Biology 104 - Module 1 Study Guide

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:

perforated septum.

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

spores

Which chordate group has the most species?

Bony fishes

What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?

Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?

External respiratory surfaces

A polyp is a type of stinging cell.

False

A true coelom develops within the ectoderm.

False

Integuments develop into the megasporangium.

False

Chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?

Flagellate

Which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?

Gametophyte

______________ has been an important medicinal plant for centuries and is still a common herbal remedy today.

Ginkgo

Which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single species?

Ginkgophyta

Echinoderms' radial symmetry enables which of the following?

The ability to respond effectively in every direction of their surrounding environment

Which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?

crustaceans

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

dikaryotic

The oldest known mega fossils of _______________, discovered in New York, are dated at 380 million years old. These trees, which were about 8 m tall, had vascular tissues but no leaves and a minimal root system.

fernlike trees

A radula is characteristic of certain members of phylum Platyhelminthes.

False

Cephalopods have an open circulatory system.

False

Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta.

False

Echinoderms are related to chordates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.

False

Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.

False

The chordate nerve cord is hollow and located ventrally.

False

The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of petals.

False

The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid.

False

The pollen grains of pine each consists of three cells.

False

The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.

False

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.

False

Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars.

False

'Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?

Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells.

Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of mammals?

Incompletely divided ventricles

Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?

Oviparous

How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?

Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.

Which of the following are sluggish creatures that live on the sea bottom, and commonly eject organs when conditions are poor?

Sea cucumbers

After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

Seed

In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?

Septa

Modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor, an ancient green algae. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

They share many biochemical and metabolic traits.

Which statement about echinoderms is FALSE?

They show evidence of segmentation.

In algae, gametangia are generally unicellular.

True

In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte is the embryo sac.

True

In mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium.

True

One true characteristic of all animals is that they:

are heterotrophs.

Placoid scales are found on:

cartilaginous fishes.

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

cellulose

Which of the following are exclusively terrestrial?

chilopods and diplopods

Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:

collar cells

Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:

common edible mushrooms.

Recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from:

conifers

Cycads may be characterized as being:

dioecious and having motile sperm.

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that contributes to the biological success of insects?

high intraspecific competition

Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ___________.

integuments

The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:

jointed appendages

Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:

lateral lines.

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:

lay eggs.

Most mollusks are:

marine

Progymnosperms had two derived features, which were :

megaphylls and woody tissue.

Each cone scale bears two ovules, or_____________, on its upper surface.

megasporangia

Arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are:

millipedes

Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?

rapidly changing colors

Birds are most closely related to:

reptiles

When two gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle is called ________________________.

sporophyte generation

A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?

Anthocerophyta

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?

Birds

How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?

Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.

Which is a characteristic of tapeworms?

Tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.

How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?

Wind

The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:

angiosperms

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

endoderm

Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to which organism?

sea anemones

Which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?

spider

What is the mode of nutrition for most Poriferans?

suspension feeders

Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:

therapsids

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:

water vascular system.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of cnidarians?

They have one body shape, known as medusa.

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

Each archegonium produces many eggs.

False

Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?

They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.

Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.

Triassic period

An archegoniophore is found in certain liverworts.

True

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

Underground mycelium

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates.

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

Vertebral column

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?

gills

Microphylls evolved from stem branches.

False

How do leeches differ from other annelids?

They do not have setae or parapodia.

Which statement about basal angiosperms is FALSE?

They evolved after the core angiosperms.

Gnetophytes are different from other gymnosperms in that gnetophytes have vessel elements.

True

'Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?

Whales

Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?

coelom—nο body cavity

A nauplius larva is characteristic of:

crustaceans

The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?

450 million years ago

The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?

Flatworms

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?

Damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant.

Biologists agree that ancestors of ray-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods.

False

Choanocytes are a characteristic of members of the phylum Cnidaria.

False

In plants, sporogenous cells divide by mitosis to form spores.

False

Mosses have stems, roots, and leaves.

False

The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.

False

Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?

Ferns

To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?

Frontal

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding segmentation?

It is an example of heteroplasy.

What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain?

Megasporangia

Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?

Ophiuroidea

Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ______________________.

Integuments

What specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity?

statocysts

Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?

8

Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?

A thallus

Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:

Candida

As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?

Cephalization

Which of the following is the structural and molecular data that indicate that land plants probably descended from a group of green algae?

Charophytes

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:

Chondrichthyes.

Which of the following were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size?

