Biology 1210 Chapter 4 Mastering Biology

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

100

A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area that is _____ and a volume that is _____. When this volume is broken into many smaller cells, that are 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm, the sum of the surface areas of the smaller cells is _____ than the surface area of the initial cell.

60,000 mm2 ... 1,000,000 mm3 ... larger

Part A Part complete Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA. "The figure shows the animal cell structure. Vesicles with solid particles inside are labeled A. Vesicles with no solid matter inside are labeled B; a large membrane-enclosed organelle which is placed in the center of the cell and found only in eukaryotic cells is labeled C. A separate part of the endomembrane system, made up of a series of compartments consisting of two main networks is labeled D. Tiny dots found everywhere in the cell which does not have any membrane, are labeled E."

C

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

Chromatin

__________ is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information.

DNA

___________ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses.

RNA

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

RNA processing

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

Ribosomes

An immune system cell called the plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies (a type of protein) per second for release into the body. What type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.

Transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that

a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane.

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

basal bodies

Which is a typical function of lysosomes?

breaking down of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria

_____________________________are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.

chromosomes

mitochondrian

converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell

What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?

cristae

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.

desmosomes

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

gap(communicating) junctions

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

golgi apparatus

Mitrochondrion

harvests chemical energy from food, produces CO2 as a waste product, organelle of cellular respiration, found in both animal cells and plant cells

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?

lysosome

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.

mRNA

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.

metabolically active

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

microtubules

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that

mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.

The_____________________is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

nuclear envelope

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.

nucleolus

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Chloroplast has what following statements to be true?

produces O2 as a waste product, converts solar energy to chemical energy, found only in plant cells and some algae, organelle of photosynthesis, contains thylakoids

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

ribosomes

List in order Manufacturing transport processing transport secretion

rough ER Vesicle from ER Golgi apparatus Vesicle from Golgi Plasma Membrane

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

smooth ER is

site of lipid synthesis

Where is calcium stored?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The function of the nucleolus is

to manufacture ribosomal RNA

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

ribosome

works with mRNA to synthesize proteins

lysosome

breaks down micromolecules using digestive enzymes

A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ________________________

nuclear pore

The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the _____________________

nucleolus

The______________ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA.

nucleus

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

plasma membrane

Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products? "The figure shows the animal cell structure. A separate part of endomembrane system, made up of a series of compartments consisting of two main networks is labeled A. Thin long filaments near the cell surface are labeled B. Vesicles with solid particles inside are labeled C. A part of the endomembrane system, which forms large double membrane sheets that are continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope, is labeled D. A part of the endomembrane system, which forms large double membrane sheets that are continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum, is labeled E."

A

Part N Part complete Which of these provides the cell with structural support? "The figure shows the animal cell structure. A long fibril outside the cell connected with its surface is labeled A. A part of the endomembrane system, which forms large double membrane sheets that are continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope, is labeled B. Tiny dots found everywhere in the cell which does not have any membrane, are labeled C. Thin long filaments near the cell surface are labeled D. Vesicles with solid particles inside are labeled E."

D

Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus? "The figure shows the animal cell structure. The cell surface is labeled A. A double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells is labeled B. The central dense part of a large membrane-enclosed organelle which is found only in eukaryotic cells is labeled C. The matter between the surface of a large membrane-enclosed organelle which is found only in eukaryotic cells and its central dense part is labeled D. The surface of this organelle is labeled as E."

E

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

mitochondrian

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

peroxisome

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

nucleus

stores the genetic information of the cell

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

tight junctions