d)expulsion of urine from the body

a)selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

Wetlands are standing bodies of freshwater, just like lakes and ponds. However, wetlands are different from lakes and ponds because wetlands have _____. a)shallow water and emergent vegetation b)emergent vegetation and oxygen-poor water c)oxygen-poor water d)emergent vegetation

a)shallow water and emergent vegetation

Birds are descended from species that laid eggs in water. It could be argued that embryos of birds still develop in water because ________. a)the amnion encases each embryo in water b)the chorion, allantois, and yolk sac provide embryos with nutrients and waste disposal c)the amnion protect the embryo in the same way that a seed coat protects plant embryos of flowering plants d)the shell keeps the embryo from drying out

a)the amnion encases each embryo in water

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? a)the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars b)a non-poisonous snake mimics the color of a poisonous one c)a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf d)green color of a plant

a)the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars

The main cause of the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is _____. a)the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels b)an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere c)increased worldwide primary production d)additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population

a)the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. a)the concentration gradient; ATP b)phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP c)the concentration gradient; ADP d)transmembrane pumps; electron transport

a)the concentration gradient; ATP

Biological magnification means that _____. a)the concentration of toxins increases at higher trophic levels in a food chain b)fat-soluble toxins magnify the effects of other toxic materials c)large species play a more important role in communities than small species

a)the concentration of toxins increases at higher trophic levels in a food chain

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________. a)the island's size and distance from the mainland b)the number of other islands in the archipelago c)how the island formed d)the island's stage of ecological succession e)when the island formed

a)the island's size and distance from the mainland

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because _____. a)the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested b)land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor c)nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides d)cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matte

a)the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? a)tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse b)extremophiles, tiny, abundant c)pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse d)morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles

a)tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of a)tissues. b)mesoderm. c)a complete digestive tract. d)a body cavity.

a)tissues.

One plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that ________. a)tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation b)tropical communities are younger c)tropical regions have very high rates of immigration and very low rates of extinction d)higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation

a)tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation

The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that a)tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation. b)tropical communities are younger. c)diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases. d)tropical regions have very high rates of immigration and very low rates of extinction. e)higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation.

a)tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation

Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria, but not bacteria with specific R plasmids. a)true b)false

a)true

Obligate anaerob prokaryotes are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration a)true b)false

a)true

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________. a)urea is less toxic than ammonia b)less nitrogen is removed from the body c)urea does not affect the osmotic gradient d)urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste

a)urea is less toxic than ammonia

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____. a)water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills b)air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins c)water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart d)blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae

a)water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

WHAT IF? If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be a)winds blowing from west to east along the equator b).a big change in the length of the year c).the elimination of ocean currents. d)no more night and day. e)a loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes.

a)winds blowing from west to east along the equator

Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that is never toxic to us. a)True b) False

b) False

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible? a)Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey. b) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another. c)Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another. d)Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts.

b) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because ________. a)a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells b) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules c)the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response d)the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient

b) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules

Why do logged tropical rain forest soils typically have nutrient-poor soils? a)Tropical bedrock contains little phosphorous. b) Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber. c)The cation exchange capacity of the soil is reversed as a result of logging. d)Logging results in soil temperatures that are lethal to nitrogen-fixing bacteria

b) Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber.

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology? a)The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. b) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. c)The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. d)The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

b) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo? a)the yolk sac b) the amnion c)the chorion d)the allantois

b) the amnion

Why do the cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms? a)Inactive pepsin and trypsin are more easily transported across the cell membrane b) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. c)The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form. d)By secreting inactive enzymes, the catalytic activity of the enzymes is maintained for a longer time.

b) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question(s) below.A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of _____. a)fimbriae b) a capsule c)pilia d) flagellum

b) a capsule

Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by . . . a)transformation b) all of the above c)conjugation/mating d)transduction

b) all of the above

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system ________. a)excludes the need for extracellular digestion b) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions c)allows extensive branching d)facilitates intracellular digestion

b) allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. a):complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released b) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface c)cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis d)B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs

b) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to ________. a)the presence of natural killer cells b) certain bacterial infections c)increased production of neutrophils d)specific forms of viruses

b) certain bacterial infections

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes are absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? a)genes involved in chitin synthesis b) collagen genes c)genes involved in directing segmentation development d)genes involved in eye-lens synthesis

b) collagen genes

Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. If an animal did not consume lysine in its diet, you might expect that the animal ________. a)would make lysine from other amino acids b) could not effectively make many necessary proteins c)would be very healthy d)was a carnivore

b) could not effectively make many necessary proteins

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has a)less surface area. b) less surface area per unit of volume. c)the same surface-area-to-volume ratio. d)a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.

b) less surface area per unit of volume

The two-host life cycle of Plasmodium, the apicomplexan protist that causes _________, has differentiated unicellular forms and life stages, where one host is _______________ . a)diarrhea, E. coli b) malaria, mosquito c)amoeba, fleas d)malaria, fungus

b) malaria, mosquito

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by ________.I)the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbesII)antibody-mediated opsonization of microbesIII)the release of cytokines by activated B cells a)only II and III b) only I and II c)only I and III d)I, II, and, III

b) only I and II

Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct?I)B cell receptors bind to epitopes.II)T cell receptors bind to epitopes.III)There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen.IV)There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. a)only II, III, and IV b) only I, II, and III c)only I and III d)only II and IV

b) only I, II, and III

Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history? a)polyphyletic taxa b) polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa c)monophyletic taxa d)paraphyletic taxa

b) polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? a)jaws b) post-anal tail c)four-chambered heart d)vertebrae

b) post-anal tail

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? a)protists b) prokaryotes c)flowering plants d)grasses

b) prokaryotes

Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids (extrachromosomal genetic element, extrachromosomal DNA). How many different plasmids can be present in a bacterial cell? a)only one b) several c)none d)two

b) several

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________. a)skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c)striated muscle d)cardiac muscle

b) smooth muscle

Immunological memory accounts for ________. a)the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines b) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased c)the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others d)the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self

b) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________. a)this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water b) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming c)all share a recent common ancestor d)all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures

b) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the production of pili (F factor is an extrachromosomal element or plasmid is part of the chromosome) a)false b) true

b) true

it is a case of natural selection when the fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population exposed to antibiotics. a)false b) true

b) true

Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse? a)50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z b)25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z c)40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z d)70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z

b)25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) a)16 b)64 c)32 d)128

b)64

Which of the following examples demonstrate an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect? a)The insects that spend the most time exposed to sunlight have the most mutations from UV light, and thus evolve the fastest b)A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest years of an ice age, and the offspring of the reproducing survivors of the ice age will likely have more dense fur. c)When seeds are not plentiful, trees produce more seeds. d)Fish that swim the fastest in running water catch the most prey and more easily escape predation.

b)A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest years of an ice age, and the offspring of the reproducing survivors of the ice age will likely have more dense fur.

Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten additional animals, what benefits are there to importing individuals? a)Additional animals would increase beneficial genetic drift. b)Additional voles from a distant population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding. c)There is no benefit other than increasing the overall population size. d)Additional voles will strengthen competition and increase the survival of the fittest.

b)Additional voles from a distant population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding.

Consider a population whose growth can be described by the logistic growth model: dN/dt = rmaxN[(K − N)/K]. Which of the following statements about this population is true? a)rmax declines as N increases. b)At low values of N, the logistic growth and exponential growth (dN/dt = rN) models predict similar population growth. c)K is a constant value.

b)At low values of N, the logistic growth and exponential growth (dN/dt = rN) models predict similar population growth.

Which of the following scenarios would provide the most accurate data on population density? a)Count the number of nests of a particular species of songbird and multiply this by a factor that extrapolates these data to actual animals. b)Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent. c)Use the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of the population. d)Calculate the difference between all of the immigrants and emigrants to see if the population is growing or shrinking.

b)Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent.

In ecological terms, disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability. Which of the following statements about the effects of disturbance is correct? a)A healthy community is in an equilibrium state of balance, with few disturbances. b)Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community. c)The effects of disturbance on a community are almost always negative.

b)Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? a)Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. b)Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient. c)Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. d)Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy.

b)Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta? a)Lagomorpha b)Eutheria c)Marsupiala d)Monotremata

b)Eutheria

A broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is _____. a)shrinking b)growing rapidly c)at carrying capacity d)limited by density-dependent factors e)stable

b)growing rapidly

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and cause lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control? a)Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success. b)Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation. c)All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation, and much of the population dies of exposure and/or starvation. d)Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and parasites, resulting in a population crash.

b)Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.

What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? a)Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions are unlikely. b)Genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction. c)The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion. d)Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.

b)Genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction.

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? a) Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use. b)Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. c)Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil. d)Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear. e)A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse.

b)Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? a)The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity. b)Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. c)Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species. d)Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance.

b)Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? a)Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. b)Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. c)Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors. d)Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. e)Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat.

b)Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is consumed but not used to produce new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? a)It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. b)It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat as a result of cellular respiration consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. c)It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. d)Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation.

b)It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat as a result of cellular respiration consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

Which of the following investigations would shed the most light on the future distribution of organisms in temperate regions that are faced with climate change? a)Quantify the impact of man's activities on present-day populations of threatened and endangered species to assess the rate of extirpation and extinction. b)Look at the climatic changes that occurred since the last ice age and how species redistributed as glaciers melted, then make predictions on future distribution in species based on past trends. c)Remove, to the mineral soil, all of the organisms from an experimental plot, and monitor the colonization of the area over time in terms of both species diversity and abundance. d)Compare and contrast the flora and fauna of warm/cold/dry/wet climates to shed light on how they evolved to be suited to their present-day environment.

b)Look at the climatic changes that occurred since the last ice age and how species redistributed as glaciers melted, then make predictions on future distribution in species based on past trends.

________ is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity. a)Interferons b)Memory c)Lysozyme d)Inflammation

b)Memory

Erwin and Scott used an insecticidal fog to knock down insects from the top section of a L. seemannii tree. The researchers identified over 900 species of beetles among the individuals that fell. Erwin also projected that this entire tree from top to bottom is host to about 600 arthropod species that are unique to this tree species and not found on any other tree species. There are approximately 50,000 species of tropical trees. Although it could not be entirely accurate, what would be the best way to estimate the total number of arthropod species? a)Estimate the species density and then multiply by 50,000. b)Multiply 600 by 50,000. c)Multiply 50,000 by 900. d)Add 900 to 600, and then multiply by 50,000.

b)Multiply 600 by 50,000.

Tropical forests are being converted to farm or pasture land at an alarming rate, and one major focus is on the biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved? a)The plant diversity provides shade, which lowers global warming. b)The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers. c)Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats. d)This diversity provides areas for coffee growing.

b)The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.

What advantage would there be for an ecosystem ecologist to measure net ecosystem production (NEP) instead of net primary production (NPP)? a)NEP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire ecosystem, minus respiration by producers, allowing the measurement of net CO2 flux. b)NEP represents the amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy, minus the energy used by all organisms for cellular respiration, which could indicate whether or not carbon is being stored. c)NPP shows the rate at which the standing crop is utilized by consumers. d)NPP cannot be expressed in energy/unit of area/unit of time.

b)NEP represents the amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy, minus the energy used by all organisms for cellular respiration, which could indicate whether or not carbon is being stored.

How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it? a)Study the temperature range and humidity requirements of the species. b)Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor. c)Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species. d)Measure the change in reproductive success when the species is subjected to environmental stress.

b)Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor.

Why would gene duplication events, such as those seen in the Hox gene complex, set the stage for adaptive radiation? a)Without duplicated genes, species would be vulnerable to extinction. b)One copy of a gene can perform the original function, while other copies are available to take on new functions. c)There are more copies of genes, meaning speciation had occurred by polyploidy. d)The original gene copy is the outgroup, and the new gene copies are the adaptive radiation.

b)One copy of a gene can perform the original function, while other copies are available to take on new functions.

Select the correct statement about osmolarity. a)If two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water flows by osmosis from a hyperosmotic solution to a hypoosmotic one. b)Osmolarity measures the moles of solute per liter of solution. c)The contents of an animal cell are hyperosmotic.

b)Osmolarity measures the moles of solute per liter of solution.

If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be: a)HCl activates pepsinogen. b)Pepsin activates pepsinogen. c)Partially digested food enters the small intestine. d)Cells in gastric pits secrete protons.

b)Pepsin activates pepsinogen.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mineral nutrients in soils and their implication for primary productivity? a)Alkaline soils are more productive than acidic soils. b)Phosphorous is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leaching. c)Adding a nonlimiting nutrient will stimulate primary productivity. d)Globally, phosphorous availability is most limiting to primary productivity.

b)Phosphorous is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leaching.

During a year, plants never use 100% of the incoming solar radiation for photosynthesis. What is a reasonable explanation for this? a)At least 75% of all incoming light is reflected, absorbed, or scattered back by clouds in the atmosphere. b)Plants do not intercept all incoming light, as some light will strike water, bare soil, or rock. c)Plants cannot photosynthesize as well in warm temperatures as in cold temperatures. d)The pigments that drive photosynthesis absorb all of the wavelengths of light that are available; however, some of the light is subsequently reflected.

b)Plants do not intercept all incoming light, as some light will strike water, bare soil, or rock.

For mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds, why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side? a)The sun illuminates the leeward side of mountain ranges at a more direct angle, converting to heat energy, which evaporates most of the water present. b)Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side. c)Deserts create dry conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. d)Air masses pushed by the prevailing winds are stopped by mountain ranges and the moisture is used up in the stagnant air masses on the leeward side.

b)Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side.

Based on this tree, which statement is correct? a)Goats are more closely related to salamanders than to humans. b)Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. c)The human lineage is a basal taxon. d)Salamanders are as closely related to lizards as to humans.

b)Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.

Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you use in response to your friend's suspicions? a)We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has decreased over the past 150 years. b)Scientists have evidence that climate change has already altered primary production, as well as ecosystem services. c)Global warming could have minor effects on agriculture in the United States. d)Through measurements and observations, we know that carbon dioxide levels and temperature fluctuations are indirectly correlated.

b)Scientists have evidence that climate change has already altered primary production, as well as ecosystem services.

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? a)Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. b)Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. c)The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. d)Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.

b)Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following statements will always be accurate? a)The population will enter the extinction vortex. b)The effective population size will be less than the actual population size. c)Modeling of the minimum viable population size will underestimate the actual population size. d)The genetic variation in the population will increase over time.

b)The effective population size will be less than the actual population size.

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? a) engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. b)The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). c)The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. d)The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide.

b)The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Identify the correct statement about conservation biology. a)Edge effects influence all species negatively. b)The natural genetic diversity of species varies from species to species. c)When a species rebounds from near extinction to its original population numbers, genetic diversity also rebounds

b)The natural genetic diversity of species varies from species to species.

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic equation? a)The population size will increase exponentially. b)The population growth rate will approach zero. c)The carrying capacity of the environment will increase. d)The population growth rate will not change.

b)The population growth rate will approach zero.

Salmon eggs hatch in fresh water. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to fresh water to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from fresh water to ocean water and back to fresh water? a)The rectal gland functions in the ocean water, and chloride cells function in fresh water. b)The salt transport mechanisms of the gill epithelia change during migration. c)Their metabolism changes in salt water to degrade electrolytes. d)`Salmon in fresh water excrete concentrated urine, and salmon in salt water secrete dilute urine.

b)The salt transport mechanisms of the gill epithelia change during migration.

A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed with housing while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into 20 separate 1-hectare areas, spread out across the area. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares on one side of the larger area. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares? a)The separate 1-hectare plots are less vulnerable to edge effects. b)The single intact parcel would have a smaller amount of edge than the 20 separate parcels. c)The large plot will create more inbreeding in many species. d)The isolated hectare plots increase the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another.

b)The single intact parcel would have a smaller amount of edge than the 20 separate parcels.

What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs? a)Time is limited. b)There are energy constraints. c)Temperature constraints will prevent females from carrying too many eggs. d)There will be an increase in predation pressure if the females carry too many large eggs

b)There are energy constraints.

Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 kilometers from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7%-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant? a)Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a clumped to a uniform population pattern of dispersion. b)These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. c)Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less crowded conditions with more resources. d)These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals, keeping the other populations' size stable.

b)These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.

Which of the following is a general property of epithelial cells? a)They exist as a sparse population of cells scattered in an extracellular matrix. b)They display an apical and a basal surface that define cell polarity. c)They function to nourish, insulate, and replenish cells in the nervous system. d)They form bundles with striated organization.

b)They display an apical and a basal surface that define cell polarity.

How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? a)Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels. b)Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. c)Predators have relatively large population sizes. d)Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites.

b)Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed.

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? a)The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. b)Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. c)The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. d)Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. e)Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers.

b)Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities? a)Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude. b)Tropical communities have higher sunlight and precipitation, and are generally older than temperate or polar communities. c)There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities. d)More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.

b)Tropical communities have higher sunlight and precipitation, and are generally older than temperate or polar communities.

The three-domain system is supported by data from many sequenced genomes. a)False b)True

b)True

Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's End, England, whose latitude is the equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is instead subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe? a)Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England; rainfall is consistently high in Labrador. b)Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador. c)Labrador receives sunlight of lower duration and intensity than does Land's End. d)Labrador does not get enough rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's End.

b)Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador.

What would happen to the seasons if Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees? a)The seasons would disappear. b)Winters and summers would be more severe. c)The seasons would be shorter. d)Winters and summers would be less severe.

b)Winters and summers would be more severe.

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? a)bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible b)a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes c)caffeinated beverages d)bottled water kept at room temperature

b)a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

The complement system is ________. a)a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes b)a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion c)a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins d)a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity

b)a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as ________. a)hydrolysis b)absorption c)digestion d)ingestion

b)absorption

Chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In fresh water, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between fresh water and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? a)trade-off b)acclimatization c)evolution d)adaptation

b)acclimatization

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________. a)inactivate the erythrocytes b)activate a group of proteins called complement c)stimulate release of interferons d)stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells

b)activate a group of proteins called complement

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ________. a)helps in dispersal of the zygote b)allows it to be nourished by the parent plant c)protects the zygote from herbivores d)evolved concurrently with pollen

b)allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following factors could cause the largest increase in the effective population size of a species? a)an increased number of females b)an increase in the number of breeding males and females c)an increase in the total population size d)an increased number of males

b)an increase in the number of breeding males and females

Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of organization in nature? a)community b)biosphere c)cell d)population e)ecosystem

b)biosphere

An ecosystem is unlikely to be limited by the supply of _____ because it is obtained from the air. A) water b)carbon c)phosphorus d)calcium e)nitrogen

b)carbon

Which of the following is an example of a commensalism? a)rancher ants that protect aphids in exchange for sugar-rich honeydew b)cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison c)bacteria fixing nitrogen on the roots of some plants d)fungi residing in plant roots, such as endomycorrhizae

b)cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison

Establishing new nature reserves in biodiversity hot spots may not necessarily the best choice because ________. a)a hot spot helps conserve only a few species b)changing environmental conditions may shift the location of the hot spot c)their ecological importance makes land purchase very expensive d)hot spots are situated in remote areas not accessible to the public

b)changing environmental conditions may shift the location of the hot spot

The structural component(s) of the mammalian nephron where the transcytosis of water increases due to the action of anti-diuretic hormone is/are the _____. a)afferent and efferent arterioles b)collecting duct c)nephrons d)Bowman's capsules e)glomeruli

b)collecting duct

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? a)consumption b)commensalism c)parasitism d)mutualism

b)commensalism

Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by ________. a)increasing the biodiversity in their new region b)competing with native species for resources and displacing them c)reducing erosion d)spreading rapidly in their new region

b)competing with native species for resources and displacing them

The main purpose of movement corridors is to ________. a)slow down the introduction of new individuals of a species b)connect two otherwise isolated populations c)slowly introduce a species to a new reserve d)create more edge habitat

b)connect two otherwise isolated populations

he body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is a)muscle tissue. b)connective tissue. c)nervous tissue. d)epithelial tissue.

b)connective tissue.

Use the figure to answer the following question.The countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels is an adaptation that allows the goose to ________. a)generate heat using shivering thermogenesis b)conserve heat in its core when the goose is swimming in cold water c)more effectively cool off in the summer d)minimize heat exchange between the feet and water

b)conserve heat in its core when the goose is swimming in cold water

Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by _____. a)converting nitrogen gas to ammonia b)converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb c)incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds d)releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil

b)converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb

Generally speaking, deserts are located in places where air masses are usually ________. a)at the start of trade winds b)descending c)ascending d)tropical

b)descending

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss? a)chaparral b)desert c)wet rain forest d)prairie

b)desert

Studying species transplants is a way that ecologists _____. a)determine the distribution of a species in a specified area b)determine if dispersal is a key factor in limiting distribution of organisms c)develop mathematical models for distribution and abundance of organisms d)consolidate a landscape region into a single ecosystem

b)determine if dispersal is a key factor in limiting distribution of organisms

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except a)diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. b)diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. c)the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. d)diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. e)active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb.

b)diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? a)effect of humidity on plant growth rates b)effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity c)influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers d)limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount e)influence of temperature on competition among plants

b)effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

Which of the following outcomes is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems? a)biological magnification b)eutrophication c)depletion of ozone layer d)acid precipitation

b)eutrophication

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a simple lung) of an ancestral fish is an example of a)adaptive radiation. b)exaptation. c)changes in Hox gene expression. d)paedomorphosis.

b)exaptation.

Nitrogen is absent from a)denatured proteins. b)fatty acids. c)nucleic acids. d)amino acids.

b)fatty acids.

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with ________. a)respiration b)feeding c)locomotion d)defense

b)feeding

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal. a)protonephridium: earthworm b)flame bulb: flat worm c)Malpighian tubule: frog d)exchange across the body surface: snake

b)flame bulb: flat worm

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? a)emigration b)flooding c)predation d)interspecific competition e)intraspecific competition

b)flooding

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a)increased oxygen levels b)fungal enzymes c)larger bacterial populations d)fungal haustoria

b)fungal enzymes

One of the characteristics unique to animals is a)sexual reproduction. b)gastrulation. c)flagellated sperm. d)multicellularity.

b)gastrulation.

The human impact that scientists determined has caused the most extinctions on record is ________, and beyond further losses from this impact, the other impact with the largest potential to cause future extinctions is ________. a)habitat loss; overharvesting b)habitat loss; climate change c)climate change; habitat loss d)introduced species; habitat loss

b)habitat loss; climate change

Mechanical digestion, the process of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces, is important because smaller pieces of food ________. a)do not taste as good as larger pieces of food b)have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food c)are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food d)are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food

b)have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are ________. a)autotrophs b)herbivores c)omnivores d)carnivores

b)herbivores

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? a)primary consumers b)heterotrophs c)herbivores d)carnivores

b)heterotrophs

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis? a)the incursion of a non-native species b)high rate of extinction c)increasing pollution levels d)climate change

b)high rate of extinction

Eukaryotes that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their ________. a)homologous genes that are poorly conserved b)homologous genes that are highly conserved c)plasmids d)mitochondrial genomes

b)homologous genes that are highly conserved

Which of the following might be an investigation of microclimate? a)competitive interactions among various species of songbirds during spring migration b)how sunlight intensity affects plant community composition in the zone where a forest transitions into a meadow c)the seasonal population fluctuation of nurse sharks in coral reef communities d)the effect of ambient temperature on the onset of caribou migration

b)how sunlight intensity affects plant community composition in the zone where a forest transitions into a meadow

A parasitic fungus, Geomyces destructans, has decimated millions of bats in the United States since it was first observed in upstate New York in 2006. The disease has been named white-nose syndrome because of the white fungal hyphae that cover the bat upon infection. It is believed that this fungus was introduced from Europe by tourists entering into caves with hibernating bat populations. Which prediction most likely reflects changes that will occur in natural communities as a result of massive bat mortality? a)decreased bird populations as the spread of the fungus infects other closely related species b)increased flying insect populations c)increased rodent populations as a result of an increase in flying insect populations d)increased animal populations as a result of niche availability

b)increased flying insect populations

Which of the following does NOT apply to a population with a low effective population size? a)genetic drift b)increased genetic diversity c)increased homozygosity d)inbreeding e)reduced heterozygosity

b)increased genetic diversity

The process of obtaining food is known as ________ and requires specialized feeding mechanisms. a)digestion b)ingestion c)absorption d)excretion

b)ingestion

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of _____. a)increased aldosterone production b)inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c)increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule d) increased blood pressure

b)inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The gas carbon dioxide (CO2) is an a)end product of photosynthesis. b)input to photosynthesis and an end product of cellular respiration. c)end product of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. d)input to cellular respiration.

b)input to photosynthesis and an end product of cellular respiration.

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in _____. a)flatworms b)insects c)jellyfish d)sea stars

b)insects

Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement ________. a)is not the result of competition b)is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use c)is a fundamental difference in feeding behaviors of individuals d)is a difference in the niche within a habitat that is preferred to be used by a species

b)is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule ________. A)transfers large molecules as easily as small ones b)is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus c)results from active transport d)is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred

b)is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________. a)hypoosmotic b)isoosmotic c)hyperosmotic d)both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

b)isoosmotic

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment a)hyperosmotic; seawater b)isoosmotic; seawater c)hyperosmotic; freshwater d)hypoosmotic; seawate

b)isoosmotic; seawater

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves? a)semelparous; r-selected b)iteroparous; K-selected c)semelparous; K-selected d)iteroparous; r-selected

b)iteroparous; K-selected

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that a)its effective population size is much lower than its total population size. b)its genetic diversity is very low. c)it is a rare, top-level predator. d)its habitat is fragmented. e)it is not well adapted to edge conditions.

b)its genetic diversity is very low.