Club mosses

From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:

Cnidaria

The accompanying figures are representative of which of the following?

Coniferophyta

Lichens are currently thought to be an example of which of the following?

Controlled parasitism

Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?

Echinoderms

Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over-the-counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?

Ephedra

Which of the following is NOT a member of the lepidosaur lineage?

Extant turtles

Cycads and Ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm.

False

Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.

False

Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plasma membranes of root cells.

False

The earliest vertebrates had jaws.

False

The rapid appearance of animals in the fossil record occurred during the Ediacaran radiation.

False

Which of the following is a difference between flatworms and nemerteans?

Flatworm larvae burrow into the skin, whereas nemertean larvae are ingested.

Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?

Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.

Which of the following regarding the coelom is NOT a correct statement?

It functions as an endoskeleton.

Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE?

It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.

Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.

Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

Karyogamy

Which of the following is NOT true of lichens?

Lichens can all be seen with an unaided eye.

The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?

Lining of digestive structures

What is the most ancient group of plants alive today?

Liverworts

Bilateral symmetry and cephalization are adaptations for which of the following?

Locomotion

___________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores.

Meiosis

____________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores.

Meiosis

____ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.

Microphylls

As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?

Molecular data

Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?

More flexible fins with less bone

Which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?

Pollen grain

Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?

Porifera

Asomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?

Prepare vinegar

Which statement about whisk ferns is FALSE?

They lack true stems.

What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?

To protect the flower bud

What is the function of the phloem in plants?

To transport dissolved sugars

A sorus is a cluster of sporangia.

True

An example of an animal that is a metazoan is a sponge.

True

Animals share a common origin with choanoflagellates.

True

Conidia are asexual spores.

True

Members of phylum Arthropoda have paired, jointed appendages.

True

Members of phylum Ctenophora are diploblastic but lack cnidocytes.

True

Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle.

True

One member of subphylum Chelicerata is a spider.

True

Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.

True

The chordate notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod composed of cartilage.

True

The wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids.

True

Which of the following has vertebrae that are concave at both ends?

Tuataras

Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?

Tuberculosis

Adult tunicates develop which of the following?

Tunic

The tetrapods include:

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 6?

anus

Gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as:

archegonia

Sea stars are primarily:

carnivores

Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in:

club mosses.

In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell?

cnidocytes

Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a:

coelom lined by mesoderm.

What is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters?

filter feeders

Lancelets are:

filter feeders.

The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _______________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis.

gametophyte generation

Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:

gemmae

The nervous system of many species of flatworms

is a "ladder-type."

Which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?

leeches

A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that provide support and conduction.

lignin

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.

notochord

The cross section in the accompanying figure is representative of the internal structures found in:

oligochaetes

Extinct jawless fish include the:

ostracoderms

When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a:

protonema

The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:

triploid (3n).

Ctenophores capture food:

using adhesive glue cells that trap prey

Which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?

wings

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:

zygote

Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.

True

In sponges, spicules are secreted by amoeboid cells.

True

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basidiomycete?

Wheat rust

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

Wheat rust

What is the process occurring at point 3 in the accompanying figure?

Zygote germination

The head end of an animal is known as its:

anterior end.

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

budding

Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?

crustaceans

Which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil?

earthworms

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

flagellated cells.

The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:

hydrozoans

Each spore divides by mitosis to produce a _________________ , and the cycle continues.

multicellular gametophyte

The oldest definitive trace of flowering plants in the fossil record consists of:

ovules enclosed in podlike fruits

Which of the following is a marine species that is segmented and has many setae, a well-developed head, separate sexes, and trochophore larva?

sandworms and tubeworms

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

do not have nipples.

As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a:

fruit

How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?

A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.

Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?

Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.

_____________ are the only living nonvascular plants.

Bryophytes

How are the sperm of moss transported to the archegonia?

By both insects and water

The first plants to produce seeds evolved during which time period?

Devonian period

Which one of the following is mismatched?

Dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes

Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?

Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.

Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?

Hox genes

Which statement best describes a lophophore?

It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth.

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about label 1 is FALSE?

It is part of the sporophyte generation.

Which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?

Neural crest cells

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of conodonts (extinct chordates)?

No fins

What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?

Pistil

Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

Plasmogamy

Which of the following is heterosporous?

Spike moss

Tunicates are often mistaken for which of the following?

Sponges

Meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following?

Sporangium

What does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?

Sporophylls

Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?

Tapeworms

A fruit develops from the ovary wall.

