Biology 2 lab practical 1

List the three structures used for locomotion in the protozoans observed.

-Flagellum -Cilia -Pseudopods

In a lichen, which member is the autotroph? What does the autotroph contribute o the relationship?

Algae or cynobacteria; makes food

Describe the difference between a autotroph and a heterotroph.

An autotroph makes its own food, a heterotroph obtains nutrients by indigestion.

whats the fruiting body of the phylum basidiomycota called?

Basidiocarp

Why are horsetails normally found growing along streams, rivers or irrigation ditches?

Bc they need water for fertilization

Name the process by which sexual reproduction occurs in spirogyra. Name the structure which allows for the passage of the genetic material from one filament to another.

Conjugation. Conjugation tube is formed between two filaments of opposite mating types, and genetic material is exchanged.

What is the function of elators in a horstail?

Dispersal of spores

What is the significance of the spores forming on the ends of the sporangiophores rather than closer to the substrate?

Easier for them to travel/disperse

In Peziza, how many ascospores are in each ascus?

Eight

List the three components of a seed

Embryo Seed coat food supply

To which domain do the protist belong?

Eukarya

Where is the chitin found?

In the cell walls of fungi

What cellular division process forms the four basidiospores each basidium produces? Are these spores haploid or diploid?

Meiosis; Haploid

What type of insect injects the parasite into humans bloodstream?

Mosquito

List all of the homosporous plants observed in today's lab.

Mosses, ferns, horsetails

In malaria, what is occurring with the parasite during the fever episodes?

Parasite is reproducing & makes the red blood cells burst open

What structure is referenced when using the common name 'cup fungus'?

Peziza

_______, better known as the malarial parasite lives in the blood of humans.

Plasmodium

Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?

Seeds have a seed coat, abundant food supply, and a young plant with embryonic roots, stems and leaves already formed, while spores are only unicellular single cells.

What is the function of an indusium?

Shield/protect developing spores

Describe the shape of a spirogyra chloroplast.

Spiral shaped chloroplasts.

________ is the science of naming and classifying living things.

Taxonomy

What role does water play in the reproductive life cycles of nonvascular plants?

Water helps the sperm cell swim into the archegonium to fertilize the egg.

Name the sexual spore found in black bread mold. What type of environmental conditions occur for this spore to form?

Zygospore; lack of food & water

What is a lichen?

a symbiotic association between a fungus and a autotroph.

Name the structure a Euglena uses for: a. locomotion b. light detection c. osmoregulation

a. flagella b. eyespot c. contractile vacuoles

Kelp belong to which group of algae?

brown algae

Whats another name for sepals?

calyx

Whats another name for petals?

corolla

In Paramecium, what is the function of the micronucleus? Of the macronucleus?

micronucleus: used in conjugation macronucleus: oversees cellular activities.

List an important ecological benefit of algae.

Algae provides essential carbon fixation and supplying oxygen as a by-product.

List four examples organisms belonging to kingdom fungi (use of common names)

Athletes foot, bread mold, penecilliuim, mushrooms

Rhizopus lacks cross walls in the hyphae. What term best describes these hyphae?

Coeoncytic; doesn't have those cross walls

Give the term for genetic recombination that is observed in Paramecium prior to reproduction. Briefly describe this process

Conjunction; line up together & share genetic information

What is phagocytosis?

Engulfing food, bringing food into the cell

What are the three major categories of scientific data used to support evolution?

Fossils common ancestory biochemical evidence

what is the dominant generation of a moss? Is this generation haploid or diploid?

Gametophyte. Haploid.

Is the prothallus haploid or diploid?Does it produce gametes or spores?

Haploid gametes

Are the blades of kelp analogous or homologous to the leaves of plants.

Homologous

What type of environmental conditions are required for the prothallus to survive. Why?

It needs to be near water; bc sperm have to swim to the egg

Explain how lichens are able to grow in harsh environments like the arctic tundra or on the surface of a rock (hint:think about the living arrangement).

Its living with something that can make food

What term best describes a mass of hyphal filaments?

Mycelium

Is the moss sporophyte photosynthetic? If not, explain how the sporophyte obtains nutrients.

No; It depends on the gametophyte

Compare homospory and heterospory. What is the evolutionary significance of heterospory- how might heterospory lead to plants depending less on water to complete their life cycle?

One kind of spore; two different type of spore..difference in size; Maybe this is the lead up to the one that makes seeds

List and differentiate the three forms of symbiotic interactions.

Parasitic - Dependent on host.The parasite benefits from living outsite or in the host. The host is harmed or may even be killed by the parasite. Mutualistic -An interaction between two different species of organisms which benefits both organisms. Commensal-A relationship between two organisms in which one partner benefits in which one partner benefits (the commensal) while the other does not receive any benefits or harm.

Three phyla of fungi

Phylum Zygomycota Phylum Ascomycota Phylum Basidiomycota

The sago palm is dioecious, meaning ____________

Separate sexes on separate plants

Name the ball like structures of rhizopus that produce spores? Are these spores haploid or diploid?

Sporangia; Haploid

Name the cone-like structures observed in horsetails and club mosses that produce spores.

Strobili

What process occurs inside the capsule to produce spores?

The capsule pops open after MEIOSIS to scatter haploid spores.

Describe the role of a vector organism in disease transmission. Give an example

Transfers disease from one organism to another; Mosquito

Name a pathogenic protozoan and the disease which it causes.

Trypanosoma; African Sleeping Sickness

What is the function of a contractile vacoule?

Used in the removal of excess water.

Name the structure in a Euglena where the photosynthetic pigments are located.

chloroplasts

Rhizopus lacks cross walls in the hyphae. what term describes these hyphae?

coenocytic hyphae

Young leaves emerging from the rhizome of the ferns begin as tightly coiled ______

fiddle heads

what is an immature fern leaf called?

fiddlehead

Terrestial plants are believed to have evolved from which algal group?

green algae

Name the structure kelp uses to anchor to the sea floor.

holdfasts

Kelps belong to what group of algae?

large brown algae

List four example organisms belonging to the kingdom fungi (use common names)

molds rusts mushrooms yeasts

Are the basidiospores released from inside or outside of the basidium?

outside

What is meant by the term "Alternation of generations"?

possessing two stages during its life cycle, alternating between a diploid (2n) stage and a haploid (1n) stage.

The heart shaped gametophyte of ferns is called the ____

prothallus

Which algae are most associated with the formation of coral reefs?

red algae

Contrast septate vs. coenocytic

septate= Hyphae with cross walls coenocytic= Hyphae without cross walls

what substance is responsible for the abrasive texture of the horsetail?

silica

Describe the shape of a spirogyra chloroplast

spiral shaped chloroplasts

what is the dominant generation in all VASCULAR plants?

sporophyte

Name the structure where pollen grains land in the flower.

stigma

Linnaeus developed the __________ whereby each species is given a unique two-part scientific name.

system of binomial nomenclature

What happens to the basidiospores after they are released?

they land on the ground somewhere & develop into new mycellium

List characteristics of gymnosperms

vascular, sporophyte-dominant plants tha produce "naked seeds" seeds that are totally exposed.

What does the fungi provide to the autotroph?

water, minerals, and protection