Biology 1406- Final @ Lee College

What happens during nucleotide excision repair?

A mismatch mutation Is repaired

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

A small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport

When is a cell in metaphase?

The chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell

To prevent disastrous consequences, the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by:

a series of cell cycle checkpoint

What is shown below?

active transport

Cytokinesis in plant cell occurs via the formation of a(n):

cell plate

Which cellular structure is correct matched to the role it plays within the cell?

chloroplast-storage of enzymes

What cellular structure is unique to plant cells and some photosynthetic fungi?

chloroplasts

During prophase, _____ is(are) compacted into visible chromosome

chromatin

Similar families of organisms are next grouped together in the same:

class

The physical location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called:

its locus

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are like what animal cell organelle?

lysosomes

What carbohydrate energy storage molecule is found in animal liver and muscle cells?

glycogen

Proteins that are destined to become associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane are:

made on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

The primary purpose of homeostasis is to:

maintain a constant internal environment

Athletes often drink Gatorade to replace electrolytes, which are _______ in the human body that are important in cell function.

salts

The two molecules that alternate to form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain are:

sugar and phosphate

Which event illustrates evaporative cooling?

sweat evaporating from the skin

What is the purpose of a buffer?

to minimize the change in pH

The genotype for a pea plant that is homozygous recessive for both height and pea color would be:

ttyy

Two Martians fall in love and marry. One Martian is homozygous for red eyes and the other is heterozygous. The recessive eye color is purple. What is the probability that they will have a child with purple eyes?

0

If a couple is planning on having two children, what is the probability that both will be male?

1

Identify three of the five basic themes in biology:

1) The cellular composition of life 2) The evolution of life 3) The interactions of living systems

What is the probability that two lizards heterozygous for stripes on their tails (Ss) will produce offspring homozygous for no stripes (ss)?

1/4

An animal with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have _____ chromosomes in its gametes and ____ chromosomes in its somatic cells.

18; 36

Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand 5'-AGATCCG-3'?

3'-TCTAGGC-5'

In the following picture, which combination of letters accurately represents two sister chromatids?

A and C

Which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between an individual heterozygous (Bb) and one that is homozygous (bb)?

Bb and bb

Which of the following represent the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between an individual homozygous for black hair (BB) and an individual homozygous for blonde hair (bb)?

Bb only

Breeding a yellow dog with a brown dog produced puppies with both yellow and brown hairs intermixed. This is an example of:

Codominance

Okazaki fragments are joined together by:

DNA ligase

Which of the following adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain?

DNA polymearse

When a mutation occurs during DNA replication, ______ replaces the incorrect nucleotide with the correct one after the mismatched nucleotide has been removed.

DNA polymerase

Why does DNA sysnthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction?

DNA polymerases can only ad nucleotides to the 3' end of a polynucleotide strand.

The bacteriophages used in Alfred Hersey's and Martha Chase's experiments showed that:

DNA was injected into bacteria

What is the next step after developing a hypothesis in the scientific method?

Design a experiment

A gene that affects, prevents, or masks the expression of a gene at another locus is a(n) ______ gene.

Epistatic

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

Golgi complex

To control the cell cycle:

M-cdk inhibits mitosis

Which process is most directly associated with the theory of evolution?

Populations changing over time

Chromosomes are duplicated during the _____ of the cell cycle.

S phase

What is the purpose of the genetic code with DNA?

To manufacture proteins that define a cell's function

Aquaporins carry out this type of transport

facilitated diffusion

What evolutionary advantage is provided by sexual reproduction?

increased genetic diversity

The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of he ____ and M phases.

interphase

DNA:

is composed of nucleotide building blocks

A cell in the G2 phase:

lacks a visible nuclear membrane

The DNA strand that is replicated smoothly and continuously is called the:

leading strand

Typically, the gate of an ion channel remains closed until a(n) _____ binds to the receptor.

ligand

The M phase of the cell cycle involves two main processes:

mitosis and cytokinesis

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens and fuse with lysosomes, the purpose of this process is to:

mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them.

Based on the total concentration of charge on each side of the cell, the outside of the cell has ____ positive charge than the inside of the cell.

more

The term fluid mosaic model refers to the:

movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bilayer

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

nucleus

If an allele is dominant, then:

one allele can mask the expression of a recessive allele in a hybrid

At the completion of oogenesis, ______ are produced/

one egg cell and three polar bodies

What is one cellular characteristic found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane

In peas, Mendel found that tall plants and yellow peas are dominant. The phenotype for a pea plant with the genotype TTyy would be:

tall with green peas

All calico cats are female because

the calico phenotype is caused by random X chromosome inactivation

How is a bacterial chromosome replicated?

the circular DNA molecule is replicated from one origin of replication bidirectionally

Which description illustrates the tertiary structure of a protein molecule?

three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain

What is #1?

tight junction

The American robin, Turdus migraorius, belongs to which kingdom?

