biology ch. 9
during substage __, the cell is growing and carrying out cellular functions
G1
during what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow
G1
what is the longest stage of the cell cycle
G1
what are the three substages of interphase
G1, S, G2
what is the order of the stages of interphase
G1, S, G2
what is the order of the stages of mitosis
PMAT
after two daughter nuclei have formed, cells undergo __
cytokinesis
__ is the area covered by the plasma membrane
surface area
the key activity of mitosis is ...
the accurate separation of the cell's replicated DNA
what is the result of cancer cells crowding out normal cells
the loss of tissue function
after fertilization, the initial mass of cells remains __; these comprise embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated
__ can affect the occurrence of cancer cells
various environmental factors
during what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur
M phase (cell division)
during substage __, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division
S
during what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated
S
What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?
The three main stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
__ are found in various tissues of the body
adult stem cells
3rd stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
cancer cells can kill an organism by ...
crowding out normal cells
one of the specific proteins that regulate the cell cycle
cyclin
the normal cell cycle is regulated by __
cyclin proteins
enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle
cyclin-dependent kinase
the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is driven by a combination of two substances: __ and __
cyclins bind to CDKs and different cyclin/CDK combinations control different activities during different stages of the cell cycle
during __, the cell divides into 2 daughter cells
cytokinesis
third main stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell
cytokinesis
there are checkpoints after each stage of interphase to protect against __
duplicating DNA damage
adult stem cells are more developed/specialized than __ stem cells, but might be able to differentiate into different kinds of cells
embryonic
__ cells reproduce by mitosis, the process of nuclear division, and cytokinesis, the process of cytoplasm division
eurkaryotic
cells with a __ (higher or lower) surface area: rations can sustain themselves more easily
higher
during what stage does G1, S, and G2 happen
interphase
first stage pf the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates DNA
interphase
1st stage of mitosis, during which the cell's chromatin condenses into chromosomes
prophase
in __ the cell's chromatin tightens/ condenses into chromosomes
prophase
what is the longest stage of mitosis
prophase
the timing and rate of cell division are important, and are controlled by __ and __
proteins and enzymes
cells going through apoptosis __ and __
shrink and shrivel
each time a cell goes through one complete cycle it becomes __ cells
2
how many stages are in mitosis
4
how many chromosomes do we have? how many pairs?
46 23
known what the cell cycle, PMAT, interphase (G1, S, G2), sister chromatids, centromere, spindle fibers, and centrioles look like
:)
What happens to diffusion, cellular communication and the cytoskeleton as the cell size increases?
As the cell increases, these three things become slower and less efficient
What happens to the movement of nutrients and waste as the cell size increases?
As the cell size increases it makes it harder and harder for these things to move around and communicate, so the cell would not get the nutrients it needs
what are the benefits of smaller cells?
By being smaller, cells can sustain themselves more easily because they have a higher ratio of surface area to volume. Better diffusion, etc.
during what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis
G2
substage __ follows substage S and is the period when the cell prepares for division of its nucleus
G2
For each stage, list the things that occur and any details about the cycles.
In the stage of interphase, the cell grows; mitosis is when the cell's nucleus and nuclear material divide; cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm divides.
why are cells relatively small?
It is mainly because of the ratio of its surface area to its volume
What is meant by the ratio of surface area to volume?
This means that the size of the plasma membrane and the organelles & cytoplasm is the reason why cells are so small
in __ the microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten, the sister chromatids separate, and the chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell
anaphase
in __ cells, microfillaments constrict/pinch/furrow off to form 2 cells
animal
programmed cell death
apoptosis
why do cells not just continue to grow larger as organisms grow larger. why do cells divide
bc without a limit in cell growth than cells wouldn't be able to provide nutrients. cells divide to reproduce themselves
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
binary fission
prokaryotic cells divide via __
binary fission
How do eukaryotic cells divide?
by reproducing themselves
__ results when cells stop responding to the controls of the cell cycle
cancer
uncontrolled growth and division of cells that can be caused by changes in control of the cell cycle and also may be caused by environmental factors
cancer
cancer-causing substance
carcinogen
cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the __
cell cycle
eukaryotic cells divide via __
cell cycle
process of cellular reproduction, occurring in 3 main stages: interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
cell cycle
what is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
cell cycle
put the following actions in order: DNA replication, cell grows, cell division, cell prepares for mitosis
cell grows DNA replication cell prepares for mitosis cell division
cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatids
centromere
the cell cycle has built in __ that monitor that cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong
checkpoints
relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of the cell
chromatin
DNA-containing structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another
chromosome
what is 2 examples of a carcinogen
cigarette smoke and radiation
mitosis replaces __ cells
damaged
apoptosis occurs during ..
development in cells that are damaged and in cells that may lead to cancerous growth
what are 2 things that are less effective when the cell is too big
diffusion and cytoskeleton
mitosis__ (increases or decreases) the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows
increases
as development continues, cells receive signals that ..
initiate their differentiation into specialized cells
adult stem cells might be used to __ and __ tissue
maintain and repair
2nd stage of mitosis in which motor proteins pull sister chromatids to the cell's equator
metaphase
in __ sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell and they line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
what is the shortest phase of mitosis
metaphase
during __ a cell's nuclear material divides and separates into opposite sides of the cell
mitosis
during __, the cell's replicated genetic material separates and the cell prepares to split into 2 cells
mitosis
during what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur
mitosis
second main stage of cell cycle during which the cell's replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced
mitosis
__ organisms have specialized cells
multicellular
what causes the cell growth and division of cancer cells
mutation or changes in segments of DNA
in __ cells, instead of pinching in half, a new structure called the cell plate forms between the 2 daughter cells
plant
structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication
sister chromatid
__ cells can transport substances more easily
smaller
structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
spindle apparatus
the __ attaches to each of the sister chromatids before all cell division
spindle apparatus
unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions
stem cell
cells grow until they reach their size limit, then they either __ or __
stop growing or divide
in __, 2 new nuclear membranes begin to form, the nucleoli reappear, and the spindle dissassembles
telophase
last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli reappear. 2 new nuclear membranes begin to form, but the cell has not yet completely divided
telophase
__ is the space taken up by the inner contents of the cell
volume
