Biology - Cell Division & Reproduction Notes
What effects does cell differentiation have?
-The effects that cell differentiation has is that it involves a partial or complete loss of ability to divide to produce more cells and when they do divide, they usually produce another cell of the same kind. Another implication is that since cells differentiate, an organism with different types of tissues and organs is able to form.
A ___ is a plant structure with enlarged leaf bases containing stored food surrounding a central bit of fleshy, stem tissue.
-bulb
A drastic change from the juvenile stage to adult in one basic step which produces adults very different from the juveniles is called ___ metamorphosis.
-complete
The maximum number of sperm that can fertilize one egg is one, in order to yield a ___ chromosome condition.
-diploid
Human beings have a ___ kind of life cycle.
-diplontic
How many chromosomes are produced by the first division during meiosis?
-double the original
A zygote will develop into an ___ during the early stages.
-embryo
The proteins which are required to reproduce DNA during interphase are:
-enzymes
The majority of aquatic animals have ___ fertilization.
-external
Genetic recombination results from events during:
-first division of meiosis -fertilization
The nuclear envelope disintegrates during:
-prophase
The phase during mitosis when DNA separates into pairs of chromosomes is:
-prophase
Genetic variability, or the uniqueness of individual offspring, for many animals and plants is the result of a process called ___.
-sexual reproduction
Which of the following would be produced by meiosis:
-sperm cell
Chromosomes are attached to the ___ during the metaphase of mitosis.
-spindle fibers
The vigor of a rootstock is usually ___ than that of the root system produced by the scion.
-stronger
1. centriole 2. nuclear envelope 3. haploid 4. homologous chromosomes 5. meiosis 6. spindle apparatus 7. anaphase 8. furrowing 9. chromatin 10. interphase
1. forms the pole of the spindle apparatus 2. The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell 3. having chromosomes which occur singly, not in matched sets or pairs 4. matched units of DNA containing genetic information 5. produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cell 6. a system of fibers which go from one end of the cell to the other 7. period of mitosis in which chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell 8. method of cytokinesis in animals 9. threadlike substance in nucleus which carries genetic information 10. period when the cell is not engaged in division
1. haplontic life cycle 2. zygote 3. larva 4. diplontic life cycle 5. organ 6. internal fertilization 7. terrestrial 8. pupa 9. tissue 10. aquatic
1. meiosis occurs shortly after fertilization 2. a fertilized egg 3. first part of life in an organism which undergoes metamorphosis 4. meiosis produces eggs and sperm 5. composed of one or more kinds of tissue 6. the male has some means to transfer sperm into the reproductive system of the female 7. lives on land 8. inactive stage of change from juvenile phase to adult in many insects 9. a mass or group of cells which have the same function 10. lives in water
Which statement(s) correspond(s) correctly to a mutation?
-a mistake in the DNA "ladder" -a copy error in the chromosomes
Eggs are motile.
-false
Matched pairs of chromosomes are called:
-homologous
The spindle apparatus disintegrates during the ___ of mitosis.
-telophase
Why don't cyanobacteria and bacteria reproduce by mitosis?
-they do not contain chromosomes
The two basic functions of meiosis are:
-to maintain chromosome number through generations -cause genetic variations by recombination
All the chromosomes in a diploid cell are paired.
-true
An elongated, horizontal stem that grows at the surface of the ground or just below it is called a rhizome.
-true
Nearly all plants can be reproduced asexually.
-true
Occasionally asexual reproduction can cause undesirable proliferation of an organism.
-true
Quiz #3
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The cell plate is formed during:
-telophase
It is possible for some microorganisms to have two sexes.
-true
Why is grafting used in agriculture?
-Plants are uniform and more vigorous -Some plants may survive generations only by grafting -Size of plants is controlled by grafting -Valuable fruits and flowers can be grown on strong stock
What advantages are given to animals and plants by asexual reproduction?
-They can reproduce in harsh climates -They produce genetically identical offspring -They reproduce at a rapid rate
Which of the following would always contain an egg cell?
