Biology 5-6 module

During Metaphase I, the arrangement of chromosomes moving to the "middle" is by random assortment. This randomness, called...

independent assortment.

Plasmids that have had foreign DNA inserted into them are called...

recombinant DNA molecules.

The laws of probability govern simple genetic....

recombinations

Molecular Cloning...

refers to the copying of short segments of DNA and allows for the making of multiple copies of genes.

To "cut" the DNA...

restriction enzymes are used which recognize a specific base sequence to cut.

true or false: Each chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA

true

true or false: Genetic engineering techniques are used in a variety of industries, in agriculture, in basic research, and in medicine. There is great benefit in terms of useful products derived through genetic engineering

true

true or false: In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes half of the genetic information acquired by the offspring, resulting in variation between parent and offspring

true

true or false: Many organisms combine genetic information from two parents to produce offspring

true

true or false: Meiosis refers to division of the nuclear material. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles

true

true or false: Modern advances (since 1990) in science and technology have added to our understanding of the structure of DNA and its function

true

true or false: Not all DNA codes for a protein; some segments of DNA are involved in regulatory or structural functions, and some have no as-yet-known function

true

true or false: Organisms transfer their genetic information to their offspring when they reproduce

true

true or false: Protists are simple, predominately unicellular, eukaryotic organisms

true

true or false: Sexual reproduction involves the production of sex cells. Sex cells each carry half the parent's genetic material on chromosomes

true

true or false: Some new gene combinations have little effect, some can produce organisms that are better suited to their environments, and others can be deleterious (can cause harm or damage

true

true or false: Synthetic biology combines many different science disciplines to design and build new biological parts, devices, and systems; and has many different applications

true

true or false: The code for specific amino acids is virtually the same for all life forms

true

true or false: Tools and techniques are used in genetic engineering, and have improved our ability to genetically alter the DNA or organisms for a specific purpose

true

true or false: Two Meiosis I events contribute to genetic diversity, and why offspring from the same parents are so different.

true

true or false: Variations of dominant-recessive expression of alleles include incomplete dominance and co-dominance

true

true or false: scientists use 2-D, 3-D, and virtual models to represent the structure of DNA. Models are used when the object is too small or too complex to be studied directly.

true

A haploid cell is a cell with...

1 set of of chromosomes

A diploid cell is a cell with...

2 sets of chromosomes.

In the 1950s, experiments conducted by ___________ & __________ were able to demonstrate that DNA (not protein) was the genetic material that passed on information to the next generation.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

_________ structures are structures that performs the same function but have no known common ancestor.

Analogous

Current classification systems now generally recognize the categorization of organisms into three domains....

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

Living organisms are classified into one of six kingdoms of life. The two (prokaryotic) kingdoms ___________________ And the four (eukaryotic) kingdoms....

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

A recent genome editing (gene editing) technology used today is...

CRISPR

The information encoded in ___ molecules provides instructions for assembling amino acids, which ultimately form protein molecules

DNA

To "paste" the DNA together, a "glue" called...

DNA ligase (another enzyme) is used to seals the DNA backbone.

Uppercase letters in Punnett Squares usually represent....

Dominate trait

__________ is the study of an organism's embryological development and may reveal that there are features present in early stages that that are absent in the adult form of the organism

Embryology

what is the name given to scientists that analyze many items, including documents, handwriting, firearms, and biological samples.

Forensic scientists

___________ provide a time-ordered record of the unique characteristics of organisms over millions of years

Fossils

The basic principles of heredity were discovered in the 19th century by...

Gregor Mendel

________ structures stem from developmental similarities and share a similar embryonic origin.

Homologous

what is the process by which sexually reproducing organisms pass on their genes from one generation to the next.

Meiosis

____ plants play an important role in almost all aspects of life on Earth. From influencing the climate to shaping the physical terrain, seed plants help us maintain life as we know it.

Seed

_______ plants populate a variety of terrestrial landscapes. It is believed that ___________ plants dominated the early Earth; growing in the swampy forests of the Carboniferous period.

Seedless

________ is the science of classifying organisms to create a internationally shared naming system for living organisms, and places organisms into increasingly more inclusive groupings.

