biology chap 4 - Carbon and molecular diversity of life

isomers; Isomers of carbon compounds can arise in several different ways.

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____.

carbon and hydrogen hint hydrocarbon

Most organic compounds contain _____ and _____.

Methyl group (-CH^3)

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.

______ _________ form the skeletons of most organic molecules.

Carbon Chains - These can vary in length and shape -rings, straight , branched, rings

carbonyls

What type of group is known for its position of being Ketones and aldehydes?

all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility

Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.

all are hydrophilic to increase the organic compounds water solubility The seven chemical groups most important in biological processes are the hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups. The first six groups can act as functional groups and they are also hydrophilic and thus increase the solubility of organic compounds in water. The methyl group is not reactive, but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.

Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.

Water

Biologically important chemical groups include all of the following except __________. Amine group ( -NH2) sulfhydryl group ( -SH) carboxyl group (-COOH) Phosphate group (-PO3^-2) Water (H20)

Sulfhydryl

Carboxyl Amino Hydroxyl Sulfhydryl

Acid; Amino

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base.

both ; remember those that form polar bonds are more water soluble those molecules with non polar bonds are less water soluable

Does carbon form polar or non polar bonds

isomers that are mirror images of each other -if you attempted to transpose them on top of each other would not work

Enantiomers

Geometrical isomers have the same covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangement . Or a different arrangement around a double bond Cis isomer - have the X on the same side Trans isomers - have the X on opposite sides

Geometrical Isomers - Two kinds 1. _________ 2._________

long chain like organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen many organic molecules including fats have hydrocarbon components -these molecules can undergo reactions that release a lot of energy -non polar - poorly water soluble

Hydrocarbon

In Miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds. In 1953, Stanley Miller, a graduate student of Harold Urey's at the University of Chicago, helped bring the abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of organic compounds into the context of evolution. From his results, Miller concluded that complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought at that time to have existed on the early Earth. These experiments supported the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been an early stage in the origin of life.

INFO CARD In Miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________. abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds

organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it In the carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), a single carbon atom is joined to two atoms of oxygen by double covalent bonds. The structural formula for CO2 is shown here: O=C=O. Each line in a structural formula represents a pair of shared electrons. Thus, the two double bonds in CO2 have the same number of shared electrons as four single bonds. The arrangement completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. Because CO2 is a very simple molecule and lacks hydrogen, it is often considered inorganic even though it contains carbon. Whether we call CO2 organic or inorganic, however, it is clearly important to the living world as the source of carbon for all organic molecules in organisms.

Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________.

organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to it Because CO2 is a very simple molecule and lacks hydrogen, it is often considered inorganic even though it contains carbon. Whether we call CO2 organic or inorganic, however, it is clearly important to the living world as the source of carbon for all organic molecules in organisms.

Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________.

The positioning of a carbonyl molecule within a molecular structure *Ketone* if the carbonyl group is located in the middle of the molecular chain or skeleton *aldehyde* if the carbonyl group is located at the end of a molecular chain or skeleton

Ketones and Aldehyde

A variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in earths primitive atmosphere

Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.

isomers with different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Structural isomers

the same molecular formula but different *covalent arrangements* of their carbon skeletons -The covalent bond is located at a different area in the two isomers

Structural isomers have __________.

cis tran isomers these are examples of 'geometric isomers' that differ in arrangement around a similar covalent bond

When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.

the carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds

The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that __________.

a. branching b. length c. rings d. double bond positioning Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules. The skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. Some carbon skeletons have double bonds, which vary in number and location. Such variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of the molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter. In addition, atoms of other elements can be bonded to the skeletons at available sites.

The carbon skeleton can vary in all of the following ways... (four ways )

carboxyl group (-COOH) The chemical group that acts as an acid is the carboxyl group (-COOH). It acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. "Amine group (-NH2)" is incorrect because this group acts as a base and can remove an H+ from the surrounding solution. "Sulfhydryl group (-SH)" is incorrect because two -SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. "Phosphate group (-PO3-2)" is incorrect because it contributes a negative charge (1- when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2- when at the end). When attached, it confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. "Methyl group (-CH3)" is incorrect because it affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. It also affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones.