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more _____. a)ureters b)juxtamedullary nephrons c)urinary bladders d)podocytes

b)juxtamedullary nephrons

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the _____. a)flame bulb system of flatworms b)kidneys of vertebrates c)protonephridia of rotifers d)Malpighian tubules of insects

b)kidneys of vertebrates

If an ecologist were studying the regional interactions among multiple populations of different species and how they influence the exchange of materials between their various environments, then this would be an example of which kind of research? a)population ecology b)landscape ecology c)ecosystem ecology d)global ecology

b)landscape ecology

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? a)pancreas—enzyme production b)large intestine—bile production c)stomach—protein digestion d)small intestine—nutrient absorption

b)large intestine—bile production

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit primary productivity? a)chemical composition of the sea floor b)light availability c)solute concentration d)temperature

b)light availability

Urea is produced in the _____. a)liver from glycogen b)liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide c)kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids d)bladder from uric acid and water

b)liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

An examination of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that ________. a)the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis b)loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure c)high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse d)the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation

b)loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Vaccination increases the number of a)epitopes that the immune system can recognize. b)lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. c)MHC molecules that can present an antigen. d)different receptors that recognize a pathogen.

b)lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

A population's carrying capacity a)can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model. b)may change as environmental conditions change. c)can never be exceeded. d)increases as the per capita population growth rate decreases.

b)may change as environmental conditions change.

Osmoregulation and excretion are _____. a)mechanisms for the homeostatic control of body temperature b)mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids c)mechanisms that require continual water loss d)ways that animals control their external environment e)chemical processes that completely stop during torpor and hibernation

b)mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids

The estimated density or number of individuals needed for a species to maintain or increase its numbers in a region is the _____. a) metapopulation b)minimum viable population (MVP) c)endemic population d)stochastic population e)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

b)minimum viable population (MVP)

Biogeochemical cycles are crucial to ecosystem function because _____. a) they keep the planet warm enough for living things to survive b)nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled c)energy flows through ecosystems in one direction only and is eventually dissipated as heat d)they remove poisons and keep them locked up in "sinks" e)they prevent catastrophic extinctions

b)nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________. a)produce excessive antidiuretic hormone to remove more water but hold back salts b)passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt c)release atrial natriuretic peptide to decrease blood pressure d)risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours

b)passively excrete excess water in order to remove the high concentration of ingested salt

The duplication of homeotic ( Hox) genes has been significant in the evolution of animals because it ________. a)reduced morphological diversity into simpler forms of life b)permitted the evolution of novel forms c)allowed animals to survive on significantly fewer calories d)caused the extinction of major groups

b)permitted the evolution of novel forms

Which of the following types of organisms is an example of a producer? a)herbivore b)phytoplankton c)decomposer d)zooplankton

b)phytoplankton

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the ________. a)ingestion of interferon b)placental transfer of antibodies c)injection of vaccine d)absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes

b)placental transfer of antibodies

Which of the following is the least likely substance to be found in the glomerular filtrate? a) amino acids b)plasma proteins c)water d)glucose e)salts

b)plasma proteins

Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that a)the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is K-selected. b)predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling. c)both hare and lynx population sizes are affected mainly by abiotic factors. d)hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other.

b)predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling.

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____. a)phospholipids and glycolipids b)proteins and nucleic acids c)triglycerides and steroids d)starch and cellulose

b)proteins and nucleic acids

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of _____. a)nephrons b)protonephridia c)Malpighian tubules d)metanephridia

b)protonephridia

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? a)cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams b)red squirrels, who actively defend territories c)lake trout, which seek out cold, deep water high in dissolved oxygen d)dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree

b)red squirrels, who actively defend territories

The best classification system is that which most closely ________. a)reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes b)reflects evolutionary history c)conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices d)unites organisms that possess similar morphologies

b)reflects evolutionary history

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as _____. a)angiotensinogen b)renin c)antidiuretic hormone d)atrial natriuretic peptide

b)renin

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. a)can be reused by birds as a protein source b)requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass c)is readily soluble in water d)is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products

b)requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

The first step in ecosystem restoration is to _____. a)remove toxic pollutants b)restore the physical structure c)restore native species that have been extirpated due to disturbance d)remove competitive invasive species

b)restore the physical structure

Which of the biomes—tundra, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, desert, tropical rainforest—require periodic fires to maintain their existence? a) tropical forest, savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest b)savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest c)savanna and chaparral d)savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest e)savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grassland, and temperate broadleaf forest

b)savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is ________. a)blood in mammals b)seawater in a tidal pool c)distilled water d)blood in birds

b)seawater in a tidal pool

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? a)petals → sepals → stamens → carpels b)sepals → petals → stamens → carpels c)sepals → stamens → petals → carpels d)spores → gametes → zygote → embryo

b)sepals → petals → stamens → carpels

The primary difference between the small-population approach and the declining-population approach to biodiversity recovery is that ________. a)small-population approach applies for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500 b)small-population approach is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline c)small-population approach would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery d)declining-population approach would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity

b)small-population approach is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline

The effort to develop, manage, and conserve Earth's resources to meet the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs is called _____. a)restoration ecology b)sustainable development c)bioremediation d)biophilia e)landscape management

b)sustainable development

In the region of the Rocky Mountains, imagine that one local variety of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) predominantly occurs between 5,000-8,500 feet in elevation, where it can best tolerate temperatures and precipitation. If future climate change in this region causes the temperature to increase and rainfall to decrease, then which of the following changes might an ecologist predict about the variety's range? a)that variety will occur at lower elevations b)that variety will occur at higher elevations and/or higher latitudes c)that variety will occur at lower elevations and/or lower latitudes d)that variety will occur at higher elevations

b)that variety will occur at higher elevations and/or higher latitudes

The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is a)additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population. b)the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels. c)increased worldwide standing crop. d)increased worldwide primary production. e)an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere.

b)the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels.

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is caused by which of the following? a)warm, less dense water layered at the top b)the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change c)a distinct thermocline between less dense, warm water and cold, dense water d)cold, more dense water layered at the bottom

b)the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change

Which of the following causes seasons on Earth? a)the distance between the Earth and the sun in winter versus in the summer b)the constant tilt of the Earth, combined with its orbit around the sun c)the variation or wobble of Earth's tilt during the year d)the variation in proximity of the Earth to the sun at different times of the year

b)the constant tilt of the Earth, combined with its orbit around the sun

Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for ________. a)global temperature decrease b)the death of fish in lakes c)precipitation with a pH as high as 8.0 d)eutrophication of lakes

b)the death of fish in lakes

Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that a)Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased. b)the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high. c)it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans. d)current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries.

b)the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

Among mammals, it is generally true that ________. a)all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth b)the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea c)after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx d)the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach

b)the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

Urea is _____. a)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates b)the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans c)insoluble in water d)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds

b)the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling within an ecosystem? a)the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem b)the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem c)the secondary production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers d)the ecosystem's rate of primary production

b)the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____. a) minerals in the soil b)the sun c)heat from Earth d)respiration e)decomposition

b)the sun

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by _____. a)using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts b)tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity c)monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins d)synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells

b)tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity

The main goal of sustainable development is to _____. a)involve more countries in conservation efforts b)use natural resources such that they do not decline over time c)reevaluating and re-implementing management plans over time d)use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings

b)use natural resources such that they do not decline over time

Which of the following is an important feature of most terrestrial biomes? a)a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns b)vegetation demonstrating vertical layering c)annual average rainfall in excess of 250 centimeters d)clear boundaries between adjacent biomes

b)vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? a)cold winter months b)vegetation demonstrating vertical layering c)a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns d0clear boundaries between adjacent biomes e)annual average rainfall in excess of 250 cm

b)vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Coral reefs occur on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this? a)air temperatures driven by precipitation b)water temperatures driven by ocean currents c)salinity differences d)day length

b)water temperatures driven by ocean currents

Of the following ecosystem types, which have been impacted the most by humans? a)desert and high alpine b)wetland and riparian c)tundra and arctic d)taiga and second-growth forests

b)wetland and riparian

Archaean ribosomal RNA genes are more similar to those of _________?___ than Bacteria. a)cyanobacteria b)viruses c) Eukarya d)E. coli

c) Eukarya

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? a)It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. b)It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. c) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. d)It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

c) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.

In Figure 26.4, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as Canidae? a)Lutra b)Felidae c) Mustelidae d)Carnivora

c) Mustelidae

What is the importance of the mucus that are released by salivary glands? a)They aid in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides. b)They are beginning the process of starch digestion. c) They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus. d)They are hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth.

c) They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of a)the influence of environment on development. b)paedomorphosis. c) a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. d)heterochrony.

c) a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.

The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as ________. a)digestion b)ingestion c) absorption d)hydrolysis

c) absorption

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. a)the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats b)the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms c) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition d)the increased probability of contact between different mating types

c) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

Deuteromycetes _____. a)include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae b)represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified c) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage d)are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens

c) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely ________. a):have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies b)lack innate immunity c) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells d)be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors

c) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells

Consider two very distantly related species, Species A and Species B. These species live in distinct but similar environments and share a trait that improves their survival and reproduction in their respective environments. Which of the following is the most likely reason that Species A and Species B share this trait? a)descent from a common ancestor b)gene flow c) convergent evolution d)genetic drift

c) convergent evolution

All protists are _____. a)mixotrophic b)symbionts c) eukaryotic d)unicellular

c) eukaryotic

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a)diploid gametes b)haploid gametes c) haploid spores d)diploid spores

c) haploid spores

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________. a):cytotoxic T cells present the class IIMHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface b)B cells release cytokines c) helper T cells release cytokines d)B cells produce IgE antibodies

c) helper T cells release cytokines

Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________. a)adaptive immunity b)acquired immunity c) innate immunity d)cell-mediated immune responses

c) innate immunity

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that ________. a)carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not b)fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption c) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood d)fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine

c) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

All animals, whether large or small, have ________. a)a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac b)an external body surface that is dry c) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium d)a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm

c) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of ________. a)protein-protein interactions b)positive feedback c) negative feedback d)catalytic feedback

c) negative feedback

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach? a)enzyme secretion b)HCl production c) nutrient absorption d)storage

c) nutrient absorption

Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? a)200 b)1,050 c)1,600 d)2,100

c)1,600

Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material? a)1000 b)100 c)10 d)1

c)10

A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal? a)3% b)33% c)11% d)0.03%

c)11%

In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%? a)304,000,000 b)567,760,000 c)304,657,600 d)2,657,600

c)304,657,600

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? a)Fungi b)Animalia c)Plantae

c)Plantae

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a Gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids3. peptidoglycan4. capsule a)1, 4, 3, 2 b)2, 4, 3, 1 c)4, 1, 3, 2 d)1, 3, 4, 2

c)4, 1, 3, 2

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Using these birth and death rates, calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. a)120 individuals added b)20 individuals added c)40 individuals added d)400 individuals added

c)40 individuals added

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? a)It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. b)Most protected areas are too small to protect species. c)About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. d)National parks are one of many types of protected areas. e)Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

c)About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs? a)Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity. b)Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes improves. c)Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores. d)Staghorn coral is decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral takes its place.

c)Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores.

Select the correct statement describing the nitrogen cycle. a)Nitrogen-fixing microbes provide energy for carbon fixation. b)Denitrifying bacteria reduce ammonia (NH3 +) to molecular nitrogen (N2). c)Bacteria obtain energy from nitrification.

c)Bacteria obtain energy from nitrification.

Why is it that nitrogen is often a limiting plant nutrient, despite the fact that the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas (N2)? a)Because plants cannot assimilate nitrogen-containing compounds b)Because N2 easily leaches away from soil c)Because plants cannot fix N2

c)Because plants cannot fix N2

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium? a)A b)B c)C d)D

c)C

Which one of the following is most likely to be a hot spot of biodiversity for birds? a)Eastern North America b)Northern Europe c)Central America d)Central Australia

c)Central America

If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? a)Both decomposition rate and NEP would increase. b)Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease. c)Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase. d)Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease.

c)Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.

If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? a)Both decomposition rate and NEP would increase. b)Neither would change. c)Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase. d)Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease. e)Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease.

c)Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.

Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. In prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domains is: a)Eukaryotes are able to generate mutations in response to environmental stress while prokaryotes only generate random variation. b)Eukaryotic variation occurs primarily within a single generation while prokaryotic variation occurs over many generations. c)Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer. d)Crossing over is a major mechanism in creating genetic variation in prokaryotes while independent assortment is a major mechanism is eukaryotes.

c)Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? a)If two species have the same fundamental niche, one will exclude the other competing species. b)Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species. c)Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. d)The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.

c)Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? a)Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. b)Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. c)Examine the teeth. d)Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.

c)Examine the teeth

Ecosystem services include processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment. Which of the following processes would fall under this category? a)Keystone predators have a marked effect on species diversity. b)Bees, flies, and wasps pollinate many plants. c)Green plants and phytoplankton produce the oxygen we breathe. d)the presence of dams improves flood control.

c)Green plants and phytoplankton produce the oxygen we breathe.

