Biology 104 - Module 1 Study Guide
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:
perforated septum.
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:
spores
Which chordate group has the most species?
Bony fishes
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?
External respiratory surfaces
A polyp is a type of stinging cell.
False
A true coelom develops within the ectoderm.
False
Integuments develop into the megasporangium.
False
Chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?
Flagellate
Which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?
Gametophyte
______________ has been an important medicinal plant for centuries and is still a common herbal remedy today.
Ginkgo
Which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single species?
Ginkgophyta
Echinoderms' radial symmetry enables which of the following?
The ability to respond effectively in every direction of their surrounding environment
Which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?
crustaceans
Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:
dikaryotic
The oldest known mega fossils of _______________, discovered in New York, are dated at 380 million years old. These trees, which were about 8 m tall, had vascular tissues but no leaves and a minimal root system.
fernlike trees
A radula is characteristic of certain members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
False
Cephalopods have an open circulatory system.
False
Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta.
False
Echinoderms are related to chordates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.
False
Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.
False
The chordate nerve cord is hollow and located ventrally.
False
The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of petals.
False
The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid.
False
The pollen grains of pine each consists of three cells.
False
The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.
False
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.
False
Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars.
False
'Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?
Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells.
Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of mammals?
Incompletely divided ventricles
Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?
Oviparous
How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?
Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.
Which of the following are sluggish creatures that live on the sea bottom, and commonly eject organs when conditions are poor?
Sea cucumbers
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
Seed
In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?
Septa
Modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor, an ancient green algae. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
They share many biochemical and metabolic traits.
Which statement about echinoderms is FALSE?
They show evidence of segmentation.
In algae, gametangia are generally unicellular.
True
In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte is the embryo sac.
True
In mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium.
True
One true characteristic of all animals is that they:
are heterotrophs.
Placoid scales are found on:
cartilaginous fishes.
The cell walls of fungi are composed of:
cellulose
Which of the following are exclusively terrestrial?
chilopods and diplopods
Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:
collar cells
Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:
common edible mushrooms.
Recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from:
conifers
Cycads may be characterized as being:
dioecious and having motile sperm.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that contributes to the biological success of insects?
high intraspecific competition
Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ___________.
integuments
The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:
jointed appendages
Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:
lateral lines.
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:
lay eggs.
Most mollusks are:
marine
Progymnosperms had two derived features, which were :
megaphylls and woody tissue.
Each cone scale bears two ovules, or_____________, on its upper surface.
megasporangia
Arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are:
millipedes
Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?
rapidly changing colors
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
When two gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle is called ________________________.
sporophyte generation
A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?
Anthocerophyta
Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?
Birds
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.
Which is a characteristic of tapeworms?
Tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?
Wind
The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:
angiosperms
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to which organism?
sea anemones
Which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?
spider
What is the mode of nutrition for most Poriferans?
suspension feeders
Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:
therapsids
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of cnidarians?
They have one body shape, known as medusa.
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
Each archegonium produces many eggs.
False
Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?
They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.
Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.
Triassic period
An archegoniophore is found in certain liverworts.
True
What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?
Underground mycelium
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates.
Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?
Vertebral column
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?
gills
Microphylls evolved from stem branches.
False
How do leeches differ from other annelids?
They do not have setae or parapodia.
Which statement about basal angiosperms is FALSE?
They evolved after the core angiosperms.
Gnetophytes are different from other gymnosperms in that gnetophytes have vessel elements.
True
'Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?
Whales
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?
coelom—nο body cavity
A nauplius larva is characteristic of:
crustaceans
The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?
450 million years ago
The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?
Flatworms
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?
Damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant.
Biologists agree that ancestors of ray-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods.
False
Choanocytes are a characteristic of members of the phylum Cnidaria.
False
In plants, sporogenous cells divide by mitosis to form spores.
False
Mosses have stems, roots, and leaves.
False
The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.
False
Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?
Ferns
To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?
Frontal
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding segmentation?
It is an example of heteroplasy.
What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain?
Megasporangia
Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?
Ophiuroidea
Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ______________________.
Integuments
What specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity?
statocysts
Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?
8
Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?
A thallus
Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:
Candida
As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?
Cephalization
Which of the following is the structural and molecular data that indicate that land plants probably descended from a group of green algae?
Charophytes
A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:
Chondrichthyes.
Which of the following were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size?
Club mosses
From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:
Cnidaria
The accompanying figures are representative of which of the following?
Coniferophyta
Lichens are currently thought to be an example of which of the following?
