Biology Chapter 20

In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____.

B

This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 1?

B

A scientist is working in a lab sequencing DNA. After reading the results from a column of gel scanned in a fluoroscope, she determines that the sequence of bases in the newly synthesized DNA is AATTCCCGG. Which one of the following represents the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

TTAAGGGCC

One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is

finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types

One concern regarding the use of transgenic plants is the __________.

loss of crop biodiversity, leading to potential widespread crop failures

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

negative ... positive

This is an image of a(n) _____.

nucleotide

To synthesize DNA in a laboratory, the enzyme called DNA ________ must be used to facilitate the addition of nucleotides on the new strand

polymerase

A small amount of DNA was located at a crime scene. Which one of the following techniques is most likely to be used to amplify the DNA so it can be identified more accurately?

polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following acts like a molecular copying machine, rapidly making large numbers of specific sequences of DNA?

polymerase chain reaction

Which technique will allow amplification of the DNA from the crime scene, in order to provide a large enough specimen?

polymerase chain reaction

The beginning point for synthesis of a new strand from a complementary single stranded piece of DNA is marked by __________.

primers

When using gel electrophoresis in DNA fingerprinting, __________.

smaller pieces of DNA migrate faster than larger pieces

You can tell that this is an image of a DNA nucleotide and not an RNA nucleotide because you see a _____.

sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms

When referring to a plasmid, it can be said that ________.

the plasmid is a circular piece of DNA found in a bacterium

Organisms that can contain genes introduced from other species are referred to as

transgenic

In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.

1' ... 5'

The following are steps involved in producing recombinant DNA using human DNA and a plasmid. Which one of the following answers best reflects the proper order of these steps?

2, 4, 3, 5, 1

How many DNA molecules would there be after four cycles of PCR if the initial reaction mixture contained two DNA molecules?

32

Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.

5' to 3'

In the first PCR step, denaturation, the hydrogen bonds are broken by the ________.

95 temperature

Which of the following is the MOST correct statement about restriction enzymes and recognition sites?

All of the listed responses are correct.

This is a DNA fingerprint exhibiting samples from a victim, two suspects, and the crime scene. Which of these DNA fragments is common to both the victim and Suspect 2?

C

Which of these is(are) pyrimidines?

C, D, and E

The technique known as __________ can be used to establish the identity of individuals at a crime scene

DNA finger printing

Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?

DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded.

In the process of producing recombinant DNA using human DNA, __________ is used to connect human and plasmid DNA together

DNA ligase

What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?

DNA ligase

Which of the following facilitate(s) joining a piece of human DNA with bacterial plasmid DNA?

DNA ligase

What is DNA ligase?

DNA ligase is an enzyme that permanently pastes DNA ends together.

In DNA sequencing, the enzyme __________ facilitates the addition of nucleotides one by one to a growing DNA strand

DNA polymerase

Which one of the following enzymes catalyzes the attachment of nucleotides to a growing complementary strand?

DNA polymerase

Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?

E

What would be the advantage of introducing genes into germ cells rather than somatic cells?

Genes introduced into germ cells would be passed on to gametes and future generations.

Of the following, which is NOT a description of genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is the process by which human cells are induced to produce proteins that are normally found only in bacterial cells.

The letter A indicates a ________.

Phosphate group

Which of the following is NOT needed in a PCR thermocycler?

RNA polymerase

Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA is NOT true?

The cloned cells require the addition of restriction enzymes in order to reproduce.

Why is Suspect 1 considered more likely to have committed the crime than Suspect 2?

The crime scene sample contains DNA fragments from both the victim and Suspect 1.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and __________

a mixture of the four nucleotides A,T,C,G

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, and __________.

a mixture of the four nucleotides A,T,C,G

The function of the Taq polymerase is to ________.

add complementary DNA nucleotides to the growing DNA molecule

Which of the following is needed for sequencing DNA?

all of these choices

Prior to genetic engineering, insulin for humans with insulin-dependent diabetes was extracted from pigs and cattle. Presently insulin is produced by transgenic

bacteria

Transgenic __________ are used to produce large quantities of human insulin, human growth hormone, and erythropoietin.

bacteria

In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must _____

be cut by the same restriction enzyme

A gene for a bacterial protein with insecticide properties has been introduced into a plant. This plant is now referred to as __________.

both a transgenic plant and a genetically modified plant

A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____.

c

Which of the following is used to separate fragments of DNA by size?

gel electrophoresis

The insertion of human genes into human cells to treat or correct disease is best described as __________

gene therapy

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

heating to separate double-stranded DNA; cooling to allow primers to attach; elongation of DNA strand as nucleotides are added

All of the following statements about transgenic plants are true, EXCEPT that __________.

human genes cannot be incorporated into transgenic plants

in the second PCR step, primers bond with the single stranded DNA. This process is called ________.

hybridization or annealing

In 2011, genetically engineered (GE) plants in the United States __________.

made up 88% of the corn crop and 94% of the soybean crop

Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals'

milk

Bacterial ________ DNA can be easily removed from the bacterium, modified by adding a gene of interest, and then reinserted into the bacterium to be replicated.

plasmid

After introducing recombinant plasmids into bacteria, the next step toward producing clones of a desired human gene would be which of the following

selecting the bacteria containing the human gene of interest and allowing it to reproduce

Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?

thymine

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

thymine ... cytosine

The role of restriction enzymes in bacterial cells is __________.

to destroy invading viruses by cutting up their DNA

Genetically engineered human insulin, human growth hormone, and human clotting factor VIII are made by __________.

transgenic bacteria

During PCR, heating of DNA is required to

unwind double-stranded DNA

"Gene pharming" refers to __________.

using transgenic farm animals to produce human proteins for medical uses