Like other osmoregulatory animals that live in marine environments, sharks maintain tissue concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride that are hypoosmotic to the seawater. In contrast to the bony marine fishes, however, sharks do not need to drink seawater. Why? a)Shark blood is hypotonic to the surrounding tissues, so water always moves passively into the tissue from the blood. b)Sharks excrete large quantities of salt through their gills in exchange for water c)High urea and trimethylamine oxide concentrations keep shark tissues slightly hyperosmotic relative to seawater, so water is absorbed passively. d)Sodium, chloride, and potassium do not influence water balance in shark tissues.

c)High urea and trimethylamine oxide concentrations keep shark tissues slightly hyperosmotic relative to seawater, so water is absorbed passively.

Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about competitive interactions?I) selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirdsII) the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bisonIII) stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist a)only I and II b)only I and III c)I, II, and III d)only II and III

c)I, II, and III

Select the correct statement about the factors that limit the growth of a population. a)Density-dependent factors are biotic; density-independent factors are abiotic. b)The most important factor limiting population growth is the scarcest factor in that area. c)If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth.

c)If a factor limits population growth, increasing its availability will increase population growth.

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? a)India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia. b)The climates of the two regions are similar. c)India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago. d)The species became separated by convergent evolution.

c)India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons. Based on the physical and biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be the difference from normal seasonal turnover? a)An algal bloom of algae would result every spring. b)The lake would fail to freeze over in winter. c)Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers. d)The pH of the lake would become increasingly alkaline

c)Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers.

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? a)More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population. b)Over 50% of the marked individuals were trapped during the recapture phase. c)Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase. d)There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture.

c)Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Matter may be gained by, or lost from, ecosystems. How does this occur? a)Heterotrophs convert heat to energy. b)Photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy to sugars. c)Matter can move from one ecosystem to another. d)Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy.

c)Matter can move from one ecosystem to another

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis.Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection? a)She was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure. b)Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection. c)Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the virally infected cells. d)Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection.

c)Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the virally infected cells.

Loss of biodiversity matters not only with regard to mammals or other vertebrates, but also microbes. Why are microbes worthy of discovery and protection from extinction? a)Microbes may be the most sensitive to the next large extinction event. b)Microbes play a role in digestion. c)Microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research. d)Microbes are much greater in species number than any other taxa on Earth.

c)Microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research.

According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact its prey (P) population, but not vice versa? a)P → C b)C ↔ P c)P ← C d)C → P

c)P ← C

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? a)Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. b)Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars. c)Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. d)Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants.

c)Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? a)Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. b)The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. c)Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. d)Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. e)Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.

c)Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

Which statement concerning grafting is correct? a)Grafting creates new species. b)Stocks and scions must come from unrelated species. c)Stocks provide root systems for grafting. d)Stocks and scions refer to twigs of different species.

c)Stocks provide root systems for grafting.

Select the correct statement describing the osmolarity of mammalian urine. a)The osmolarity of mammalian urine varies little between species b)Mammalian urine is always hyperosmotic to blood. c)The osmolarity of mammalian urine may vary over time.

c)The osmolarity of mammalian urine may vary over time.

Red-cheeked salamanders are partially protected from predators because of cardiac glycosides they produce from glands on their back. When ingested, cardiac glycosides disrupt normal heart rhythms. A different salamander species, the imitator salamander, also has red cheek patches, but does not produce cardiac glycosides. It does gain protection from predators that have learned to avoid red-cheeked salamanders. How does this relationship affect the population dynamics of both species? a)Both species are negatively affected. b)Both species are positively affected. c)The red-cheeked salamander is not affected; the imitator is positively affected. d)The red-cheeked salamander is positively affected; the imitator is negatively affected.

c)The red-cheeked salamander is not affected; the imitator is positively affected

Which of the following statements regarding extinction is accurate? a)A large percentage of species are immune from extinction; however, rates of extinction may increase with continued human impacts. b)Extinction is occurring at a similar rate now as compared to historical fossil evidence. c)The small-population approach is inferior to the declining-population approach if the goal is to conserve the maximum number of species in a given region. d)Extinctions occur only periodically, separated by long time spans with no extinctions.

c)The small-population approach is inferior to the declining-population approach if the goal is to conserve the maximum number of species in a given region.

Resource competition, territoriality, disease, and toxic wastes are some of the factors that provide _____ and help regulate population. a)population dynamics b)metapopulations c)negative feedback d)zero population growth e)positive feedback

c)negative feedback

Studies of cricket Malpighian tubules revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tubule, moving against the potassium concentration gradient. How would you expect the movement of water to be influenced by the distribution of potassium ions? a)Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules. b)Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. c)There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. d)The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement.

c)There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules.

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons? a)They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. b)They allow the fish to produce dilute urine. c)They are involved in excretion of excess salt. d)They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills.

c)They are involved in excretion of excess salt.

What is the difference between a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, and the countercurrent systems that maximize oxygen absorption by fish gills or reduce heat loss in endotherms? a)A countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, involves movement of ions rather than movement of oxygen or heat transfer. b)A countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, includes a capillary bed. c)Unlike the other countercurrent systems, a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, expends energy in active transport.

c)Unlike the other countercurrent systems, a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, expends energy in active transport.

Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals? a)Vitamins and minerals are only obtained by digesting plants. b)Vitamins are involved in regulating enzyme activity, but minerals are not. c)Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules. d)Minerals are obtained by an animal through dietary sources, but vitamins are made by the animal.

c)Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules.

You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? a)Your friend had antibodies to that virus. b)Your friend had allergies. c)You had an immunological memory of that virus. d)Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.

c)You had an immunological memory of that virus.

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described? a) mutualism b)Batesian mimicry c)a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community d)commensalism e)the removal of a keystone species

c)a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

What is a biome? a) a major type of biosphere b)a set of similar communities c)a major type of ecosystem d)an area with a uniform distribution of organisms and abiotic environmental conditions e)a specific set of abiotic factors

c)a major type of ecosystem

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species? a)a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest b)a river otter c)a mouse species living in a desert d)a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest

c)a mouse species living in a desert

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having ________. a):a cell wall impermeable to acid b)a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells c)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells d)a sufficient colony of H. pylori

c)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? a)sexual reproduction b)chlorophyll b c)alternation of multicellular generations d)cellulose in cell walls

c)alternation of multicellular generations

If you are interested in observing a relatively simple community structure in a clear water lake, you would do well to choose diving into _____. a).a nutrient-rich lake b)a relatively shallow lake c)an oligotrophic lake d)a eutrophic lake

c)an oligotrophic lake

For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that _____. a)top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers b)biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores c)at each step, energy is lost from the system d)secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers

c)at each step, energy is lost from the system

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? a)an enlarged brain b)the making of stone tools c)bipedal locomotion d)reduced jawbones

c)bipedal locomotion

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids? a)lack of a tail b)eyes on the front of the face c)bipedal posture d)opposable thumbs

c)bipedal posture

Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?I)They both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors.II)Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen.III)B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens. a)only II b)only III c)both II and III d)both I and II

c)both II and III

The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____. a)survivorship b)community c)carrying capacity d)niche e)biotic potential

c)carrying capacity

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with _____. a)the random distribution of seeds b)the concentration of nutrients within the population's range c)competitive interaction between individuals of the same population d)patterns of high humidity

c)competitive interaction between individuals of the same population

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________. a)MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II b)the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways c)each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene d)once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories

c)each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the ________. a)respiratory system b)integumentary system c)endocrine system d)excretory system

c)endocrine system

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for ________. a)demineralization b)dehydration synthesis c)enzymatic hydrolysis d)regurgitation

c)enzymatic hydrolysis

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. a)change its fundamental niche b)decline in abundance c)expand its realized niche d)become the target of specialized parasites

c)expand its realized niche

Many of the organisms in the ocean are nutrient-limited. If you wanted to investigate this phenomenon, one reasonable approach would be to ________. a)observe Antarctic Ocean productivity from year to year to see if it changes b)contrast nutrient uptake by autotrophs in marine locations that are different temperatures c)experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas d)compare nutrient concentrations between the photic zone and the benthic zone in various marine locations

c)experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____. a)secretion along the distal tubule b)reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule c)filtration from the glomerular capillaries d)H+ pumping to control pH

c)filtration from the glomerular capillaries

On a global scale, energy _____ ecosystems whereas chemical elements _____ ecosystems. a) is biologically magnified in ... are recycled in b)is dissipated in ... flow through c)flows through ... are recycled in d)is continuously supplied to ... are continuously removed from e)is recycled in ... flow through

c)flows through ... are recycled in

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. a)lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed b)sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue c)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae d)fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes

c)fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct? a)ecosystem diversity b)global diversity c)genetic diversity d)local diversity

c)genetic diversity

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. a)photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) b)kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines c)green algae d)liverworts and mosses

c)green algae

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials a)lay eggs. b)lack nipples. c)have some embryonic development outside the uterus d).are found in Australia and Africa.

c)have some embryonic development outside the uterus

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____. a)herbivory b)predation c)mutualism d)commensalism e)parasitism

c)mutualism

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. a)increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care b)producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization c)high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care d)choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live

c)high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________. a)static equilibrium b)physiological chance c)homeostasis d)balanced equilibrium

c)homeostasis

To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to _____. a)use the average extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline b)differentiate between plant extinction and animal extinction numbers c)identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth d)focus on identifying more species of mammals and birds Submit

c)identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth

Why does the U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially established a zero population growth (ZPG)? a)baby boomer reproduction b)emigration c)immigration d)the 2007-2009 economic recession

c)immigration

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would _____. a)decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma b)increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma c)increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma d)decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma

c)increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field and the other two species had a lower relative abundance. A possible factor contributing to the abundances of these species in this example of secondary succession is ________. a)equilibrium b)immigration c)inhibition d)parasitism

c)inhibition

What strategy was used to rescue Illinois prairie chickens from a recent extinction vortex? a)determining the minimum viable population size by taking into account the effective population size b)establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat nesting grounds c)introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation d)reducing the population size of its predators and competitors

c)introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2800 meters in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should _____. a)collect data on temperature, wind, and precipitation at several of these locations for a year b)analyze the soils found in the vicinity of these trees, looking for unique chemicals that may support their growth c)investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude d)study the anatomy and physiology of this species

c)investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. a)frogs b)humans c)kangaroo rats e)freshwater bass

c)kangaroo rats

Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems? a)ecosystem ecology b)organismal ecology c)landscape ecology d)population ecology e)community ecology

c)landscape ecology

Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect ________. a)edge-adapted species b)animals that occupy a broad ecological niche c)large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates d)most organisms that live in the oceans' coral reefs

c)large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates

During the inventory of bacterial genes present in the Sargasso Sea, a deep isolated area in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a research team concluded that at least 1,800 bacterial species were present. Based on what you might predict about the habitat structure of such an area, what kind of bacterial diversity would you expect to see in tropical coral reef waters? a)slightly smaller genetic diversity b)slightly greater genetic diversity c)markedly greater genetic diversity d)markedly smaller genetic diversity

c)markedly greater genetic diversity

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell? a)plasma cell b)thyroid cell c)memory cell d)macrophage

c)memory cell

During the alternation of generations in plants, ________. a)meiosis produces gametes b)fertilization produces spores c)mitosis produces gametes d)fertilization produces gametes

c)mitosis produces gametes

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by ________. a)frequent immigrations of new species b)stable conditions with no disturbance c)moderate levels of disturbance d)intensive disturbance by humans

c)moderate levels of disturbance

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? a)flagellated gametes b)heterotrophy c)nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement d)the structural carbohydrate, chitin

c)nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Double fertilization means that a)every sperm has two nuclei. b)flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds. c)one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei. d)every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.

c)one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.

Animals have adapted different mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products. Which of the following are selective pressures that likely influence which mechanism an animal uses?I) the amount of water available in the animal's habitatII) the energy needs of the animalIII) the temperature of the animal's environment a)only I and III b)only II and III c)only I and II d) I, II, and III

c)only I and II

The ocean ecosystems affect the biosphere by ________.I) producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygenII) adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphereIII) being the source of most of Earth's rainfallIV) regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater a)only II and IV b)only I, II, and IV c)only I and III d)only I, II, and III

c)only I and III

As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select four organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure.Which organism would you classify as an animal? a)organism A b)organism B c)organism C d)organism D

c)organism C

Which of these environmental factor(s) is/are the key determining factor(s) that control(s) the biotic structure of aquatic biomes? a)salinity b)average annual air temperature and precipitation c)oxygen concentrations and nutrient levels d)seasonal fluctuation of water temperature

c)oxygen concentrations and nutrient levels

Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level? a)cyanobacterium: primary consumer b)grasshopper: secondary consumer c)phytoplankton: primary producer d)fungus: primary consumer

c)phytoplankton: primary producer

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? a)megaphylls b)lignin present in cell walls c)pollen d)sporopollenin

c)pollen

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by _____?______. What goes into the blank space? a)lipids b)carbohydrates c)polypeptides d)glycolipids

c)polypeptides

According to the logistic growth equation, dNdt=rN(K−N)K, ________. a)the population grows exponentially when K is small b)the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero c)population growth is zero when N equals K d)the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K

c)population growth is zero when N equals K

According to the logistic growth equation below,dNdt=rN(K−N)K a)the per capita population growth rate increases as N approaches K. b)the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero. c)population growth is zero when N equals K. d)the population grows exponentially when K is small.

c)population growth is zero when N equals K.

