Biology 12 - Circulatory System

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Umbilicial arteries and veins

Vessels that travel and form the placenta

Where does the blood pumped related with the arterial duct go?

Will be directed to the lungs and into the aorta

How does the artery travel across the placenta?

With waste

Where is the venous duct located?

Attaches at the babies liver but bypasses the liver

Where do interstitial fluid go?

Back into the body through capillary membrane but most enter lymphatic capillaries to become lymph

Interstital fluid

Bits of blood and other body liquids that collect in the spaces between cells

How is blood pumped in the systemic circuit?

Blood is pumped to the tissues and organs by the left ventricle of the heart

What do the veins act as?

Blood reservoirs

Right side pumps...

Blood to the lungs

Venules function

Drains blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vein

Thoraic duct

Drains the rest of the body and drains into the left subclavian vein

Aterial duct also known as...

Ductus arteriosus

Venous Duct is also known as...

Ductus venosus

How can babies be affected by what mothers ingest

Due to the venous duct

Purpose of the Arteries thick elastic walls

For it to stretch

How are Lymphs formed?

From interstital fluid

Vein travels....

From placenta to fetus with blood rich in oxygen and nutrients

What does Lymph resemble?

Plasma but it is more diluted

What does flow depend on in the Lymphatic system?

Pressure from the blood system and massaging effect of the muscles

Valves function

Prevents backflow of blood then they are closed and allows for blood to move in a certain direction

Heart function

Pump that circulates the blood throughout the body

Renal vein

Returns blood from kidneys to posterior vena cava

Subclavian Vein

Returns blood from the arms to anterior vena cava

Iliac veins

Returns blood from the legs to posterior vena cava

Hepatic vein

Returns blood from the liver to the posterior vena cava

How is the pulmonary circuit powered?

Right ventricle of the heart

Lymph nodes physical appearance

Small oval or round structures that occur along strategic places on lymph vessels

What are Capillaries?

Small vessels that are the branches of the aterioles

What is pumped through the Oval Opening?

Some blood from the right atrium therefore pumped through and into the left atrium, bypassing the pulmonary circuit

In a capillary bed some, many or most of these....

Sphincter muscles may be closed off so that less ormore blood flow to the area as needed

Lacteal

-Blind ends of lymph vessels in villi of the small intestine -Products of fat digestion enter here

Function of the circulatory system (2)

-Bring nutrients to the cells -Take wastes away from the cells

What does the lymph also pick up? (Beside from interstital fluid) And why?

-Cell debris -Fat globules They are too big to be absorbed through capillary membrane

Fighting Infection (Lymphocyte function)

-Cleansing lymph -Produce lymphocytes -Some lymphocytes produce antibodies

Right Lymphatic Duct

-Drains the upper upper portion of the body and empties into the right subclavian vein

Differences between fetal and adult circulation

-Fetal lungs are not used to provide oxygen -Fetus must get all its nutrients and dump waste through the mother

Arteries description

-Large -Thick elastic walls - Surrounded by smooth muscle to control the diameter of the artery

Aorta

-Largest artery -Takes blood to all major body regions and organs from the left ventricle

Superior or Anterior Vena Cava

-Largest vein -Collects blood from jugular and subclavian veins

Posterior or Inferior Vena cava

-Largest vein -Collects blood from lower body

Spleen

-Located behind the stomach -Contains white blood cells and stores blood

Thymus Gland

-Located in the upper thoraic cavity -Functions in production and maturation of some lymphocytes -Decrease in size with age

Heart 3 tissue layers

-Pericaridum -Myocardial -Endothelial

2 circuits of the Cardiovascular system

-Pulmonary circuit -Systemic circuit

Two main trunks of the Lymphatic vessels

-Right Lymphatic Duct -Thoraic duct

Capillaries function

-They connect the arterioles to venules -Exchange material with tissues

Lymph nodes function

-They produce and store lymphocytes

Main functions of Lymphatic system

-Transport of excess tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system -Absorption of fat from the intestine and transport to blood -Fight infection

5 types of blood vessels

-Vein -Arteries -Capillaries -Arteries Artery

Description of Capillaries

-Very narrow microscopic tubes -The walls of these tubes are one layer thick

Veins Description

-Walls are thinner than arterial walls -Has valves

How big are aterioles?

0.2 mm in diamter or smaller

Arteries contain about (%) of body's blood

20

When does the fetal heart develop?

3-4 weeks into the pregnancy

Capillaries contain about (%) of body's blood

5

Veins contain about (%) of body's blood

75

What does the Lymph not have?

A pump of its own

Similar thing between the arterial duct and the oval opening

Both have the function to bypass the pulmonary circuit

Pulmonary vein

Brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs

Veins and venules function

Carry blood from the tissues to the heart

Lymph capillaries take up...

Cell fluids

What does the Lymphatic system ultimately do?

Connects back with the cardiovascular system because the fluid from the lymphatic system eventually gets sent back to the bloodstream

Hepatic portal vein

Connects blood vessels to the villi to the liver, carries nutrient rich blood to liver for processing

Arterial duct function

Connects pulmonary artery and aorta

Venous duct function

Connects umbilical vein to the vena cava to bring the blood back the to baby's heart

Septum

Divides the left and right side of the heart

What happens at the walls of the capillaries

Gases and small moleculee like glucose

Systemic circuit

Includes all blood vessels except those in the pulmonary circuit

Lymph capillaries drain...

Into lymph veins which have valves for one way flow

Portal system

Is a vascular system that begins and ends in the capillaries

Lymphatic system

Is another vascular system in your body

What happens if the oval opening doesn't close after birth and how can it be corrected?

It can cause mixing of blood and blue babies -Cured by open heart surgery

What is special about the Lymphatic system?

It is separate from the cardiovascular system because it has its own veins and capillaries

Venules

Join together to form veins

Atrioventricular valves

Located between the atria and ventricles

Lymph contain what

Lymphocytes

Placenta

Membrane shared by the mother and baby across which gases, nutrients and wastes are exchanged

What are Arterioles mostly made of?

Mostly smooth muscle to allow for more control of the ateriole

Lymph

Once fluid enters the lymph vessel

Lymphatic system is a what system and explain

One way system that starts in the tissues and empties into the cardiovascular system

Description of Oval opening

Opening right between the right and left atria, covered by a flap that looks like a valve

Foramen ovale known as

Oval opening

Pulmonary circuit

Path of blood from the heart to the lungs

What contains the heart?

Pericardial sac

Jugular vein

Takes blood from the head to the anterior vena cava

Carotid artery

Takes blood to head, subclavian arteries/to arms branch off

Subclavian artery

Takes blood to the arms from the aorta

Mesenteric artery

Takes blood to the intestines

Renal arteries

Takes blood to the kidneys from the aorta

Iliac arteries

Takes blood to the legs from the aorta

Pulmonary artery

Takes unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Arterioles

The branches of arteries

Where does blood first enter?

The vena cava

Arteries and artioles function

They carry blood away from the heart to tissues

What is special about Veins?

They have valves

Left side of the Ventricles is....

Thicker because the body is further from the heart

Right side of the Ventricles is....

Thinner because lungs are close to the heart

How are the umbilical arteries grafted?

To the iliac arteries

Left side pumps...

To the rest of the body

Lymphocytes

Type of white blood cell


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