Controlled parasitism
Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?
Echinoderms
Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over-the-counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?
Ephedra
Which of the following is NOT a member of the lepidosaur lineage?
Extant turtles
Cycads and Ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm.
False
Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.
False
Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plasma membranes of root cells.
False
The earliest vertebrates had jaws.
False
The rapid appearance of animals in the fossil record occurred during the Ediacaran radiation.
False
Which of the following is a difference between flatworms and nemerteans?
Flatworm larvae burrow into the skin, whereas nemertean larvae are ingested.
Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?
Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.
Which of the following regarding the coelom is NOT a correct statement?
It functions as an endoskeleton.
Which statement about the development of a coelom is FALSE?
It requires animals to have either two or three tissue layers.
Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.
Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?
Karyogamy
Which of the following is NOT true of lichens?
Lichens can all be seen with an unaided eye.
The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?
Lining of digestive structures
What is the most ancient group of plants alive today?
Liverworts
Bilateral symmetry and cephalization are adaptations for which of the following?
Locomotion
___________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores.
Meiosis
____________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores.
Meiosis
____ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.
Microphylls
As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?
Molecular data
Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?
More flexible fins with less bone
Which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?
Pollen grain
Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?
Porifera
Asomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?
Prepare vinegar
Which statement about whisk ferns is FALSE?
They lack true stems.
What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?
To protect the flower bud
What is the function of the phloem in plants?
To transport dissolved sugars
A sorus is a cluster of sporangia.
True
An example of an animal that is a metazoan is a sponge.
True
Animals share a common origin with choanoflagellates.
True
Conidia are asexual spores.
True
Members of phylum Arthropoda have paired, jointed appendages.
True
Members of phylum Ctenophora are diploblastic but lack cnidocytes.
True
Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle.
True
One member of subphylum Chelicerata is a spider.
True
Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.
True
The chordate notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod composed of cartilage.
True
The wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids.
True
Which of the following has vertebrae that are concave at both ends?
Tuataras
Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?
Tuberculosis
Adult tunicates develop which of the following?
Tunic
The tetrapods include:
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 6?
anus
Gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as:
archegonia
Sea stars are primarily:
carnivores
Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in:
club mosses.
In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell?
cnidocytes
Your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a:
coelom lined by mesoderm.
What is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters?
filter feeders
Lancelets are:
filter feeders.
The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _______________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis.
gametophyte generation
Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:
gemmae
The nervous system of many species of flatworms
is a "ladder-type."
Which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?
leeches
A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that provide support and conduction.
lignin
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:
monoecious
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.
notochord
The cross section in the accompanying figure is representative of the internal structures found in:
oligochaetes
Extinct jawless fish include the:
ostracoderms
When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a:
protonema
The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:
triploid (3n).
Ctenophores capture food:
using adhesive glue cells that trap prey
Which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?
wings
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:
zygote
Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.
True
In sponges, spicules are secreted by amoeboid cells.
True
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basidiomycete?
Wheat rust
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?
Wheat rust
What is the process occurring at point 3 in the accompanying figure?
Zygote germination
The head end of an animal is known as its:
anterior end.
Yeasts reproduce asexually by:
budding
Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?
crustaceans
Which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil?
earthworms
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:
flagellated cells.
The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:
hydrozoans
Each spore divides by mitosis to produce a _________________ , and the cycle continues.
multicellular gametophyte
The oldest definitive trace of flowering plants in the fossil record consists of:
ovules enclosed in podlike fruits
Which of the following is a marine species that is segmented and has many setae, a well-developed head, separate sexes, and trochophore larva?
sandworms and tubeworms
Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:
do not have nipples.
As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a:
fruit
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?
A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?
Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.
_____________ are the only living nonvascular plants.
Bryophytes
How are the sperm of moss transported to the archegonia?
By both insects and water
The first plants to produce seeds evolved during which time period?
Devonian period
Which one of the following is mismatched?
Dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes
Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?
Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.
Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?
Hox genes
Which statement best describes a lophophore?
It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth.
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about label 1 is FALSE?
It is part of the sporophyte generation.
Which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?
Neural crest cells
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of conodonts (extinct chordates)?
No fins
What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?
Pistil
Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?
Plasmogamy
Which of the following is heterosporous?
Spike moss
Tunicates are often mistaken for which of the following?
Sponges
Meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following?
Sporangium
What does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?
Sporophylls
Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?
Tapeworms
A fruit develops from the ovary wall.