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because ________. a)surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year b)the flu can generate anaphylactic shock c)rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells d)of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases

c)rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which _____. a) reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but is highly toxic b)is not very toxic compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires the loss of a lot of water with its excretion c)reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce d)reduces energy use compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but is highly toxic to animals that produce it e)is much more soluble in water than other nitrogenous wastes, but is energetically costlier than other nitrogenous wastes to synthesize

c)reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce

The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as a)landscape ecology b).population viability analysis. c)restoration ecology. d)conservation ecology. e)resource conservation.

c)restoration ecology.

Which of the following locations constitute the largest reservoir for carbon in the carbon cycle? a)the atmosphere b)fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) c)sediments and sedimentary rocks d)the ocean, atmosphere, and fossilized and live plant and animal biomass

c)sediments and sedimentary rocks

According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be lowest on an island that is ________. a)large and close to a mainland b)large and remote c)small and remote d)small and close to a mainland

c)small and remote

Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? a)desert b)temperate broadleaf forest c)tropical rain forest d)savanna e)temperate grassland

c)tropical rain forest

Generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are caused by ________. a)polar, cool, moist, high-pressure air masses from the poles that move along the surface, releasing precipitation along the way to the equator, where they are heated and dried b)solar radiation that warms dry air masses at the poles, causing them to sink toward the tropics, gain moisture, and then release it as precipitation. c)solar radiation that warms moist air masses near the equator, which then cool and release precipitation as they rise, and then, at high altitude, move north or south of the tropics and sink back to the surface as dry air masses d)air masses that are dried and heated over continental areas, which then rise, cool aloft, and descend over oceanic areas, followed by a return flow of moist air from ocean to land, delivering high amounts of precipitation to coastal areas

c)solar radiation that warms moist air masses near the equator, which then cool and release precipitation as they rise, and then, at high altitude, move north or south of the tropics and sink back to the surface as dry air masses

Movement corridors can be harmful to certain species because they ________. a)increase genetic diversity b)allow seasonal migration c)spread disease and parasites d)increase inbreeding

c)spread disease and parasites

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. a)eating a small sugary snack b)blood pressure becomes abnormally high c)sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity d)drinking lots of pure water

c)sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will likely take the place of the coniferous forest (taiga)? a)tropical forest and savanna b)desert and chaparral c)temperate broadleaf forest and grassland d)chaparral and temperate broadleaf forest

c)temperate broadleaf forest and grassland

Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem? a)predation b)disease c)temperature d)competition

c)temperature

Imagine some cosmic catastrophe jolts Earth so that its axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane between Earth and the sun. The most obvious effect of this change would be ________. a)an increase in the length of a year b)a decrease in temperature at the equator c)the elimination of seasonal variation d)the elimination of tides

c)the elimination of seasonal variation

Scientists interested in how populations interact within communities are attempting to determine the species diversity of an island under study. What kind of data would be most helpful to the scientists in determining diversity? a)the number of trophic levels on the island and the niche of each species b)the number of species on the island that are consumers, producers, and decomposers c)the number of different species on the island and the size of the population of each species d)the relative biomass of each species on the island separated by trophic level

c)the number of different species on the island and the size of the population of each species

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? a)the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers b)the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem c)the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem d)the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem e)the ecosystem's rate of primary production

c)the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and _____. a)the growth rate of the population b)the birth rate c)the size of the area in which they live d)their pattern of dispersion e)the factors that limit population growth for that rabbit population

c)the size of the area in which they live

The various taxonomic levels (for example, phyla, genera, classes) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of ________. a)the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each b)morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms c)their inclusiveness d)how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment

c)their inclusiveness

The success of plants extending their range northward following glacial retreat is primarily determined by ________. a)their tolerance to cooler temperatures b)whether there is simultaneous migration of herbivores c)their seed dispersal rate d)their tolerance to shade

c)their seed dispersal rate

What is the goal of bioremediation? a)to improve human health with the help of living organisms such as bacteria b)to improve bacteria for production of useful chemicals c)to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria d)to improve soil quality for plant growth by using bacteria

c)to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals? a)allow gradual changes to take place in the body b)usually impact the entire body c)travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals d)a voltage change must occur

c)travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody? a)the tail b)the light-chain constant regions only c)variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined d)the heavy-chain constant regions only

c)variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

Large animals need specialized organs for gas exchange because ________. a)they require more oxygen per unit of volume b)they collect more energy and therefore have more energy to allocate to specialized tissues c)volume increases more rapidly than surface area as size increases d)surface area increases more rapidly than volume as size increases

c)volume increases more rapidly than surface area as size increases

Keystone species are those species _____. a) that provide important foods and medicines b)with the largest number of individuals in a community c)whose absence would cause major disruption in a community d)that have the most biomass in the community e)that live primarily on or under rocks and stones

c)whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be ________. a).the elimination of ocean currents b)an elimination of deserts and increase in tropics c)winds blowing from west to east along the equator d)a loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes

c)winds blowing from west to east along the equator

If you conclude that vegetation at every point on Earth exactly resembles the predicted biome distribution in a climograph, then ________. a)the biome most sensitive (in danger) from global warming is the desert b)the biome spanning the smallest combined ranges in precipitation and temperature is the tundra c)you are ignoring the fact that local differences in soil, elevation, or topography can result in considerably different plant communities that are embedded within named biomes d)you are ignoring human land use changes or impacts, which have highly altered many regions within biomes

c)you are ignoring the fact that local differences in soil, elevation, or topography can result in considerably different plant communities that are embedded within named biomes

Focus on the red and green algae: how many membranes surround the plastid in red and green algae (an ancient green alga was the ancestor of land plants)? a)1 b)3 c)0 d) 2

d) 2

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location ________. a)8 b)3 c)4 d) 5

d) 5

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? a)The organism does not have nucleus. b)The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids c).It can survive at a temperature over 100°C. d) Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.

d) Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.

Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include ________.I)neutrophilsII)macrophagesIII)dendritic cellsIV)natural killer cells a)I and IV b)I and III c)II and IV d) I, II, and III

d) I, II, and III

Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.I)Pathogen is destroyed.II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.III)Antigens from a pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.IV)Lymphocytes specific to antigens from a pathogen become numerous.V)Only memory cells remain. a)IV → II → III → I → V b)I → III → II → IV → V c)II → I → IV → III → V d) III → IV → II → I → V

d) III → IV → II → I → V

Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose? a)Termites have specialized mouthparts to mechanically break down the cellulose. b)Cellulose is digested intracellularly in the termite hindgut. c)The ingested plant material also contains enzymes for cellulose digestion. d) Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars

d) Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of ________. a)paedomorphosis b)the influence of environment on development c)heterochrony d) a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts

d) a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease? a):a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen b)a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen c)a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by a specific antigen d) a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance)

d) a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance)

Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon? a)adaptive radiation, leading to founder effect b)mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect c)major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents d) a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

d) a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. a)contains chloroplasts b)does not contain vascular tissue c)has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose d) is surrounded by a cuticle

d) is surrounded by a cuticle

Innate immunity ________. a)is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen b)depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen c)is found only in vertebrates d) is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

d) is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma. These species have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10 thousand years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? a)conserved regions of nuclear DNA b)amino acids in proteins c)ribosomal RNA d) mitochondrial DNA

d) mitochondrial DNA

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? a)sporophyll b)stigma c)sporangium d) sporopollenin

d) sporopollenin

Cardiac muscle cells are both ________. a)smooth and under voluntary control b)smooth and under involuntary control c)striated and under voluntary control d) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

d) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

Among mammals, it is generally true that ________. a)after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx b)all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth c)the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach d) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

d) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

or the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that ________. a)all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified b)the pathogen has only one epitope c)the major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are heterozygous d) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same

d) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same

The symbols +, -, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite? a)+/- b)+/0 c)0/0 d)+/+

d)+/+

The symbols +, -, and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and African wild dogs, if the dogs are found to typically avoid areas with lions? a)+/+ b)-/- c)0/0 d)+/-

d)+/-

Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment relative to the cytosol). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If sucrose or saline was added to the pond water in different concentrations (in millimolars, mM), under which conditions would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active? a)1.0 mM saline b)0.08 mM sucrose c)0.05 mM saline d)0.0 mM sucrose

d)0.0 mM sucrose

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the mark-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? a)80,000 b)200 c)400 d)1,600

d)1,600

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question(s) below.A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.In which feature(s) should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium?1. nucleolus2. prophage3. endospore4. nucleoid a)2 and 3 b)1 and 3 c)4 only d)3 and 4

d)3 and 4

Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5,000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2,300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2,500 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl? a)40% b)8% c)2% d)7.4%

d)7.4%

The symbols +, -, and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. Which fact is correct when describing species interactions? a)Species interactions occur in isolation and cannot affect the structure of ecological communities. b)A -/- interaction benefits both of the species in the relationship. c)+/0 will always remain such. d)A +/- interaction could shift to +/0 or +/+ over time, depending on other factors such as competition, population density, or environmental changes.

d)A +/- interaction could shift to +/0 or +/+ over time, depending on other factors such as competition, population density, or environmental changes.

Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis-based approach to scientific inquiry? a)A hypothesis can only be proved by a controlled experiment. b)If a prediction is successfully tested, it proves the hypothesis. c)Accurate observations will support a hypothesis. d)A hypothesis should lead to a prediction that can be tested.

d)A hypothesis should lead to a prediction that can be tested.

Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level? a)eagle-tertiary consumer b)cyanobacterium-primary producer c)fungus-detritivore d)zooplankton-primary producer e)grasshopper-primary consumer

d)zooplankton-primary producer

Which of the following is associated with the small-population approach to species conservation? a)extinction vortex b)minimum viable population c)effective population size d)All of the choices above are associated with the small-population approach to species conservation. e)None of the choices above is associated with the small-population approach to species conservation.

d)All of the choices above are associated with the small-population approach to species conservation.

Endosymbiosis is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotes and suggests a specific order in which this might have occurred. Ancestral cells engulfed and then began to use the metabolic processes of the smaller cells. Based on shared-core processes and features, which statement most accurately describes the order, the theory, and the evolutionary implications for all organisms within domain Eukarya? a)As carbon dioxide levels were increasing over time, natural selection would have favored organisms that acquired a photosynthetic prokaryote to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. These would have likely been the first eukaryotic cells. These ancestral cells engulfed mitochondria-like prokaryotes, which would have provided an even greater advantage for cells in this environment. b)All ancestral eukaryotes would have most likely consumed a nucleus-like prokaryote that eventually became the eukaryotic nucleus. These new eukaryotic cells would have had an advantage over prokaryotic cells by acquiring a nuclear command center for regulating cellular activities. c)Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotes most likely engulfed both a heterotrophic and an autotrophic prokaryote, whereas ancestral photosynthetic eukaryotes probably provided the host cell for the first mitochondria. Over time, natural selection favored these relationships, and these cells became ancestors of all eukaryotes. d)As Earth was becoming more aerobic, mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthetic eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell.

d)As Earth was becoming more aerobic, mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthetic eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell.

Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells? a)B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. b)B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. c)B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. d)B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cell

d)B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cell

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. a) cryptic coloration b)warning coloration c)Müllerian mimicry d)Batesian mimicry e)aposematic coloration

d)Batesian mimicry

Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of zoned reserves? a)Mexico b)China c)United States d)Costa Rica

d)Costa Rica

Eutrophication is often caused by excess limiting-nutrient runoff from agricultural fields into aquatic ecosystems. This process results in massive algal blooms that eventually die and decompose, ultimately depleting the dissolved oxygen, killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms. Predict which of the following human actions would best address the problem of eutrophication near agricultural areas? a)Determine which limiting nutrient is responsible for the algal bloom, and use other fertilizers to apply to crops. b)After each eutrophication event, remove the dead fish and invertebrates to place on agricultural fields instead of fertilizer. c)Remove the algae before it dies and decomposes to prevent eutrophication from occurring. d)Determine critical nutrient loads required for certain crops, and do not exceed this amount during fertilizer application.

d)Determine critical nutrient loads required for certain crops, and do not exceed this amount during fertilizer application.

Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore? a)Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores. b)There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems. c)Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption. d)Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity.

d)Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity.

Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling between vegetation, sediments, and water in a pond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of 100 Canada geese lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event? a)Put a net over the pond so that no more migrating flocks can land on the pond and alter the nitrogen balance of the pond. b)Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. c)Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. d)Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.

d)Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.

Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex? a)The population is permanently small. b)The effective population size of the species falls below 1,000. c)The species in question is found only in small, stable pockets of its former range. d)Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.

d)Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.

Which would be a consequence of the removal of predators from a population such as the Trinidadian guppy population? a)Guppies would produce fewer but larger offspring. b)Primary producers such as algae would overgrow. c)The nitrogen excretion rate would increase.Guppy color patterns would change. d)Guppy color patterns would change; guppies would produce fewer but larger offspring; the nitrogen excretion rate would increase and the rate of growth of primary producers such as algae would increase.

d)Guppy color patterns would change; guppies would produce fewer but larger offspring; the nitrogen excretion rate would increase and the rate of growth of primary producers such as algae would increase.