Animalia

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid and the major fatty acid in olive oil (hence its name). Which of the following terms correctly describe oleic acid?

Compound

The molecular fragment (the G, U and A's) represented in the accompanying figure is:

RNA

During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?

To compare results to the experimental group with the variable being tested

A replication fork is:

a Y-shaped structure where parental DNA strands are separated by helicase

How many electron pairs are shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure?

four

Photosynthesis generates what type of molecule(s)?

glucose and oxygen

During prophase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosomes lie side by side. This phenomenon is known as:

parental pairing

The physical appearance of an organism for a given trait is known as:

phenotype

The chemical group in box 5 of the accompanying figure is a:

phosphate

What group of molecules is represented in this structure?

phospholipids

A particular gene that controls seed coat color in peas also determines the susceptibility of these peas to a particular disease. This situation is referred to as:DNA helicaserimase

pleiotrophy

What type of bond is formed if one atom is more electronegative than the other atom?

polar covalent

What is the #2 pointing to?

Cholesterol

When we know what kinds of _____ are present in an organic compound, we can predict its chemical behavior.

Functional groups

Once nerve cells become mature, they do not typically undergo cell division. Based on your knowledge of the cell cycle, you might predict that mature cells become arrested in the _______ of the cell cycle.

G0 phase

____ organized on chromosomes carry the information that controls the functions of the cell.

Genes

Why is it important for DNA to be copied before cell division?

Genetic information must be transmitted to the daughter cells

Consider the aquatic insects pictured. Which characteristics of water molecules directly contributes to their remarkable "water walking" success?

Hydrogen bonds

A receptor on the cell surface usually has several domains. What is the function of the external domain?

It is the docking site for a signaling molecule

What are the possible phenotypes of the children if the mother's genotype is IAi for blod type and the father is IBi?

A, B ,AB,O

The four kingdoms included in the domain Eukarya are ____.

Protistsa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

The chemical group box 1 in the accompanying figure is a:

Pyrimidine

How are eukaryotic chromosomes replicated?

The linear DNA molecules are replicated from multiple origins of replication bidrectionally.

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is false?

They contain three fatty acid chains

A base is defined as a(n) ________ acceptor.

proton

What process is shown below?

receptor mediated endocytosis

Exocytosis

release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

What does the nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesis?

ribosomal RNA

Carolus Linneaus created a system to name organisms known as the _______.

binomial system of nomenclature

Plants are capable of moving water up and against gravity due to _______.

capillary action (which is cohesion and adhesion)

Which element is found in all organic life?

carbon

A transmembrane protein differs from other membrane proteins because it:

completely extends through the membrane

Chargaff determined that DNA from any source contains about the same amount of guanine as:

cytosine

Hydrogen bonds can form between guanine and ______, and between adenine and _____.

cytosine; thymine

Which group of organisms break down organic material to obtain their energy?

decomposers

During enzyme-linked reception, signl molecules bind to two tyrosine kinase receptors. The receptor proteins move closer together in the plasma membrane and pair, forming a(n) ___________.

diamer

In this form of transport the substance moves under the force of its own concentration gradient.

diffusion

A heterozygous fruit fly with normal wings and a gray body (VvBb) is crossed with homozygous flies with vestigial wings and black bodies (vvbb). This type of cross is known as a:

dihybrid cross

A pear plant with the genotype Aa can produce gametes containing:

either A or Aa

Primase is the enzyme responsible for:

making short strands of RNA at the site of replication initiation

Color-blindness is more common in males than in females because:

males only need to inherit the recessive maternal color blindness allele to be color blind

The offspring of two heterozygous gray-bodied, normal-winged flies should be 50% gray-bodied/normal wings (BbRr) and 50% black-bodied/vestigial wings (bbrr) because alleles are linked. Suppose a small number, say 15% of the offspring are instead black-bodied with normal wings. This is most likely the results of:

mutation

The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes can be lengthened by:

telomerase

Mating an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is unknown, with an individual expressing the corresponding recessive phenotype is an example of a(n):

test cross

According to Chargaff's rules:

the adenine content in any DNA molecule is always equal to the thymine content

Because a newly synthesized DNA molecule contains _____, the replication process is said to be semiconservative.

two parental strands

In the experiments of Griffith, the conversion of nonlethal R-strain bacteria to lethal S-strain bacteria:

was due to transformation

What substance is removed during a condensation (dehydration) reaction?

water

What is an example of a hydrophobic interaction?

water mixed with oil

Unlike normal cells, cancerous cells:

can maintain telomere length as they divide

Nitrogen has five electrons in its valence shell. How many electrons does it need to gain to complete its valence shell?

3

The height of pea plant from a cross between parent plants heterozygous for height, in which tall is dominant, would be:

3 tall: 1 short

_____ are alternative forms of a gene that govern the same feature, such as eye color, and occupy corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.

