Biology Chapter 19

select all the mechanisms that plants use to avoid herbivores

-thorns -noxious chemicals

match each water source-surface water

with contribution to Earth's water supply-.01%

match each water source-groundwater

with contribution to Earth's water supply-.9%surface water

select all of the following that describes chaparral

-shrubs have thick bark and leathery leaves -dry summers -herbivores include jackrabbits, deer, birds, and rodents -susceptible to fires

sea otters are keystone species, which have a relatively ___ biomass in a community and a ___ influence on community diversity

-small -large

select all of the following that describe tropical rain forests

-species diversity is extremely high -found along the equator

select all of the following that are true about Earth's polar ice caps

-worms and crustaceans are part of the food web -inhabited by whales, seals, and birds -have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain

the human intestinal tract is colonized with bacteria that consume resources and usually prevent other harmful bacteria from causing infections. This is an example of ___ among the bacteria.

competitive exclusion

the concept that no two individuals can occupy the same niche at the same time indefinitely is the

competitive exclusion principle

evergreen trees, ferns, birds, bobcats, amphibians, and bears are all species typical of what biome?

coniferous forest

the biome occupying much of eastern North America and characterized by trees such as oak and maple that shed their leaves in autumn is called temperate

deciduous forest

in the nitrogen cycle, bacteria and archaea return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrate to nitrogen gas (N2) in a process called

denitrification

what is an example of a biome?

desert

biomes called ___ have extreme temperatures and receive less than 20 centimeters of rain per year, they occupy much of Northern Africa and the Middle East

deserts

you would expect to find plants adapted to dry or desert climates on the ___ side of a mountain

downwind

a(n) ___ is a community and its abiotic environment

ecosystem

the process by which nutrients trigger the rapid growth of algae, ultimately leading to O2 -depleted water, is called

eutrophication

grasslands with scattered trees or shrubs are a type of terrestrial biome called ___, which occupy much of Central Africa and Northern Australia

tropical savannas

true or false: the tilt of the Earth on its axis accounts for seasonal temperature changes

true

permafrost is found in what biome?

tundra

match each water source-ice caps and glaciers

with contribution to Earth's water supply-2%

match each water source-ocean

with contribution to Earth's water supply-97%

match each symbiotic relationship-commensalism

with its example-

match each symbiotic relationship-mutualism

with its example-

match each symbiotic relationship-parasitism

with its example-

what is an example of an adaptation of herbivores to a plant's defenses?

a caterpillar can eat milkweed even though it contains noxious chemicals

most of the structure of a coral reef is composed of

calcium carbonate from coral animals

a pollinator that is attracted to only white flowers on yucca plants would be an example of

coevolution

if a species has a genetic change and another species has a subsequent genetic change, this would be called an example of

coevolution

a relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected is called

commensalism

select all of the following that are primary producers

-organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules -autotrophs -plants

select all of the following that describes lakes and ponds

-phytoplankton are dominant producers in the photic zone -light penetrates lake and pond regions to differing degrees

select all of the abiotic (physical) processes that occur in the water cycle

-runoff -percolation -evaporation -precipitation

select all of the types of organisms that commonly live in an intertidal zone

-sea urchins -mussels -seaweeds

select all the ways that predators evade defenses of prey

-sharp teeth -acute senses -hunting in groups

Balanus barnacles crowd out Chthamalus barnacles in intertidal zones. This is an example of the ____ exclusion principle

competitive

the climate is ___ near large bodies of water than it is in landlocked areas

milder

select the example of commensalism

moss growing on the side of a tree

the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi that acquire nutrients for plants and plants in turn providing sugars for the fungi is an example of

mutualism

some bacteria and archaea can convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a usable form through a process called

nitrogen fixation

in a symbiosis called parasitism

one species benefits at the expense of another

in the water cycle, water moves form the soil surface into groundwater by the process of

percolation

in tundra biomes, the year-round frozen soil layers is referred to as

permafrost

photosynthesis takes place in the ___ zone of a lake

photic

carbon from the atmosphere enters food chains through the actions of

photosynthetic autotrophs

the producers in aquatic systems are primarily the

phytoplankton

an organism's niche includes its habitat, its resource requirements, and its

place in the food chain

in a ___ relationship, one animal eats another animal

predator-prey

___ is when multiple species use the same resource in different ways or at different times

resource partitioning

what area of the ocean has the most nutrients, sunlight, and primary productivity?

shallow coastal water

a population is composed of members of the same ___ living in the same area

species

a lichen, which consists of fungal and algal partner that live together and provide nutrients to each other, is an example of

symbiosis

caribou, reindeer, lynx, spruce, firs, pines, and migratory birds are species found in what biome?

taiga

what biome is characterized by warm summers, cold winters, trees that lose their leaves seasonally and animals such as raccoons, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds, and foxes?

temperate deciduous forests

bison were originally dominant large, grazing herbivores in what North American biome?