Which of the following assumptions must be made regarding the mark-recapture estimate of population size?I) Marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped.II) The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked.III) No individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration, and no individuals have been added by birth or eliminated by death during the course of the estimate. a)I only b)II only c)I and II only d)I, II, and III

d)I, II, and III

Which of the following is a generally accurate statement about the current research regarding forest fragmentation? a)Fragmented forests promote biodiversity because they result in the combination of forest-edge species and forest-interior species. b)The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created. c)Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wildlife reserves. d)In fragmented forests, the number of forested-adapted species tend to decline and the number of edge species tend to increase.

d)In fragmented forests, the number of forested-adapted species tend to decline and the number of edge species tend to increase.

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important? a)By using fossil fuels, we are replenishing a nonrenewable resource. b)Burning increases available carbon for primary producers and, therefore, primary consumers. c)Deforestation and suburbanization increase an area's net primary productivity. d)Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are altering Earth's climate.

d)Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are altering Earth's climate.

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration? a)Skeletal system b)Reproductive system c)Excretory system d)Integumentary system

d)Integumentary system

Which of the following statements is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced? a)Invasive species are less efficient than native species in competing for the limited resources of the environment. b)Invasive species come from geographically isolated regions, so when they are introduced to regions where there is more competition, they thrive. c)Invasive species have a higher reproductive potential than native species. d)Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species.

d)Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species.

Which of the following statements can be accurately made about light in aquatic environments? a)Water equally reflects and absorbs all wavelengths of light. b)Longer wavelengths penetrate to greater depths. c)Most photosynthetic organisms avoid the surface where the light is too intense. d)Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species.

d)Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species.

Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct? a)Goats and humans form a sister group. b)Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. c)Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans. d)Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.

d)Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.

Which of the following statements best describes the interaction between fire and ecosystems? a)The suppression of forest fires by humans has prevented certain communities, such as grasslands, from reaching their climax stage. b)Chaparral communities have evolved to the extent that they rarely burn. c)The likelihood of a wildfire occurring in a given ecosystem is highly predictable over the short term. d)Many kinds of plants and plant communities have adapted to frequent fires.

d)Many kinds of plants and plant communities have adapted to frequent fires.

Elevated carbon dioxide levels have been shown to contribute to the greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in mean global temperature. Ecosystems where the largest warming has already occurred include snow-covered northern coniferous forests, tundra, and arctic sea ice habitats. Which statement best explains how the elimination of ice-covered ecosystems affects the rise or fall in global temperature? a)Melting ice releases dissolved ozone gas, which adds to the greenhouse effect. b)Carbon dioxide levels are lowered as a result of the greater volume of water to accommodate greater levels of dissolved gas. c)Large-scale ice melts actually contribute toward lowering global temperatures by decreasing salinity of the oceans. d)More reflective surfaces of ice are replaced with darker, more absorptive surfaces, thereby contributing to the warming trend.

d)More reflective surfaces of ice are replaced with darker, more absorptive surfaces, thereby contributing to the warming trend.

Why is a diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level shaped like a pyramid? a) Organisms at each level store most of the energy and pass little on. b)There are more producers than primary consumers, and so on. c)Organisms eventually die. d)Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next. e)Secondary consumers are larger than primary consumers, and so on.

d)Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next.

________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors. a)B cells b)Cytotoxic T cells c)Macrophages d)Natural killer cells

d)Natural killer cells

Which of the following is the most accurate statement on Earth's carrying capacity for humans? a) The human population has already exceeded K. b)The human population is still a long way from K. c)K is smaller now than it was a thousand years ago. d)Our technology has allowed the human population to keep increasing K. e)When it comes to humans, the concept of K is irrelevant.

d)Our technology has allowed the human population to keep increasing K.

Which of the following studies would shed light on the mechanism of spread of H5N1 virus from Asia to North America? a)Test fecal samples for H5N1 in Asian waterfowl that live near domestic poultry farms in Asia. b)Locate and destroy birds infected with H5N1 in Asian open-air poultry markets. c)Test for the presence of H5N1 in poultry used for human consumption worldwide. d)Perform cloacal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska.

d)Perform cloacal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? a)Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. b)The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. c)Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. d)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

d)Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable? a)Fungi b)Animalia c)Plantae d)Protista

d)Protista

In areas of permafrost, stands of black spruce are frequently observed in the landscape, while other tree species are noticeably absent. Often these stands are referred to as "drunken forests" because many of the black spruce often "lean over" (that is, they are displaced from their normal vertical alignment). What is the most likely explanation for the unusual growth of these forests in this marginal habitat? a)Trees are tilted so snow prevents them from breaking or tipping over. b)Branches are adapted to absorb more carbon dioxide with this displaced alignment. c)Trees tip so that they do not compete with each other for sunlight. d)Taproot formation is impossible, so trees developed shallow root beds.

d)Taproot formation is impossible, so trees developed shallow root beds.

Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? a)Productivity increases with temperature. b)Productivity increases with available sunlight. c)Productivity increases with water availability. d)The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

d)The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to the red-cockaded woodpecker populations in the southeastern United States? a)The mature pine forests in which they live should continue to be protected from forest fire. b)The red-cockaded woodpecker relies on dense forest to hide their nests from ground-dwelling predators. c)All of the appropriate red-cockaded woodpecker habitats have already been logged or converted to agricultural land. d)The bird requires feeding grounds in and around mature pine forest that are uninterrupted by the structure of other vegetation.

d)The bird requires feeding grounds in and around mature pine forest that are uninterrupted by the structure of other vegetation.

You observe two breeding female fish of the same species. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1,000 eggs. Which one of the following outcomes is most likely, given the limits of fitness trade-offs? a)The female laying 100 eggs is larger than the female laying 1,000 eggs. b)The female laying 1,000 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 100 eggs. c)The eggs from the female laying 1,000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs. d)The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1,000 eggs.

d)The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1,000 eggs.

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? a)this high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs. b)The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. c)This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. d)The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.

d)The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? a)They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount. b)The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. c)The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. d)The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

d)The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling? a)The carbon cycle has maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide for the past million years. b)The nitrogen cycle involves movement of diatomic nitrogen between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. c)Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient that most widely affects biomass production. d)The phosphorus cycle involves the weathering of rocks

d)The phosphorus cycle involves the weathering of rocks

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? a)The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. b)The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. c)The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys. d)The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.

d)The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.

Why are experiments that involve transplanting species seldom conducted today? a) There are no criteria to determine if they are successful. b)Species transplants still are a popular experimental tool. c)The success of the transplant cannot be measured in one researcher's lifetime. d)The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities. e)The potential range of a transplanted species can never be greater than its actual range.

d)The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities.

Aldosterone is _____. a) a protein hormone that decreases blood pressure without changing blood volume b)decreases water reabsorption in the kidneys c)is released in great quantities when ethanol intoxication takes place d)a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine e)triggers the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II

d)a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine

At 15-30°N, air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies, where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges. Which statement best describes the outcome of this encounter between a landform and an air mass? a)The cool, moist Pacific air heats as it rises, releasing its precipitation as it passes the tops of the mountains. This now warm and dry air cools as it descends on the leeward side of the range. b)The cool, dry Pacific air heats up and picks up moisture from evaporation of the snowcapped peaks of the mountain range, releasing this moisture as precipitation when the air cools while descending on the leeward side of the range. c)These air masses are blocked by the mountain ranges, producing high annual amounts of precipitation on the windward sides of these mountain ranges. d)The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range. This now cool and dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range.

d)The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range. This now cool and dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range.

Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis, the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses? a)Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments. b)They have a low value and are usually not cost effective. c)Federal laws of the United States exclude their inclusion in any cost benefit analysis. d)Their cost is difficult to estimate, and people take them for granted.

d)Their cost is difficult to estimate, and people take them for granted.

What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation? a)Winter seasons in both the northern and southern hemispheres would have more abundant and frequent precipitation events. b)Large-scale weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes would no longer be a part of regional climates. c)Seasons would be longer and more distinct (colder winters and warmer summers). d)There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.

d)There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? a)Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. b)Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. c)The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. d)Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

d)Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

Which of the following is responsible for the differences in summer and winter temperature stratification of deep temperate zone lakes? a)Oxygen is most abundant in deeper waters. b)Winter ice sinks in the summer. c)Stratification is caused by a thermocline. d)Water is most dense at 4°C.

d)Water is most dense at 4°C.

Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you reintroduce them. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). With no natural predators impacting the population, the graph will likely appear as _____. a).a diagonal line, getting higher with each generation b)an upside-down "U" c)an "S" that ends with a vertical line d)a "J," increasing with each generation

d)a "J," increasing with each generation

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ________. a)more dispersed annual solar radiation compared to the poles b)fewer predators and parasites c)more frequent ecological disturbances over a longer time span d)a longer time frame without disturbances for evolution and speciation

d)a longer time frame without disturbances for evolution and speciation

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? a)a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment b)a butterfly that resembles a leaf c)a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish d)a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake

d)a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake

Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? a)adding fertilizer to soil poor in nutrients to increase plant growth b)dredging a river bottom to remove contaminated sediments c)using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine d)adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability

d)adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system ________. a)excludes the need for extracellular digestion b)facilitates intracellular digestion c)allows extensive branching d)allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

d)allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________. a)macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells b)V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged c)HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system d)an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies

d)an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies

Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? a)limnetic zone b)benthic zone c)pelagic zone d)aphotic zone e)littoral zone

d)aphotic zone

How is net ecosystem production (NEP) typically estimated in ecosystems? a)by detecting the amount of heat energy released by the ecosystem b)by calculating the annual total of incoming solar radiation per unit of area c)by measuring the rate of decomposition by detritivores d)by measuring gas exchange from vegetation as well as estimates of respiration by all other organisms

d)by measuring gas exchange from vegetation as well as estimates of respiration by all other organisms

A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of ________. a)archaeans and bacteria b)sharks and dolphins c)fungi and animals d)chimpanzees and humans

d)chimpanzees and humans

In wild populations, individuals most often show a _____ pattern of dispersion. a)random b)uniform c)equilibrium d)clumped e)density-dependent

d)clumped

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes, nor are they negatively affected by this interaction. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? a)facilitation b)competition c)mutualism d)commensalism

d)commensalism

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? a)favorable climatic conditions b)decreased death rate c)removal of predators d)competition for resources

d)competition for resources

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? a)red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants b)cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants c)cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants d)cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

d)cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

Which of the following is a producer? a)apicomplexan b)kinetoplastid c)ciliates d)diatom

d)diatom

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the atrial natriuretic peptide system can be triggered by ________. a)eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni b)sleeping for one hour c)severe sweating on a hot day d)drinking several glasses of water

d)drinking several glasses of water

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? a)influence of temperature on competition among plants b)limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount c)influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers d)effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

d)effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? a)secretion b)active transport c)reabsorption d)filtration

d)filtration

Suppose that a few individuals of a lizard species are transported on a log that floats from the mainland, where the lizard is abundant, to a distant island, where prior to this event no lizards (of any species) existed. The environmental conditions on the island are similar to those on the mainland. A small population of this lizard becomes established on the island; within a few years, allele frequencies in the island population differ greatly from those in mainland populations. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the genetic differences between the island and mainland populations? a)natural selection b)mutation c)gene flow d)genetic drift

d)genetic drift

Which of the following ecosystems would likely have the largest net primary productivity per hectare and why? a)deep ocean, due to the high activity of chemoautotrophs at deep sea vents b)open ocean, because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs c)tundra, because of the incredibly rapid period of growth during the summer season d)grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decomposition

d)grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decomposition

During exponential growth, a population always ________. a)quickly reaches its carrying capacity b)adds more new individuals when the population is small than when it is large c)loses some individuals to emigration d)grows at its maximum per capita rate

d)grows at its maximum per capita rate

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? a)introduced species that compete with native species b)overharvesting of commercially important species c)novel pathogens d)habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

d)habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

During exponential growth, a population always a)cycles through time. b)loses some individuals to emigration. c)quickly reaches its carrying capacity. d)has a constant per capita population growth rate.

d)has a constant per capita population growth rate.

Mechanical digestion, the process of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces, is important because smaller pieces of food ________. a)are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food b)are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food c)do not taste as good as larger pieces of food d)have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

d)have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? a)conjugation b)translation c)plasmolysis d)horizontal gene transfer

d)horizontal gene transfer

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that ________. a)a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is adaptive in many mammals b)evolution tends toward increased complexity or increased size c)evolution generally progresses toward some goal d)in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species

d)in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species

The formation of a wide, deep canyon causes a very large, genetically diverse plant population to split into two populations. The resulting populations are genetically similar to each other, and both are large (though smaller than the original population). Little gene flow occurs between these populations, and environmental conditions differ on the two sides of the canyon. Under these conditions, genetic differences between these populations are most likely to a)increase over time due to increased gene flow between the populations. b)decrease over time as natural selection favors different alleles in each population. c)decrease over time due to decreased gene flow between the populations. d)increase over time as natural selection favors different alleles in each population.

d)increase over time as natural selection favors different alleles in each population.