Taxonomy

Interpretations of _-___ photographs of DNA were used to describe the shape and dimensions of the molecule.

X-ray

Synthetic biology is...

a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities.

An allele is...

an alternate form of a gene.

With _________, the body plan is very simple with no defining symmetry or sides

asymmetry

Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The cells of plants have cell walls and are organized into tissues. Plants are _________ and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis and absorption. Plant divisions include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

autotrophs

With ____________, the body can be divided into equal halves

bilateral symmetry

This two-word scientific naming system is called...

binomial nomenclature

Today, ________ and _______ (gene editing) allow scientists to change the DNA of an organism by adding, deleting, or altering the genetic material at particular locations in the genome.

biotechnology, genome editing

Eukaryotes have cells with cilia and flagella; organelles associated with...

cell motility.

base mutation is...

change in one base in DNA

CRISPR stands for....

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

the arrangement of the nitrogenous bases within the double helix forms a chemical...

code

When different genes on each chromosome both show their associated traits, the effect is...

codominance.

Nucleotides are connected by __________ and ____________

covalently bonded sugar, phosphate molecules

In prokaryotes, DNA is not enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus and floats around in the....

cytoplasm

The _______ is the female reproductive cell (gamete).

egg cell

Information about relationships among living organisms and those that inhabited Earth in the past is gained by...

examining and interpreting the fossil record

true or false: science and technology are loosely linked

false: they are tightly linked.

true or false: organisms have the same sequence of the bases.

false: they have unique differences.

Meiosis I is the...

first round of meiotic division

During meiosis, a diploid cell produces ____ haploid cells, which mature to become gametes.

four

The sequence of these regions of DNA nucleotides is called the ______

genetic code

A gamete is a....

haploid cell that fuses (joins to form a single entity) with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that sexually reproduce.

What is a diploid organism?

has two copies of each chromosome (one from dad and one from mom).

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The cells of fungi have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They are ________ and obtain nutrients through absorption

heterotrophs

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The cells of animals do not have a cell wall. Animals are _________ and are ______ for at least a part of their life cycles

heterotrophs, mobile

other segments (genes) of DNA are very important and code for essential needs such as...

human growth hormone and insulin.

The weakness of ________ between the bases of DNA allows base pairs to separate during both DNA replication and protein synthesis.

hydrogen bonds

Mendel's laws of heredity are based on his _________ analysis of observations of patterns of inheritance of dominant-recessive traits.

mathematical

Sex cells (gametes) are produced through...

meiosis

A ______ cross represents the inheritance pattern of a single trait.

monohybrid

Biological classification uses a systematic method to _______________________ how organisms are related

name, organize, and show

Characteristics used to classify organisms into domains include whether the organism is prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic, differences in sequences of...

nucleic acids (RNA), and the cell membrane and/or cell wall structure

DNA is located in the_______ of eukaryotes.

nucleus

A Punnett square is a mathematical model that shows the probability of certain genetic combinations in...

offspring

Data from fossils can be used to infer ____________ relationships among existing and extinct organisms

phylogenetic

What phases are in Meiosis I?

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

What phases are in Meiosis II?

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.

Similarities among organisms on the structural and metabolic levels are reflected in the large degree of similarity in _________________ of different organisms. Diversity is the product of variations in these molecules

proteins and nucleic acids

For many years, it was believed that _______ were the substances that carried the information from generation to generation

proteins, which we know is false now

With _______________, the symmetry of the body is around a central axis

radial symmetry

A _______ allele is: hidden if present with a dominant allele; or visible if present with another _________ allele.

recessive

Meiosis II is the...

second round of meiotic division

Genes are....

sections of a chromosome that carry the code for a particular trait.

An example of biotechnology would be...

selective breeding

The ________ is the male reproductive cell (gamete).

sperm cell

Chromosomes are....

strands of tightly wound DNA.

DNA is a double helix molecule that includes different components....

sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphates.

Gel electrophoresis is a....

technique that is used to separate charged molecules on the basis of size and charge.

A genotype is...

the genetic make up of an organism.

