Biology 12

Asexual reproduction of ascomycota

(conidia) budded off ends of hyphae

Sexual reproduction in mushrooms

1. Basidiospores are released into the air from the gills underneath the cap. Under favorable conditions, they germinate. 2. Once the basidiospores germinate, they form either plus or minus mating-type hyphae that grow underground. 3. When compatible mating types meet, the hyphae fuse, but the nuclei do not. This forms a dikaryotic hypha. These dikaryotic hyphae begin to forma fruiting bod called the basidiocarp, composed of the stipe, cap, and gills. 4. Basidia are formed on the gills where the haploid nuclei fuse, forming a zygote. 5. The zygote undergoes meiosis to form the basidospores.

Sexual reproduction in basidiomycota

1. Compatible haploid mycelia meet 2. Form dikaryotic mycelium 3. In the right conditions, the fruiting body forms 4. Basidiocarp 5. In Basidia, karyogram and meiosis occur 6. 4 haploid spores are created

Kingdom fungi contain over?

100 000 species of colonial and unicellular hetertrophic organisms.

How many kinds of hyphae are there?

5

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.

sporangium

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.

Morel

A widely distributed edible fungus that has a brown oval or pointed fruiting body with an irregular honeycombed surface bearing the spores.

Stolon

Aerial hyphae that connect groups of hyphae together

St. Anthony's Fire

Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids

Mycorrhizae

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants.

What sets fungi apart form plants?

Fungi do not have chlorophylll and cannot produce their own food. They are nonphotosynthetic hetertrophs. The bodies of fungi are made of masses of filaments oven together; there is no tissue differentiation. The fungal cell walls contain chitin, a complex polysacharide. They do not contain cellulose as plants do.

imperfect fungi

Fungi that do not reproduce sexually and do not have specialized reproductive structures

Aerial hyphae

Hyphae of a fungus that grow above the substrate

Haustoria

Hyphae of parasitic fungi that enter the host's cells to obtain nourishment from the cytoplasm.

Rhizoids

Hyphae that are embedded in the material on which the fungus is growing

Ascus

Microscopic saclike structure in which the spores are formed

they are heterotrophic and don't have chlorophyll

Primary characterisitc that sets true fungi apart form plant kingdom is?

The common black bread mold is

Rhizopus

Smut

Soot, matter that blackens or soils things, or obscenity

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Symbiosis

The relationship of two organisms living together for mutual benefit

Dutch Elm Disease

a fungal disease of elm trees that is spread by elm bark beetles

sporangiophore

a plant or fungal structure that bears a sporangium or spores

Leavening

a substance that producses bubbles of carbon dioxide in dough and batter. The bubbles cause the dough to rise.

Dimorphism

ability to change form in reaction to a different environment

Lichens are extremely sensitive to

air pollution

Crustose lichen

appear as flat smears of dried paint. They often grow as a layer on rocks and trees.

Lichen species are placed into 3 categories based on?

appearance and distribution

Most yeast cells are placed in phylum

ascomycota

club fungi produce spores on a sac called?

basidium

Yeast cells reproduce by?

budding

Yeasts reproduce by

budding

_________ is a type of sexual reproduction in which an outgrowth from the parent organism forms a new orgnanism.

budding

All of the following are methods of asexual reproduction.

budding spore formation fragmentation

Fungi can also reproduce asexually by?

by fragmentation of the hyphae or mycelia

main parts of the mushroom

cap stipe gill

yeast

causes dough to rise

Fungi are grouped into phyla based on?

colonial structure and method of sexual reproduction

Agaricus bisporus

common mushroom

Aspergillus has sporophores that produce spores that are not within an enclosure. What are those sporophores called?

conidiophores

Rust

dark rust colored patches on the stems of wheat and other grains. These patches produce red urediospores which can be carried by wind and water to infect other wheat plants generally during the same growing season.

