BIOLOGY CHAPTER 13

11) The fossil record suggests that whales

B) are closely related to land mammals such as pigs, hippos, and cows.

32) Genetic drift is the result of ______.

B) chance

15) The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.

B) common ancestry

28) In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent?

B) frequency of heterozygotes

10) The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.

A) 3.5 billion

18) Which one of the following statements is true?

A) Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

42) Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.

34) After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population?

A) The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.

1) Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species, to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ______.

A) a bottleneck effect

25) The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time make up that population's ______.

A) gene pool

37) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.

A) migration

30) The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is ______.

A) mutation

6) While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that Earth was ______ and sculpted by geologic processes that ______ today.

A) old... continue

2) Natural selection ______.

A) results in evolutionary adaptation

31) Which of the following is a characteristic of a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

B) The population is not evolving.

39) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?

B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

3) Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. This would be an example of ______.

B) natural selection

8) In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was _____.

B) natural selection

5) During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ______.

B) plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents

14) Which of the following are homologous?

B) the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

26) If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?

C) 0.30

29) The presence of freckles is due to a dominant allele. Four percent of the individuals in a particular population lack freckles. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the percentage of individuals in this population who are homozygous dominant for freckles.

C) 64%

4) Which of the following statements about the voyage of the Beagle is true?

C) It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals.

3) The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to _____.

C) Lamarck

43) Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

C) Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.

16) Natural selection results in ______.

C) a population that is adapted to its current environment

12) Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of ______.

C) biogeography

36) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole?

C) founder effect

2) When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that ______.

C) gene flow between populations is reduced

20) The modern synthesis was a fusion of ______.

C) genetics and evolutionary biology

23) Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?

C) human height

7) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?

C) marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains

24) Which one of the following can create new alleles?

C) mutation

22) The smallest biological unit that can evolve is the ______.

C) population

38) What does evolutionary fitness measure?

C) relative reproductive success

41) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

C) stabilizing selection

40) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?

D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.

33) Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift?

D) The population size is large.

1) Natural selection can be defined as ______.

D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

9) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?

D) bones of extinct whales

17) Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection?

D) catastrophic events

13) Homology is evidence of ______.

D) common ancestry

27) In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?

D) frequency of the homozygous dominants

19) Research on flat-tailed horned lizards demonstrated that natural selection favored lizards that ______.

D) had longer horns on the rear of the skull

35) The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______.

D) involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

21) Which of the following is a population?

D) the termites infesting your house