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. a)preying on animals b)consuming living, rather than dead, prey c)using enzymes to digest their food d)ingesting it

d)ingesting it

The process of obtaining food is known as ________ and requires specialized feeding mechanisms. a)digestion b)excretion c)absorption d)ingestion

d)ingestion

All types of muscle tissue have ________. a)striated banding patterns seen under the microscope b)cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated c)a response that can be consciously controlled d)interactions between actin and myosin

d)interactions between actin and myosin

Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive? a)endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species b)introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces other invasive species c)endemic to the area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species d)introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

d)introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

Zoonotic disease _____. a)can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host b)is caused by suborganismal pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only c)can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact d)is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector

d)is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector

An examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because ________. a)its kidney had ruptured b)it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions c)its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize d)it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate

d)it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? a)composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope b)presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall c)composition of the cell wall d)lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

d)lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

What labels (words or phrases) are missing from the places with question mark? a)liver and glycogen b)amylase and bile c)A & B d)liver and hepatic portal vein

d)liver and hepatic portal vein

Consider two old-growth forests: One is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? a)old growth, because of stable conditions that would favor exponential growth of all species in the forest b)logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential c)old growth, because each of the species is well established and can produce many offspring d)logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

d)logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons?a)limited branching of vasa recta b)large Bowman's capsule c)absence of proximal tubule d)long loop of Henle

d)long loop of Henle

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____. a)a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats b)lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment c)a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets d)lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

d)lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________. a)lymphocytes and interferons b)phagocytes and cytokines c)dendritic cells and interferons d)mast cells and histamines

d)mast cells and histamines

Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the dispersion of a population being studied? a)counting the number of times a one-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall b)measuring the distance between several burrows within a large prairie dog colony in a grassland c)counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations d)measuring the average distance between individuals and their nearest neighbor, and then analyzing the variation and comparing those measurements at larger scales

d)measuring the average distance between individuals and their nearest neighbor, and then analyzing the variation and comparing those measurements at larger scales

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that ________. a)fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption b)carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not c)fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine d)most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

d)most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood

Food chains are sometimes short because _____. a)predator species tend to be less diverse and less abundant than prey species b)local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain c)only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species d)most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level

d)most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level

In some circumstances, grasses that initially lose tissues from being consumed by animals such as elk or cattle regrow more than they would have otherwise, and benefit from the moderate levels of grazing. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction? a)predation b)commensalism c)parasitism d)mutualism

d)mutualism

The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment revealed that _____.I) deforestation increased water runoffII) nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously highIII) calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas a)only I b)only II c)only III d)only I and II

d)only I and II

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________. a)bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules b)disulfide bridges between the antigens c)denaturation of the antibodies d)the antibody having at least two binding regions

d)the antibody having at least two binding regions

Which statements about dispersal are accurate?I) Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals.II) Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions primarily depends upon climate.III) Seeds are important dispersal stages in the life cycles of most flowering plants.IV) Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale. a)only II, III, and IV b)only II and IV c)only I, II, and IV d)only I and III

d)only I and III

Which statements about K are correct?I) K varies among populations.II) K varies in space.III) K varies in time.IV) K is constant for any given species. a).only II, III, and IV b)only II and IV c)only I and III d)only I, II, and III

d)only I, II, and III

Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries are correct?I) Life history is r-selected.II) The population has undergone the demographic transition.III) The survivorship curve is Type III.IV) Age distribution is relatively uniform. a).only I and III b)only II, III, and IV c)only I, II, and IV d)only II and IV

d)only II and IV

Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance; they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of ________. a)allometric growth b)adaptive radiation c)sympatric speciation d)paedomorphosis

d)paedomorphosis

What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding? a)innate immunity b)active immunity c)cell-mediated immunity d)passive immunity

d)passive immunity

Parasites that cause disease are called a)bacteriophages b)plasmids c)commensalistic d)pathogens

d)pathogens

Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____. a)animals b)protists c)fungi d)plants

d)plants

A community is best described as the collection of a)biotic interactions that occur in a particular area. b)abiotic resources found in a particular area. c)ecosystems found in a particular area. d)populations of different species that live in a particular area.

d)populations of different species that live in a particular area.

Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they _____. a)allow immigration of other predators b)competitively exclude other predators c)prey only on the least abundant species in the community d)prey on the community's dominant species

d)prey on the community's dominant species

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____. a)character displacement b)Batesian mimicry c)mutualism d)resource partitioning

d)resource partitioning

The goal of restoration ecology is to ________. a)prevent further degradation by protecting an area with park status b)replace a ruined ecosystem with a more suitable ecosystem for that area c)manage competition among species in human-altered ecosystems d)return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state

d)return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________. a)the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun b)the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains fewer greenhouse gases c)the poles are farther from the sun than is the equator d)solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere

d)solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________. a)cellulose b)secondary compounds c)lignin d)sporopollenin

d)sporopollenin

In mountainous areas of western North America, north-facing slopes would be expected to _____. a)be warmer and drier than comparable southern exposed slopes b)support biological communities similar to those found at lower elevations on similar south-facing slopes c)receive more sunlight than similar southern exposures d)support biological communities similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south-facing slopes

d)support biological communities similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south-facing slopes

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between _____. a)allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches b)sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator c)allopatric populations of the same animal species d)sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

d)sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? a)savanna b)temperate grassland c)tundra d)temperate broadleaf forest

d)temperate broadleaf forest

Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction? a)producer level b)primary consumer level c)secondary consumer level d)tertiary consumer level

d)tertiary consumer level

What is a critical load? a)the amount of nutrient augmentation necessary to bring a depleted habitat back to its former level b)the level of a given toxin in an ecosystem that is lethal to 50 percent of the species present c)the number of predators an ecosystem can support that effectively culls prey populations to healthy levels d)the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

d)the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that _____. a)it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans b)current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries c)Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased d)the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high

d)the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high

The term convergent evolution is most applicable to which of the following features? a)the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings b)the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs c)the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles d)the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards

d)the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that a)the density of the population is low. b)the size of the area occupied by the population is increasing. c)resources are distributed unevenly. d)the members of the population are competing for access to a resource. e)the members of the population are neither attracted to nor repelled by one another.

d)the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.

The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 kilometers in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to ________. a)innate resistance b)the fact that viruses are very small c)the lethality of each pathogen d)the mobility of their hosts

d)the mobility of their hosts

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another class of antibody that is responsive to the same antigen is due to ________. a)a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells b)the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells c)a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response d)the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA

d)the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? a)the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive b)the set of antibodies produced c)the set of T cell antigen receptors produced d)the set of MHC molecules produced

d)the set of MHC molecules produced

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. a)the collecting duct b)Bowman's capsule c)the proximal tubule d)the vasa recta

d)the vasa recta

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that _____. a)they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle b)they have membranes of varying permeability to water c)they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients d)they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

d)they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a)one species of a non-venomous snake which rattles its tail to mimic a venomous rattlesnake b)a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp c)a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf d)two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

d)two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

As a result of the non-selectivity of the kidney's filtration of small molecules, _____. a) the proportions of all the substances in the blood are the same as in the urine b)many useful substances are lost in the urine c)the kidneys have little control over body fluid composition d)useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed e)urine is always much less concentrated than blood

d)useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed

In creating global climate patterns, which of the following factors is the primary cause of all of the other factors that are listed? a)global ocean currents b)global wind patterns c)precipitation differences between tropical and polar regions d)variation in the heating of Earth's surface

d)variation in the heating of Earth's surface

In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are _____. a)predators and parasites b)competitors and predators c)temperature and sunlight d)water and temperature e)wind and water

d)water and temperature

Which aquatic biome listed here is one of the most productive on Earth, and why? a)deep-sea vent, warm water temperatures b)oligotrophic lake, clear water for light penetration c)coral reef, diversity of organisms d)wetlands, nutrient rich high-moisture soils

d)wetlands, nutrient rich high-moisture soils

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? a)leopard b)lion c)domestic cat d)wolf

d)wolf

What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone? a)echinoderms b)dinoflagellates c)cnidarians d)zooplankton e)marine mammals

d)zooplankton

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by a)frequent massive disturbance. b)human intervention to eliminate disturbance. c)stable conditions with no disturbance. d)intensive disturbance by humans e).moderate levels of disturbance

e).moderate levels of disturbance

Which of the following statements is in accordance with F. E. Clements' view that species in a community function as an integrated unit? a)Species composition is determined by island size and distance from the mainland. b)Most communities are chance assemblages of species found together because they have similar abiotic requirements. c)Most communities are not at equilibrium. d)Food chains are not isolated units but are linked together in food webs. e)A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium.

e)A community at a particular site has only one stable equilibrium.

The producers in aquatic ecosystems include organisms in which of the following groups? a) cyanobacteria b)algae c)plants d)photoautotrophs e)All of the above are correct.

e)All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is part of conservation biology? a)physiology b)evolutionary biology c)ecology d)molecular biology and genetics e)All of the choices are correct.

e)All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following organisms was/were introduced by humans into the United States or its territories? a) kudzu b)zebra mussels c)brown tree snake d)European starling e)All of the choices are correct.

e)All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements best describes why ecologists are currently concerned with global warming and the thawing of permafrost in many areas of the tundra biome? a)The thawing process will likely decrease the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling organisms in the tundra. b)Oil and coal deposits will thaw and rise to the surface (due to their lower density) of the tundra, destroying millions of acres of arctic habitat. c)Migratory species of birds will likely be less successful finding food in thawed tundra, and their abundance will drop dramatically. d)Populations of humans inhabiting the Arctic will have to move to more southern latitudes, resulting in increased competition for resources in already densely populated areas. e)The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming.

e)The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming.

Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? a)adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability b)using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine c)reconfiguring the channel of a river d)dredging a river bottom to remove contaminated sediments e)adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium

e)adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium

Which of the following is an example of a population? a)all the coyotes on Earth b)a spider and the fly it is about to eat c)all the plants that live near each other in a forest d)the earthworms that live in a grassland plus the earthworms that live in a forest e)all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

e)all of the redwood trees that live in a forest

Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by a)incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds. b)releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil. c)converting nitrogen gas to ammonia. d)converting ammonia to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere. e)converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb.

e)converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb.

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. a)biome b)territory c)environmental habitat d)range e)ecological niche

e)ecological niche

Which of the following conditions favors "big-bang" reproduction? a)high levels of parental care b)intense intraspecific competition c)predictable physical environment d)high rate of offspring survival e)low rates of offspring survival

e)low rates of offspring survival

Terrestrial animals are _____. a) obligated to protect their eggs from drying with water-resistant shells b)either arthropods or vertebrates c)likely to have the same problems with osmoregulation as do freshwater fish d)usually nocturnal e)osmoregulators that must obtain water from the environment

e)osmoregulators that must obtain water from the environment

Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they a)prey only on the least abundant species in the community. b)allow immigration of other predators. c)reduce the number of disruptions in the community. d)competitively exclude other predators. e)prey on the community's dominant species.

e)prey on the community's dominant species.

The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that _____. a) biomass is the rate of primary productivity b)biomass is the inverse of primary productivity c)biomass is the natural log of primary productivity d)primary productivity is the inverse of biomass e)primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

e)primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except a)being the source of most of Earth's rainfall. b)removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. c)producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen. d)moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes. e)regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.

e)regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.

Hot spots are usually chosen for nature preserves because they _____. a)are located near mountains and volcanoes b)are situated in areas that are undesirable for human habitation c)usually are located on migratory paths d)they are areas that are sterile with regard to wildlife disease e)save habitat for threatened and endangered species

e)save habitat for threatened and endangered species

Consider this segment of a food web: Snails and grasshoppers eat pepper plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies the trophic level(s) of _____. a) primary consumer only b)secondary consumer only c)tertiary consumer only d)primary and secondary consumers e)secondary and tertiary consumers

e)secondary and tertiary consumers

An appropriate group of animals to examine to observe a Malpighian tubule would be _____. a) the amphibians b)the birds c)the annelids d)the flatworms e)the insects

e)the insects

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's a)species-area curve b).species richness. c)ecological niche. d)secondary succession. e)trophic structure.

e)trophic structure.

The principle of competitive exclusion states that a)two species cannot coexist in the same habitat. b)competition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species. c)competition in a population promotes survival of the best-adapted individuals. d)two species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat. e)two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community.

e)two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community.

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on Mount Everest is approximately ________. a)53 mm Hg b)157 mm Hg c)255 mm Hg d)760 mm Hg

a)53 mm Hg

________ is a hormone that is released from the ________ to stimulate the production of red blood cells. a)Erythropoietin; kidney b)Growth hormone; pancreas c)Acetylcholine; bone marrow d)Cortisol; adrenal gland

a)Erythropoietin; kidney

Compare the dissociation curves of the two hemoglobins in the graph. How does the dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin compare to that for maternal hemoglobin? a)Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at any partial pressure of oxygen. b)Fetal hemoglobin has the same affinity for oxygen as maternal hemoglobin at any partial pressure of oxygen. c)Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at any partial pressure of oxygen. d)Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at lower partial pressures of oxygen, but a lower affinity than maternal hemoglobin at higher partial pressures.

a)Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at any partial pressure of oxygen.