temperate grassland

besides sunlight, the major abiotic factors that determine the numbers and types of plants in a terrestrial biome are

temperature and moisture

match the aquatic biome-marine

to its category-intertidal zone, open ocean

match the aquatic biome-freshwater

to its category-lakes and rivers, groundwater

match the water cycle-transpiration

to its description-evaporation of water from the leaves of plants

match the water cycle-runoff

to its description-precipitation runs along the surface of land into rivers that lead back to the ocean

match the water cycle-percolation

to its description-rain, ice, or snow soaks into the ground and restores soil moisture and groundwater

match the water cycle-evaporation

to its description-the sun's heat causes water from land and water surfaces to enter the atmosphere as water vapor

match the water cycle-precipitation

to its description-vapor water condenses into water droplets that fall as rain or snow

match each biome-tundra

to its temperature and moisture characteristics-average temperature below 0 degrees Celsius and annual precipitation around 50 cm

match each biome-desert

to its temperature and moisture characteristics-average temperature between 0 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius and annual precipitation between 0 and 100 cm

match each biome-temperate forest

to its temperature and moisture characteristics-average temperature of 10 degrees celsius and annual precipitation between 100 and 200 cm

match each biome-tropical rain forest

to its temperature and moisture characteristics-average temperature of 25 degrees celsius and annual precipitation around 350 cm

loss of corals reefs due to ocean acidification can be attributed to

too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

vertical layers of plant species, lots of shade, plants with adaptations for low light, and brightly colored animals species characterize

tropical rain forests

what biome has plants whose seeds sprout only after a fire?

Mediterranean shrubland

select the ways in which a river changes from headwater to ocean

-clarity decreases -current decreases

select all the statements that describe tundra

-contains abundant lichens -a low-temperature biome -utilized as breeding habitat for migratory birds -home to caribou, lemmings, shrubs, mosses, and grasses

select the characteristics of polar ice caps

-dry and windy -organisms have antifreeze chemicals

an animal that kills and eats other animals is called a

predator

select all of the following that are part of an ecosystem

-abiotic environment -community -populations

select all the statements that describe the taiga

-also called the boreal forest -characterized by long, cold winters

select all of the forms of nitrogen that plants can absorb

-ammonium ions (NH4+) -nitrate (NO3)

select all the characteristics that apply to phytoplankton

-aquatic -free-floating -microscopic -photosynthetic

select all of the following that are true about Earth's air circulation patterns

-at the equator and at 60 degrees North and South latitude, air rises, expands, and eventually cools -cool air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air -direction of winds is affected by convection cells and the rotation of the plant

select all the ways that carbon enters the atmosphere in the carbon cycle

-combustion -respiration

air near the equator is heated by the sun, rises and cools, and ___. Then, at around 30 degrees North and South latitude, the air begins to sink back to earth, warming up and absorbing moisture, creating vast ___

-drops moisture as precipitation -deserts

along the ___ coast of North America, the ocean currents are warm. Along the ___ coast, the ocean currents are cold

-east -west

select all the true statements about how energy flows through organisms

-energy flows through ecosystems in one direction -ecosystems must be continually supplied with energy from a source -energy is lost as heat from one trophic level to the next level

select all of the true statements about grasslands

-grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation -climate characterize by hot summers and cold winters -grazing and fire suppress tree growth

select all of the following that describes savannas

-grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs -home to animals that group in large herds

select all of the following that are true about terrestrial biomes

-influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate -huge band on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation

select organisms that may inhabit rivers

-insects -crayfish -algae -worms

select all the main storage reservoirs in the phosphorus cycle

-marine sediments -rocks

select all of the types of organisms that live in an estuary

-migratory birds -salt-tolerate plants -phytoplankton

select all the adaptations in prey that help them avoid being eaten

-mimicry -camouflage -warning coloration -stingers

select all the true statements about temperate coniferous forests

-most trees are evergreen species, such as spruce and hemlock -they are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog

in a process called ___, bacteria and archaea convert ammonium to nitrate, which can be taken up by plants and other autotrophs; organic matter is broken down by ___, which returns nitrogen to the abiotic environment

-nitrification -decomposition

select abiotic factors that may affect species diversity in a biome

-nutrient availability -temperature -fire -sunlight -moisture

rank the organisms in the food chain from tertiary consumer at the top to producer at the bottom

1. hawk 2. rattlesnake 3. rabbit 4. grass

the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is likely responsible for

global climate change

organisms that obtain their food by eating producers or other consumers are called

heterotrophs

a community is composed of a group of

interacting population of several species

a(n) ___ species is not that makes up a small portion of the community but has a large influence on community diversity

keystone

sea stars that help maintain diversity in tide pool habitats are a ___ species

keystone

if there is higher species diversity in a community when Species X is present than when it has been removed, you might consider Species X to be a(n)

keystone species