The chemical group that acts as an acid is the __________.

methyl group (-CH3) The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the methyl group (-CH3) because it affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. "Amine group (-NH2)" is incorrect because this group acts as a base and can remove an H+ from the surrounding solution. "Sulfhydryl group (-SH)" is incorrect because two -SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. "Phosphate group (-PO3-2)" is incorrect because it contributes negative charge (1- when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2- when at the end). When attached, it confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. "Carboxyl group (-COOH)" is incorrect because it acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________. - Group functions notes as well

Carbon;With four electrons to share, carbon-based molecules can be multibranching and three-dimensionally variable.

The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of _____ in the molecules.

A. Functional groups are the most common participants in chemical reactions.

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____. A. the presence or absence of functional groups B. the number of asymmetric carbon atoms present C. the number of carbon atoms comprising the molecule's skeleton D. the presence or absence of double bonds E. the orientation of the carbon skeleton, as either ringed or linear

The seven chemical groups most important in biological processes are the hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups. The first six groups can act as functional groups and they are also hydrophilic and thus increase the solubility of organic compounds in water. The methyl group is not reactive, but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules. They do not all contain oxygen and they do not all have double bonds. In addition, their reactive nature does not force straight-chain hydrocarbons into rings or cause a bonded carbon to be asymmetric, which is a property of the molecule and not the attached functional group.

What are the seven functional groups?

The six most important chemical elements of life are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur. Of these chemical elements, carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and varied, making possible the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter from inanimate material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to atoms of these other elements. These elements all form strong covalent bonds, an essential characteristic in the architecture of complex organic molecules. Elements such as iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn), although important to life, are readily available in the environment and serve specialized rather than central roles in the formation of complex, life-dependent molecules.

What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

Phosphate ; The addition and release of phosphate groups to and from ADP and ATP is how cells store chemical energy and expend it to accomplish work.

What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?

Basic - Amino Acidic - Carboxyl

What functional groups are known respectively for being Acid and Basic?

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes

What is ATP's importance in the cell?

Adenosine Triphosphate -This is one phosphate molecule, ATP, is the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell. -it consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

What is ATP?

carbon -carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell -has the ability to make up to 4 bonds ( single or double bonds) -most frequently partners with /Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and these are the building code for the architecture of living molecules -carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex and diverse molecules

What is the building block of all molecules? Why is this one so special?

Thiols

What is the compound that a sulfhydryl group would be present in?

Amines

What is the name of the compound amino groups are characteristic of?

atp

When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed.

D. Hydroxl Group ( -OH) Water soluble ; polar - Characteristic of Alcohols ( compound found in)

Which of the follow is a Hydroxl group

hydrophobic, non polar, and a good source of stored energy

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?

B. Phosphate group -Water soluble ; polar -This is important to ATP; plays an important role in the process of ATP and the energy transfer that takes place

Which of the following is a Phosphate Group

A. Amino Group NH2 Polar, water soluble Acts as a BASE , picks up H+ (hydrogen ions) and thus lowers the concentration of hydroxide in a solution -Characteristic of being in compounds called Amines -The electronegativity of nitrogen means that amino groups tend to pick up hydrogen ions.

Which of the following is an Amino Group

Both -COOH and -NH2 are found in all amino acids. All amino acids contain at least one carboxyl functional group and one amino functional group. In addition, it may contain one or more of the other functional groups. Amino acid is considered a weak base

Which of the following is found in all amino acids? -OH -COH -NH2 Both -COOH and -NH2 -COOH

The molecule R-NH2 is a weak base. The molecule with the amino group (-NH2) is a weak base because it can accept a proton (H+) from the surrounding solution (water in living organisms), which is the behavior of a base. The hydroxyl group (-OH) cannot accept a proton, and the carboxyl group (-COOH) can donate but not accept a proton. WHY?

Which of the following molecules is a weak base? R-NH2 R-COOH R-OH R-SH

C- carbonyl group -polar molecule, water soluble Characteristic of Ketones and aldehydes commonly in Sugars

Which of these are a Carbonyl Group?

f. Carboxyl group is known to have ACIDIC properties ( donates H+ and increased hydroxide concentration in solutions) -Characteristic of compounds called Carboxylic Acids or organic acids

Which of these is a carboxyl group?

e. sulfhydryl group - AKA Thiols -SH polar, NOT water soluble -Found in proteins - are used to help stabilize the structure of many proteins

Which of these is a sulfhydryl group?

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________.

hydrocarbons

compounds with the same molecular formula ( same amount of elements in the compounds) but *different structures and properties*

isomer