How are gases transported in insect bodies? a)In tracheal systems b)In closed circulatory systems c)In open circulatory systems

a)In tracheal systems

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____. a)be unaffected b)switch to anaerobic metabolism c)lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell d)retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned

a)be unaffected

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? a)Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures. b)The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure c).Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. d)Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls.

b)The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. a)branched tracheae b)a closed circulatory system c)a gastrovascular cavity d)an open circulatory system

b)a closed circulatory system

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? a)annelids b)fishes c)insects d)frogs

d)frogs

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called ________. a)platelets b)thrombi c)erythrocytes d)leukocytes

d)leukocytes

In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. a)not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems b)always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems c)always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems d)not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

d)not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. a)right atrium b) left atrium c) aorta d)capillaries of the lungs e) inferior vena cava

e) inferior vena cava

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the a)right ventricle b)left ventricle c)right atrium d)vena cava e)left atrium.

e) left atrium

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures? a)alligators b)ants c)salmon d)crabs e)earthworms

e)earthworms

Which process in the nephron is least selective? a)reabsorption b)salt pumping by the loop of Henle c)secretion d)active transport e)filtration

e)filtration

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____. a)5000 mL b)4000 mL c)1450 mL d)4450 mL

a)5000 mL

What is the function of the left ventricle? a)It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. b) It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. c)It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs. d)It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation.

a)It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? a)Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. b)There are too many antigens to allow clotting. c)Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. d)Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.

a)Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? a)Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. b)The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. c)Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. d)Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. e)Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart.

a)Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output? a)The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. b)The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. c)The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. d)The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle.

a)The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? a)The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. b)In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals. c)A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish. d)The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals.

a)The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. a)acidic c)basic c)thick d)low in oxygen concentration e)red

a)acidic

Consider the following reaction. If the pH of the blood was decreased, then the ________.CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ a)amount of carbon dioxide would increase b)amount of protons in the blood will increase c)amount of oxygen in the blood will decrease d)bicarbonate in the blood would increase

a)amount of carbon dioxide would increase

Compared to mammals that are not adapted for diving, diving mammals ________. a)can store more oxygen in their muscles b)have larger lungs c)always keep blood flowing to their lungs during a dive d)use gills for gas exchange

a)can store more oxygen in their muscles

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. a)carbon dioxide b)carbon monoxide c)nitrogen d)oxygen

a)carbon dioxide

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. a)diffusion b)active transport c)osmosis d)blood pressure

a)diffusion

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ________. a)disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions b)have a negative effect on peripheral resistance c)block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers d)have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta

a)disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a a)higher P(O2) b)lower osmotic pressure c)greater bicarbonate concentration d)lower pH e)higher P(CO2).

a)higher P(O2)

Cellular respiration a)produces CO2 and ATP. b)uses O2 and CO2 as raw materials. c)takes place in specialized organelles called chloroplasts. d)synthesizes sugars from CO2 and H2O.

a)produces CO2 and ATP.

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. a)right atrium b) left atrium c) aorta d) capillaries of the lungs e)inferior vena cava

a)right atrium

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? a)rising CO2 b)falling O2 c)rising CO2 and falling O2 d)falling CO2 e)rising O2

a)rising CO2

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. a)the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing b)the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide c)stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing d)the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly

a)the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is a)the number of circuits for circulation b)the type of gas exchange tissues c)a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit d)a complete separation of circuits for circulation e)the number of heart chambers

a)the number of circuits for circulation

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? a)the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava b)the pulmonary vein and the aorta c)the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava d)the veins from the right and left legs

a)the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ________. a)the rhythm of heart contractions b)the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart c)the pressure of blood in the heart chambers d)the speed of blood flow through the blood vessels

a)the rhythm of heart contractions

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. a)the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system b)the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle c)the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood d)the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate

a)the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? a)During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. b) Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. c)Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. d) As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.

b) Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. a)right atrium b) left atrium c) aorta d) capillaries of the lungs e) inferior vena cava

b) left atrium

Select the correct statement about capillary beds. a)Capillary beds join arteries and veins b)Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues c)Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries.

b)Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues

Which statement about lipoproteins is correct? a)High-density lipoproteins are a form of cholesterol considered the "good" type to have in blood plasma b)High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood c)Low-density lipoproteins are the principal component of atherosclerotic plaques.

b)High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? a)Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. b)In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. c)When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. d)Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria. e)Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart.

b)In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed?a)Arterial blood entering the capillaries will carry more oxygen. b)Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle. c)Because of the change in blood pH, the blood can carry more oxygen. d)The amount of oxygen in venous blood will increase.

b)Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle.

Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole? a) Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract. b)The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. c)The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. d) The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.

b)The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ________. a)capillaries must have a thick endothelium b)blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves c)arteries must be elastic d)pressure in all vessels must be equal

b)blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____. a)trachea b)bronchiole c)bronchus d)pharynx e)larynx

b)bronchiole

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. a)as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) b)combined with hemoglobin c)by the trachea d)water (H2O) e)dissolved in blood plasma

b)combined with hemoglobin

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. a)amphibians b)fishes c)reptiles d)mammals

b)fishes

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ________. a)plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries b)fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues c)the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase d)hemoglobin will not release oxygen

b)fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. a)two-chambered heart b)four-chambered heart c)hemocoel d)open circulatory system

b)four-chambered heart

What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ________. a)increase the efficiency of gas exchange b)reduce efficiency of gas exchange c)change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out

b)reduce efficiency of gas exchange

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? a)systole of the left atrium b)systole of the left ventricle c)diastole of the right atrium d)diastole of the right ventricle

b)systole of the left ventricle

Blood returns to the heart via the _____. a)aorta b) pulmonary arteries c) pulmonary veins d)aorta and pulmonary arteries e) aorta and pulmonary veins

c) pulmonary veins

A patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat will have a cardiac output of ________. a)1,400 mL/minute b)1,000 mL/minute c)4,900 mL/minute d)2,800 mL/minute

c)4,900 mL/minute

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is ________. a)82 mm Hg b)4 mm Hg c)40 mm Hg d)400 mm Hg

c)40 mm Hg

Which of the following best describes an artery? a)Arteries have thin walls compared with veins. b)Arteries contain valves. c)Arteries carry blood away from the heart. d)Arteries carry blood away from capillaries. e)Arteries carry oxygenated blood.

c)Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries? a)Because the narrow capillaries offer great resistance to blood flow b)Because capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues c)Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

c)Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?a)Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. b)Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. c)Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. d)There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use

c)Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?I) changing the force of heart contractionII) constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arteriolesIII) opening or closing precapillary sphincters a)only II and III b)only I and IIII c)I, II, and III d)only I and II

c)I, II, and III

Hyperventilation (rapid inhalation and exhalation) can result in respiratory alkalosis (increased blood pH). Why? a)Hyperventilation results in inefficient gas exchange, and not enough oxygen is absorbed by the blood. b)More metabolic waste is released into the blood, thus reducing the pH. c)Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases. d)Excess production of carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

c)Rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases.

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? a)The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body. b) Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. c)The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. d)Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body.

c)The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? a)the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. b)The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. c)The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. d)The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

c)The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Select the correct statement about the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. a)The three-chambered heart is inferior to the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals, limiting the evolutionary success of amphibians and nonbird reptiles. b)Pulmonary and systemic blood fully mixes in the ventricle of a three-chambered heart. c)The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.

c)The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? a)The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. b)The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. c)The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. d)The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

c)The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis? a)More blood is flowing through precapillary sphincters. b)The infected human's immune system is fighting the worms. c)The worms are blocking the lymph vessels. d)The worm infection is causing a decrease in cardiac output.

c)The worms are blocking the lymph vessels.

Stroke occurs when _____. a)the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity b)a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery c)a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue d)the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat e)a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries

c)a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the _____. a)animal had evolved from birds b)animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles c)animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate d)species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure

c)animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? a)destruction of red blood cells b)reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries c)bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds d)inability of the right ventricle to contract

c)bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________. a)simply dissolved in the plasma b)transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid c)converted to bicarbonate ions d)bound to hemoglobin

c)converted to bicarbonate ions

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. a)loss of fluid from capillaries b)increased diffusion of hemoglobin c)development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls d)loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries

c)development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________. a)decrease its binding of H+ b)bind more oxygen molecules c)give up more of its oxygen molecules d)release all bound carbon dioxide molecules

c)give up more of its oxygen molecules

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. a) increases as the pH of tissues decreases b)increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level c)increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen d)decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen e)is called the Bohr shift

c)increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal? a)trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli b)alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea c)larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli d)trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli

c)larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____. a)the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air b)the overproduction of surfactants c)lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant d)mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

c)lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

As a property of enzymes, cooperativity refers to a)two different enzymes using the same substrate. b)one enzyme acting on two different substrates. c)one enzyme subunit altering the behavior of others. d)catalysis that consumes the enzyme.

c)one enzyme subunit altering the behavior of others.

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to _____. a)those of birds, with a four-chambered heart B)those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow c)the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber d)those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment

c)the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except a)the right ventricle b)the trachea c)the pulmonary vein d)the right atrium e)an alveolus.

c)the pulmonary vein

Circulatory systems compensate for _____. a)temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue b)the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system c)the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances d)the need to cushion animals from trauma

c)the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. a)one capillary bed b)three capillary beds c)two capillary beds d)four capillary beds

c)two capillary beds

What is the function of a circulatory system? a)It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air. b)It is the site of blood cell production. c)It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. d) It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body

d) It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body

Chambers A and B are separated by a membrane permeable to substance X. The concentration of X is 5% in A and 15% in B. The volume of A is three times that of B. Which of the following will occur? a)There will be no net movement of X because the total amount of X is the same in A and B. b)There will be no net movement of X because there is no energy available to transport X from B to A. c)Because diffusion is random, diffusion will take place without changing the concentration of X in either A or B. d)Although diffusion is random, the result will be the net movement of X from B to A.

d)Although diffusion is random, the result will be the net movement of X from B to A.

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up. a)An increase ... a rise b)A decrease ... a drop c)A decrease ... a rise d)An increase ... a drop e)Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing.

d)An increase ... a drop

While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 ml/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. If their resting stroke volume was 70 ml/beat and resting heart rate was 60 beats per minute, how did this person's cardiac output change? a)Their cardiac output did not change. b)Only their respiratory rate changed. c)During exercise, their cardiac output increased by 60 ml/beat. d)Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging. e)During exercise, their cardiac output decreased by 11,400 ml/minute.

d)Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging.

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures? a)A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary. b)Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant. c)Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs. d)When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.

d)When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? a)a freshwater bony fish b)a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua c)a vampire bata salmon in fresh water d)a marine bony fish

d)a marine bony fish

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. a)conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen b)production of erythropoietin c)synthesis of hemoglobin d)activation of prothrombin to thrombin

d)activation of prothrombin to thrombin

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____. a)interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries b)clogs their bronchi c)prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere d)blocks the openings into the tracheal system

d)blocks the openings into the tracheal system

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. a)measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries b)measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood c)percentage of blood volume made up of platelets d)blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

d)blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will ________, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ________. a)increase; decrease b)not change; also not change c)decrease; decrease d)decrease; increase

d)decrease; increase

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross ________. a)four membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood b)two membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood c)one membrane that of the lining in the lungs and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood d)five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin

d)five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? a)mouse b)human c)hippopotamus d)giraffe

d)giraffe

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? a)jellyfish and cnidarians fishes b)dogs c)sparrows d)grasshoppers

d)grasshoppers

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater ________. a)can hold 10-40 times more carbon dioxide than air b)can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air c)has less dissolved oxygen than seawater d)has more dissolved oxygen than seawater

d)has more dissolved oxygen than seawater

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. a)blood sugar that is abnormally high b)dehydration c)sodium depletion d)increased activity of the immune system

d)increased activity of the immune system

Atrial systole ________. a)only occurs in the left heart chambers b)pumps blood to the aorta c)refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle d)occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole

d)occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron a)functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. b)forms urine by changing fluid composition inside a tubule. c)has a transport epithelium. d)receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. e)is intimately associated with a capillary network.

d)receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid.

]The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water, causing some water to evaporate. Because the water has become warmer and saltier, ________. a)it will become more dense b)it will be better able to sustain aerobic organisms c)the carbon dioxide content will increase d)the oxygen content will decrease

d)the oxygen content will decrease

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? a)vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein b)left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation c)pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit d)vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

d)vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

View Available Hint(s) An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____. a)water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air b)the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water c)water is easier to move over the respiratory surface d)water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized e)ventilation requires less energy in water

d)water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? a) the lungs of a vertebrate b)the parapodia of a polychaete worm c)the gills of a fish D)the skin of an earth worm e)the tracheal system of an insect

e)the tracheal system of an insect