True

_____________ is the evolutionary process in which the spaces between close branches become filled with chlorophyll-containing cells.

Webbing

The third gnetophyte genus, ________________, contains a single species found in deserts of southwestern Africa.

Welwitschia

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

The earliest mammals resembled small:

dogs

In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:

endosperm

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

fruiting body.

The veliger larval form is unique to:

molluscs

A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:

molt

A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:

monocot

One characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:

possess two shells with a hinge

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?

Baking

The genus Pinus, by far the largest genus in the conifers, consists of about how many species?

100

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label denotes the nerve cord?

5

Which of the insects in the accompanying figure is a flea?

5

Refer to the accompanying figure. Asexual reproduction is occurring at which point?

7

In the accompanying figure, which label designates the structures largely responsible for attracting potential pollinators?

8

Which of the following deuterostomes has a proboscis?

Acorn worms

Which of the following is true of hemichordates?

Acorn worms are a well-known example in this group.

The coelacanth is found in the class:

Actinistia

The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

Basidiomycetes

Why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?

Bees carry pollen to other plants.

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

Black bread mold

Which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is FALSE?

Both groups have free-living gametophytes.

Salamanders are members of the order:

Caudata

Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?

Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage.

Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following?

Chitin

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of (most) deuterostomes?

Determinate cleavage

A gemma is a sexual reproductive structure produced by certain liverworts.

False

A gymnosperm that produces a long taproot and only two leaves belongs to the genus Gnetum.

False

An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.

False

Lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?

Fragmentation

What is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent because of its ability to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels?

Fumigallin

Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?

Glomeromycetes

Designate the hyphae of two different mating types of black bread mold as "+" (plus) and "−" (minus). Mating of these two types is correctly classified as which of the following?

Heterothallic

Which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls?

Horsetail

Of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?

Lichens

_______________ probably originated as outgrowths of stem tissue that developed a single vascular strand later.

Microphylls

Which of the following are NOT protostomes?

Milkfish

How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:

Myxini and Petromyzontida.

What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?

Netted

Which of the following appears to have evolved independently in different animal taxa, and therefore its presence is not considered a useful characteristic for determining phylogeny?

Pseudocoelom

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

Reptiles

According to the fossil record, the oldest vascular plants are placed in which phylum?

Rhyniophyta

Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?

Tadpoles

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?

The collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli.

Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?

The desiccating effect of the atmosphere

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding cnidarians?

They have a nerve net.

Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?

Xylem

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

basidia

The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:

choanoflagellates

Fungi that lack septa are called:

coenocytic

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

feathers

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?

feeding polyp

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

glomeromycete

All echinoderms are found:

in marine habitats.

A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as:

incomplete and imperfect.

Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?

individual cells

Snakes are most closely related to:

lizards

Which of the following are exclusively marine?

mirostomes

Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:

more specialized

Marsupials include the:

opossum

Which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes?

parapodia

The organic material compresses to form ___________.

peat

The organic material compresses to form _____________.

peat

The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as:

possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots.

Which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks?

radula

You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):

sea star.

Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:

seeds

Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called _____________ in their phloem.

sieve tube elements

The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:

snail

Which of the mollusks have a closed circulatory system?

squids

What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?

to regulate fluid balance

The life cycle in the accompanying figure could represent which organism?

A club moss

Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?

Algae

Allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its life as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?

Alternation of generations

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.

Amanita

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

Amphibia

Which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?

Angiosperms

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?

Animals cannot respond to stimuli.

What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

Antheridium

You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. You conclude they are members of which phylum?

Nematoda

Which is an example of a monocot?

Onions

Which of the following is NOT an example of a flightless bird?

Pelicans

Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

Saccharomyces

Which of the following protostomes has bristles, called setae, which provide traction during crawling?

Sandworms

The name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?

Strobili

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

Swim bladder

Which of the following is FALSE regarding reptiles?

The saclike lungs of amphibians are better developed than the lungs of reptiles.

The first animals to show cephalization have several characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

These animals had a proboscis.

Which of the following is characteristic of flatworms?

They are acoelomate (have no body cavity).

Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?

They are acoelomates.

Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?

They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Annelids are segmented worms.

True

Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?

Yeast

Plants that have a distinct haploid stage and diploid stage exhibit:

alternation of generations.

The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:

prothallus

Each individual gametophyte plant has tiny, hair like absorptive structures known as:

rhizoids

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

sacropterygian fishes.