True
_____________ is the evolutionary process in which the spaces between close branches become filled with chlorophyll-containing cells.
Webbing
The third gnetophyte genus, ________________, contains a single species found in deserts of southwestern Africa.
Welwitschia
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
basidiocarps
The earliest mammals resembled small:
dogs
In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:
endosperm
In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):
fruiting body.
The veliger larval form is unique to:
molluscs
A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:
molt
A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:
monocot
One characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:
possess two shells with a hinge
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?
Baking
The genus Pinus, by far the largest genus in the conifers, consists of about how many species?
100
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label denotes the nerve cord?
5
Which of the insects in the accompanying figure is a flea?
5
Refer to the accompanying figure. Asexual reproduction is occurring at which point?
7
In the accompanying figure, which label designates the structures largely responsible for attracting potential pollinators?
8
Which of the following deuterostomes has a proboscis?
Acorn worms
Which of the following is true of hemichordates?
Acorn worms are a well-known example in this group.
The coelacanth is found in the class:
Actinistia
The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?
Basidiomycetes
Why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?
Bees carry pollen to other plants.
Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?
Black bread mold
Which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is FALSE?
Both groups have free-living gametophytes.
Salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?
Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage.
Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following?
Chitin
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of (most) deuterostomes?
Determinate cleavage
A gemma is a sexual reproductive structure produced by certain liverworts.
False
A gymnosperm that produces a long taproot and only two leaves belongs to the genus Gnetum.
False
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.
False
Lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?
Fragmentation
What is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent because of its ability to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels?
Fumigallin
Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?
Glomeromycetes
Designate the hyphae of two different mating types of black bread mold as "+" (plus) and "−" (minus). Mating of these two types is correctly classified as which of the following?
Heterothallic
Which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls?
Horsetail
Of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?
Lichens
_______________ probably originated as outgrowths of stem tissue that developed a single vascular strand later.
Microphylls
Which of the following are NOT protostomes?
Milkfish
How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:
Myxini and Petromyzontida.
What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?
Netted
Which of the following appears to have evolved independently in different animal taxa, and therefore its presence is not considered a useful characteristic for determining phylogeny?
Pseudocoelom
In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?
Reptiles
According to the fossil record, the oldest vascular plants are placed in which phylum?
Rhyniophyta
Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?
Tadpoles
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?
The collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli.
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
The desiccating effect of the atmosphere
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding cnidarians?
They have a nerve net.
Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?
Xylem
Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:
ascospores
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:
basidia
The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:
choanoflagellates
Fungi that lack septa are called:
coenocytic
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?
feeding polyp
Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):
glomeromycete
All echinoderms are found:
in marine habitats.
A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as:
incomplete and imperfect.
Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?
individual cells
Snakes are most closely related to:
lizards
Which of the following are exclusively marine?
mirostomes
Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:
more specialized
Marsupials include the:
opossum
Which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes?
parapodia
The organic material compresses to form ___________.
peat
The organic material compresses to form _____________.
peat
The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as:
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots.
Which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks?
radula
You are told that the digestive tract of the animal you are studying developed an anus before a mouth. You realize that you may be looking at a(n):
sea star.
Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:
seeds
Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called _____________ in their phloem.
sieve tube elements
The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:
snail
Which of the mollusks have a closed circulatory system?
squids
What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?
to regulate fluid balance
The life cycle in the accompanying figure could represent which organism?
A club moss
Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?
Algae
Allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its life as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?
Alternation of generations
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.
Amanita
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
Amphibia
Which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?
Angiosperms
Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?
Animals cannot respond to stimuli.
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
Antheridium
You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. You conclude they are members of which phylum?
Nematoda
Which is an example of a monocot?
Onions
Which of the following is NOT an example of a flightless bird?
Pelicans
Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?
Saccharomyces
Which of the following protostomes has bristles, called setae, which provide traction during crawling?
Sandworms
The name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?
Strobili
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
Swim bladder
Which of the following is FALSE regarding reptiles?
The saclike lungs of amphibians are better developed than the lungs of reptiles.
The first animals to show cephalization have several characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
These animals had a proboscis.
Which of the following is characteristic of flatworms?
They are acoelomate (have no body cavity).
Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?
They are acoelomates.
Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?
They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.
Annelids are segmented worms.
True
Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?
Yeast
Plants that have a distinct haploid stage and diploid stage exhibit:
alternation of generations.
The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:
prothallus
Each individual gametophyte plant has tiny, hair like absorptive structures known as:
rhizoids
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:
sacropterygian fishes.