Genotype describes.....

the genetic make-up of an organism and phenotype describes the organism's appearance based on its genes. Phenotype describes the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of the organism.

A phenotype is...

the organism's observable traits.

The basic laws of Mendelian genetics explains...

the transmission of most traits that can be inherited from generation to generation.

Heterozygous means...

there are two different alleles for a trait (e.g., black hair, blond hair).

Homozygous means...

there are two identical alleles for a given trait (e.g., black hair, black hair).

true of false: Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins.

true

true or false: All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules

true

true or false: All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the cell may be regulated in different ways

true

Biotechnology is a....

type of technology that uses methods on living organisms or cells to create different products.

When the gametes fuse together, a...

zygote (or fertilized egg) is formed which now contains two sets of chromosomes.

What is Gregor Mendel's nickname?

"father of genetics"

During Prophase I, crossing over creates unique _________ chromosomes.

"recombined"

The probability of a sex cell containing either allele from the pair is ____ percent

50

Lowercase letters in Punnett squares usually represent...

Recessive trait

_______ and _____ provide for genetic diversity

Recombination, mutation

Incomplete dominance occurs when...

a gene (e.g., color) has a partial effect compared to if it had been present on both chromosomes.

Genetic engineering...

a method used modify an organism's DNA to achieve desirable traits.

Reproductive Cloning...

a method used to make a clone a multicellular organism.

Artificial selection....

a method where humans decide which species to breed to select which traits get carried on to the next generation.

A Punnett square is...

a model used to predict the possible combinations of inherited factors resulting from single trait crosses.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is...

a technique used to increase the number of copies of a specific region of DNA; so the region of the genome can be further studied.

A base mutation can be...

addition - an extra base was added to the gene deletion - a base was removed from the gene substitution - a single base was substituted for another

What are the four bases of nucleotides?

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) or thymine (T)

Chromosome Mutation is...

change in chromosome structure

A __________ is a model (diagram) used to show relationships among organisms. A ________ uses lines that branch off in different directions, ending at a group of organisms with a common ancestor (clade)

cladogram

A haploid gamete....

contains one copy of each chromosome (from dad and mom) that unite at fertilization to create a diploid organisms

Eukaryotic cells have structural components called microfilaments and microtubules, which make up the cell's...

cytoskeleton

A chromosome mutation can be...

deletion - a segment of chromosome is deleted inversion - a segment of chromosome is inserted in a reverse orientation translocation - a segment of chromosome is moved to another chromosome

There are two types of nucleic acids:

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

a ______ cross represents the inheritance pattern of TWO traits.

dihybrid

A trait is a.....

distinguishing characteristic. Traits that are expressed through genes can be inherited.

Genetically _______ populations are more likely to survive changing environments

diverse

Information about physical features and activities is arranged in a hierarchy of increasing specificity. The levels in the accepted hierarchy include....

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

A ______ allele is always visible

dominant

The Law of Independent Assortment states that...

each gamete (sperm or egg) made will only get one of the two gene copies present in a parent organism. And, that the copies of the gene are randomly distributed to the gametes.

true or false: Plants and animals are diploid organisms which produce DIPLOID gametes (sex cells: sperm and egg).

false: they produce haploid gametes.

The organisms that live on Earth today share many __________________________________________, including cellular organization; common molecular mechanisms for energy transformation, utilization, and maintenance of life processes; common genetic code; and mechanisms for the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

physiologic structures and metabolic processes

Organisms that live on Earth today, or once lived on Earth, are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities of....

physiological structures, embryology and ontogeny (development), and phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships

Molecular cloning often uses...

plasmids (small, circular pieces of DNA; often from bacteria) as vectors (vehicle to insert foreign DNA) to make important molecules such as insulin.

Protein synthesis is the....

process of forming proteins which influences inheritance and evolution.

true or false: Binomial nomenclature is a standard way of identifying a species with a scientific two-word name. The first word is the genus name and the second is the species name. Species is the basic unit of classification

true

true or false: DNA is a helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotides.

true

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of ____ gametes

two

The Law of Segregation states that...

two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg) and then randomly unite during fertilization. So, the distribution of the gene is random.