BIOLOGY 2
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with:
ATP, NADPH and H+.
Which two processes work in conjunction to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number?
fertilization and meiosis
a given enzyme
increases the rate of a particular reaction.
Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.
The process of mitosis is thought to have evolved from binary fission. What similarities exist between these processes?
Both processes include DNA segregation.
A chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is
anabolic
A plant cell is mutated so ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?
both photosynthesis and respiration
Which of the following is a difference between binary fission and mitosis?
breakdown of the nuclear envelope
________ reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules.
catabolic
Which of the following are required to turn sugar (glucose) into ATP molecules?
glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain
The possible combinations of alleles in gametes ________ due to independent assortment and crossing over.
increases
In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is
provided by carbon dioxide
When examining the rapidly dividing cells of a fish embryo, you notice a cell that seems to contain two nuclei. The middle of the cell is pinched inward. This cell must be in ________ of mitosis.
telophase
Which of the following is a similarity between photosynthesis and respiration?
they are both metabolic processes
An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?
12
A duplicated chromosome consists of ________ sister chromatid(s).
2
The chemical 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) blocks the movement of electrons at the point indicated by the black, downward-pointing arrow in the figure below. Which of the following would be an immediate effect of treating a chloroplast with this drug?
A proton gradient would not be created, so ATP could not be made.
Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
ATP
As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that
ATP transfers energy through phosphorylation, whereas NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen ions.
Which of the following accurately describes the similarities between mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission?
All three of the processes are used to produce daughter cells.
Which of the following statements describe the function of the light reaction in photosynthesis?
As electrons move through the light reaction, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid.
Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?
Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.
Which of the following molecules carries electrons to the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH
the Krebs cycle produces
NADH, ATP, and FADH2
When ATP is hydrolyzed (converted) to ADP, what happens?
One phosphate is removed.
Examine the illustration below. Which statement best summarizes the contribution of Photosystem I (PSI) during photosynthesis?
PSI generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle and will eventually reduce the carbon in CO2.
What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?
Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants.
Which of the following choices states a correct reason why the process of cell division is different for prokaryotic than for eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule.
According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell increase in size in preparation for division?
Region 2
When appropriately prompted, diploid individuals of Ulva prolifera form spores that germinate to become haploid individuals. How might diploid individuals be created to complete the life cycle?
Some individuals differentiate to become haploid gametes and then fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to "burn" their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they "burn" different energy storage molecules?
The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what molecule is stored
What would occur if the mitochondria of a cell did not produce an inner membrane?
The mitochondria would be unable to maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production.
What is the significance of crossing over?
The resulting gametes will have different gene combinations than their parent cells' gene combinations.
The image below diagrams the action of an enzyme. Notice that the enzyme is depicted as being more tightly wrapped around the substrates in step 2 than it is in step 1. Why is this?
When a substrate locks into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to mold itself around the substrates.
Cells contain the molecule GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Would this molecule be useful as an energy carrier (similar to ATP)?
Yes, because it contains the same number of phosphates as does ATP.
Which of the following best exemplifies homologous chromosomes?
a tetrad
If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?
9
The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's
Environment
Which of the following accurately describes crossing over?
Paternal chromosome 7 exchanges segments of DNA with maternal chromosome 7.
Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called
respiration
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
Water provides electrons to the chlorophyll.
Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy?
a bond linking phosphate molecules in ATP
Which of the following foods is most likely to contain haploid cells?
an egg
Homologous chromosomes
c. consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.
In a human cell,
nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
the goal of meiosis is to
produce eggs and sperm
in the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6H2O, the 6 CO2 molecules are some of the
products
Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis?
prostate cancer
what are the stages of interphase
s, G1, and G2
The successful union of one male and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as a
zygote
The G0 phase of the cell cycle is distinguished by
an absence of preparation for DNA synthesis
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant; it can ____________________, but not _______________.
be transferred and transformed; created or destroyed
A researcher is recording the process of bacteria cell division using time-lapse microscopy. Which of the following processes would she be observing?
binary fission
All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT
binary fission
Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
The enzyme rubisco is important to the process of
carbon fixation
chemical reactions that break down lipids are
catabolic
Some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, more dangerous chemicals. These enzymes must be able to
catalyze a catabolic reaction
Which of the following pairs of processes encompasses the entire cell cycle?
cell division and interphase
What should the arrow in the following equation be labeled? Sugar + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
cellular respiration
The circle near the center of this structure represents a
centromere
Some daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must
contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.
In genetic engineering, molecular biologists often combine segments of DNA from two separate organisms. This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting. Which of the following is a form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?
crossing over
The first law of thermodynamics states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
Cellular respiration is the process by which:
energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
energy is released and can power cellular activities.
In the reaction H2O + CO2 + carbonic anhydrase -> H + HCO3 + Carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase is a(n)
enzyme
A scientist wishing to generate cancerous cells in vitro could subject the cells to which of the following procedures?
expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences a cell's progression through the cell cycle?
gametes
Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?
glycolysis
the three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cancers are groups of cells that divide rapidly and uncontrollably. Thus, cancer cells
have a relatively short G1 phase
A pool of cells is treated with a chemical that halts progress through the cell cycle. In which stage of the cell cycle would most cells be found?
interphase
Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?
it is the process by which organism grow and maintain their tissues
Which of the following is associated with mitosis?
maintenance of chromosome numbers
Model organisms (like mice) used in the study of genetic disease
may accurately reflect how diseases like cancer occur in humans
Gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis because
meiosis reduces the chromosome number so that zygotes produced will have one full genome.
The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as
metabolism
Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the ________ portion of cell division.
metaphase
During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heartbeat speed are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support
oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria.
According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material duplicated?
region 3
According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material evenly partitioned between daughter cells?
region 6
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions
require no oxygen
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
sugars
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and relatively balanced, but early history of life on Earth showed increasing oxygen concentrations. This indicates that
the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration.
The illustration below indicates that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced. An excess of sugars produced fossil fuels like coal and petroleum; this suggest that in the past,
the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration.
Which of the following would promote a cell to move through the G2 checkpoint?
the genetic information has been duplicated
In many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each other because
these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathway and keeping them closer together increases the efficiency of the pathway.
Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous pair?
they carry the same genes
Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if
they encounter a substrate that fits their active site
The process shown in the figure could produce
two identical prokaryotic cells
Each time you take a breath you are bringing in the oxygen you need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down
water
Cells that demonstrate anchorage independence
are primed to become metastatic
The energy carriers NADPH and NADH differ structurally. Functionally they
are somewhat different; NADH is produced from catabolic processes, whereas NADPH is used in anabolic processes.
Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis?
sperm cells
What best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?
The cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.
Which of these carries the most energy?
ATP