Fungi most important role

decompose

Amanita Caesarea

edible mushroom

Asexual reproduction occurs when?

environmental conditions are favorable

Many fungi are used in the biotechnology industry to produce _______ and ____________?

enzymes and biochemicals

Which fungus causes St. Anthony's fire, a disease that produces hallucinations and burning sensations in the arms and legs?

ergot of rye

Fungi are made of ___________ cells

eukaryotic

T/F Although fungi can cause many types of skin infections, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, they never cause any life-threatening diseases.

false

During the procces of ______ energy is released.

fermentation

shelf fungi

found near the surface of dead & decaying trees

Many cheeses are the result of_________.

fungal growth

Histoplasmosis

fungal infection of internal organs, but mainly lungs

Ergot of rye

fungus that causes purplish black swelling in rye grain

lichen

fungus that grows symbiotically with algae, resulting in a composite organism that grows on rocks or tree trunks

Fruiting body

fused hyphae that produce a specialized structure that forms and releases spores

Perfect fungus

has a knwon form of sexual reproduction and can thus be classified into one of the three fungal phyla.

Amanita verna

highly poisonous toad stool

Bread mold produces masses of threadlike structures called?

hyphae

Sporophore

hyphae that produce spores

septate hyphae

hyphae whose cells are divided by septa

Mycelia

intertwined hyphae that form a mat on the surface of a fungal colony

Muscaria

is fatal in large doses and causes pyschological effects in small doses

conidophores

is when the spore isnt in an enclosure

A fungus would most likely be excluded from the phylum Basidiomycota if

it produces ascospores

Armillaria

largest organism

Foliose lichen

look like small crinkled leaves

Fungi are grouped into phyla based primarily on?

method of sexual reproduction

All fungi require _________ for active growth?

moisture

Basiodmycota contains

mushrooms, puffballs, earhstars, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts

The study of fungi is called?

mycology

Zygomycota(common molds)

nonseptate Sexual reproduction-zygospores produced by zygosporangia Asexual reproduction-spores produced by sporangia

Most fungi require_______ for their metabolism?

oxygen

Sac fungi are fungi that ________.

produce spores inside an ascus

Most lichens reproduce by

releasing dustlike pieces of lichen called soredia.

Sexual reproduction in zygomycota

reproduce sexually when the hyphae of different mating types touch and form a zygosporangium

Hyphae that are embedded in the material on which the fungus is growing are called

rhizoids

Fungi pathogenic to humans

ringworm athletes foot thrush

Harmful plant pathogens

rust and smuts

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

septate Sexual reproduction-basidiospores produced by basidia Asexual reproduction-various types of spores

Ascyomycota(sac fungi)

septate or unicellular Sexual reproduction-ascospores produced by asci Asexual reproduction-budding, conidia produced by conidiophores

Fungal colonies are compose of?

slender filaments called hyphae

Fungal colonies are composed of ?

slender filaments called hyphae

________ are saclike structures that produce many spores.

sporangia

________ are fungi that produce spores in special structures on the tips of hypha.

sporangia fungi

Fungi can also reproduce sexually by?

spore production

Fungi that cause problems for homeowners

stachybotrys and aspergillus

Mycorrhizae are?

symbiotic associations between the roots of a plant and a fungus

Asexual reproduction in zygomycota

the airborne spores, produced by the sporangia, land in a favorbale, environment and germinate, forming a small hypha. This hypha grows into a mycelium with rhizoids, stolons, and finally, sporangiophores and sporangia.

External digestion

the process in which enzymes are secreted to digest food outside the organism

Mycology

the study of fungi

What is true of lichens?

they are an example of symbiosis they reproduce by soredia they are good indicators of air qaulity

Fungi are not classified with the plants because

they are heterotrophic and lack true tissus

Which is the most important beneficial function of fungi?

they function as decomposer organisms

Why are the imperfect fungi not classified in one of the three fungal phyla?

they have no known method of sexual reproduction

T/F Most fungi carry on external digestion.

true

Sexual reproduction occurs during times of ?

unfavorable environmental conditions

Fruticose lichen

usually have small stalks or branches with conspicuous fruiting bodies on their ends

Sexual reproduction in ascomycota

when two hypae of different mating types meet,a tube joins them. Nuclei from one hypha cross over into the other. the nuclei pair but do not fuse.

Many common molds are in the phylum?

zygomycota