-archegonium
A protozoan that divides to form two daughter cells just like itself would be undergoing:
-binary fission
The technique of asexual reproduction most commonly used in the production of fruit trees is ___.
-budding
Which of the following structures contains a great deal of leaf tissue:
-bulb
A successful scion will produce the product of the rootstock with greater quality.
-false
Gametangia are produced by gametes.
-false
Root cuttings are more commonly used than stem cuttings.
-false
The genetic information in a gamete is identical to one of the original separated sets of chromosomes in the parent.
-false
The stock is inserted into the scion during grafting.
-false
The number of daughter cells produced by meiosis is:
-four
Which of the following is not an advantage of asexual reproduction:
-genetic variation of offspring
A generalized term for organs in animals which produce sex cells is:
-gonad
Gametes have ___ the chromosome number of the parent cell.
-half
Asexual reproduction is most common in plants growing in ___ climates.
-harsh
Mammals have ___ fertilization.
-internal
Conjugation occurs in ___ protists and involves the transfer of genetic information between organisms.
-isogamous
Which of the following expressions is not a function of mitosis:
-production of gametes
Which of the following methods of asexual reproduction cannot occur in a unicellular organism:
-regeneration
Damaged cells of an organism are usually ___ by mitosis.
-replaced
Some cells of the body like neurons and brain cells do not reproduce themselves.
-true
The genetic requirement for ___ to operate is the acquiring of new genetic information during reproduction.
-evolution
Oogamy always involves fertilization from gametes of differing sizes.
-true
Successful breeding is limited to the gametes of the same created "kinds" of organisms.
-true
The most commonly used method of asexual reproduction used in gardening is the cutting.
-true
The area or kind of community that would have the highest portion of the species reproducing by asexual means is a:
-tundra
Meiosis takes place in an animal with a diplontic life cycle:
-when gametes are produced
A fertilized egg cell is called the:
-zygote
Which of the following group of organisms would produce conidia:
-fungi
Which of the following cells would have a different genetic composition than the other three in an animal with a diplontic life cycle?
-gamete
Which of the following cells would not divide using mitosis:
-gamete -bacterial cell
An adventitious bud would be formed on a:
-root
Which of the following undergoes complete metamorphosis?
-alfalfa weevil
The condition in which gametes of the same species have the same shape, but different sizes is called ___.
-anisogamy
The chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions during:
-anaphase
All the gametes of isogamous organisms are genetically identical.
-false
Animals have more mechanisms for asexual reproduction than plants.
-false
The new plant produced by the technique of layering must remain attached to the stem of the original plant.
-false
Organisms having a haplontic life cycle would probably be:
-isogamous
A condition in which the gametes are the same shape and size would be called:
-isogamy
The condition common to protozoa whereby the cell of the organism acts as a gamete is ___.
-isogamy
The technique of growing plants in which a section of the stem is covered with soil and a partial cut is made between the parent plant and the buried part of the stem is called:
-layering
Animals that change greatly from the juvenile to the adult phases of life are said to undergo ___.
-metamorphosis
The kind of cell division associated with an increase in size and weight of an organism is called ___.
-mitosis
Which of the following methods of asexual reproduction is usually associated with the production of spores:
-multiple fission
Each chromosome usually contains:
-one gene fora particular trait
Organisms having eggs and sperm are said to be:
-oogamous
A group of tissues which form a body part with a definite function or purpose is called a(n) ___.
-organ
In flowering plants the egg occurs inside the:
-ovary
What are three advantages to sexual reproduction?
-produces genetic variations -produces resistance to unfavorable conditions -produces disease-free seed plants
A fleshy, enlarged end of a stolon is called a:
-tuber
Quiz #2
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Quiz #4
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Chromatin or chromosomes are duplicated during:
-S phase
How does mitosis in animal cells differ from mitosis in higher plant cells?
-Plant cells divide by means of a cell plate. -Animal cells undergo furrowing.