Alleles

What is the #1 pointing to?

Peripheral membrane protein

The sex of most mammals, birds, and insects is determined by:

sex chromosomes

Which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous (Bb)

BB, Bb, and bb

What type of molecule carries the hereditary information of an organism?

DNA

Which of the following causes the unwinding of the DNA double helix?

DNA helicase

As water boils and turns to steam, what happens to the hydrogen bonds?

The hydrogen bonds break

Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

The interaction of the genes from both parents brings about genetic variation

An atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons. What can you conclude?

X and Y are isotopes of the same element

The function of nucleosomes is to:

help DNA replicate

Suppose a particular protein is produced in excess of the cell's needs. What kind of mechanism will intervene to stop production?

homeostasis

In living organisms, chemical reactions responsible for growth, repair, and nutrition are collectively referred to as:

metabolism

A liquid with a pH of 7 considered a(n) ______ solution.

neutral

A DNA molecule is made up of:

nucleotides

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex which sequence?

cis face to medical region to trans face

What allows each strand of DNA to serve as a template for a new DNA strand during replication?

complementary base pairing between purines and pyrimidines on opposite strands

Which of he following statements concerning DNA is FALSE?

The sugar present in DNA is ribose

What type of protein accelerates the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in an organism?

enzyme

Why can table salt dissolve easily in water?

The partial positive charge of the hydrogens in the water molecule can associate with the negative charge of the chloride ion, and the partial negative charge of the oxygen of the water molecule can associate with the positive charge of the sodium atom.

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to DNA replication?

The strand being copied is read in the 5'-> 3' direction

The radioisotope C-14 becomes N-14 as ______.

a neutron decomposes to form a proton and electron

When a small amount of hydrochloric acid is added to a solution Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution does not change markedly. Based on these observations, the compound Na2HPO4 is:

acting as a buffer

A substance with a pH of 3 would be considered _____.

an acid

What is #2?

anchoring junction

What is #3?

gap junction

If a toxin, such as bacterial toxin destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

What large molecules are essential in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues?

proteins

What type of molecule can rapidly cross a plasma membrane?

small, hydrophobic molecule

A lizard with a striped tail and a normal head is crossed with one having a normal tail and a spotted head....

9 normal: 3 striped: 3 spotted: 1 striped and spotted

In the accompanying figure, which combination of letters accurately represents two homologous chromosomes>

A and D

Which statement best describes the cell theory?

All living organisms are composed of basic units called cells.

Rattle snake venom contains collection of different enzymes, which would be most sensitive to proteases?

Phospholipids

What happens during the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions?

Glucose molecules are transported against their concentration gradient

Red blood cells look normal is a

No net water movement

During signal transduction of a G protein, the first messenger binds to the receptor, and the G protein is activated. What happens next?

activation of adenylyl cyclase

During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate?

anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during:

anaphase 2

Which of the following is produced by meiosis?

animal gametes

In this form of transport, the substance moves through an integral protein in the plasma membrane.

both active transport and facilitated diffusion

A hydrogen bond and a van der Waal interaction are similar in that _______.

both are weak compared to covalent bonds

Phagocytosis

brings large substances into the cell

Which is an example of a secondary messenger?

cAMP

What chemical process is presented in the figure below?

hydrolysis

A wilted flower placed in a vase of water for several hours became stiff and stood erect. When it was placed in a salt solution it wilted. We can say that the cells of the flower are:

hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution

Voltage-gated channel gradients exist because the plasma membrane is ________.

impermeable to ions

A Barr body in a mammalian female cell represents a(n):

inactivated X chromosome

DNA synthesis:

is facilitated by a phosphodiester linkage

In DNA replication, the lagging strand:

is synthesize as a series of Okazaki fragments

Which theory was developed by Darwin after his observations of organisms on the Galapagos?

natural selection

Which pair matches the correct macromolecule with the bond that joins its subunits?

nucleic acid- phosphodiester linkage

The information encoded by the DNA is specified by the:

nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule

Integral membrane protein

process used by white blood cells to destroy bacteria

What is the process in which one activated receptor can give rise to thousands of final products?

signal amplification

Which list describes the correct sequence of events involved in cell signaling?

signal transmission, reception, signal transduction, response

The outer part of a G protein receptor binds to a(n) _____, and its inner part binds to a(n) _____.

signaling molecule; G protein

The image below shows a typical route by which CO2 exits the cell. Which transport mechanism produces this movement?

simple diffusion

In replication, once the DNA strands have been separated, reformation of the double helix is represented by:

single-strand binding proteins

Where are calcium ions stored before a signaling pathway releases them into the cytosol?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Assume that the shaded portions of the molecule in the accompanying figure each represent different polypeptide chains. What does this represent?

the quaternary structure of a protein

Linked genes are located on _____ chromosomes and do not follow the principle of ______.

the same; independent assortment