Biology Chapter 25 questions

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Volvox

-Multicellular green algae that forms a monophyletic group with a single-celled alga and several colonial species -Have proteins homologous to those found in the cell wall of Chlamydomonas

What are the three periods

1. Initial diversification 2. Appearance of novel features 3. Rise of large eukaryotes

Which secondary endosymbiosis procedure is one cell, and which one is two?

Green algae is two and red algae is one cell

What underwent secondary endosymbiosis several times during eukaryotic evolution?

Green and red algae

What is the rise of large eukaryotes?

Maximum body size, taxonomic diversity, morphological variation increased

Consumers

Depend on producers for food

What causes malaria

Plasmodium

What are the oldest eukaryote fossils to be resolved taxonomically?

Red algae

What is appearance of novel features?

-Eukaryote fossils resolved taxonomically -Multicellularity, sexual life cycles, eukaryotic photosynthesis

What is the endosymbiont theory?

-Mitochondria and plastids were formerly small bacteria that began living within larger cells -Entered host cell as undigested prey or internal parasites -Mitochondria and plastids have circular DNA like bacteria

Examples of symbiotic protists that are parasites that harm their host

-Phytophthora ramorum: Causes sudden oak death -P. infestans: Related species that causes potato late blight

Where are the genes and cell characteristics of eukaryotes from?

Archaea and bacteria

Similarity between diplomonads and parabasalids

Both lack plastids

What is the closest living relatives of animals?

Choanoflagellates

What is the result of green algae after secondary endosymbiosis?

Euglenids and chlorarachiniphytes

What is initial diversification?

Eukaryotes had: Nucleus, membrane, cytoskeleton and varied in size and shape

Secondary endosymbiosis

Eukaryotic algal cells were ingested by heterotrophic eukaryotes

Which is more complex? Eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells- have organelles

What are the structures in a eukaryote?

Membrane bound nucleus, numerous membrane bound organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc), Several, rod-shaped chromosomes

What novel biological features evolved?

Multicellularity, sexual life cycles, eukaryotic photosynthesis

What two things go through secondary endosymbiosis?

Red and green algae

What is the result of red algae after secondary endosymbiosis?

Stramenopiles and alveolates

What does volvox have as structures?

The cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix containing proteins also homologous to those found in the Chlamydomonas cell wall.

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes And Their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes

How did eukaryotes get the archaea and bacteria characteristics?

Through endosymbiosis- one organism lives inside the body or cell of another Endosymbionts become a single organism

What allows eukaryotic cells to have asymmetrical forms and to change shape?

Well-developed cytoskeleton

Producers

rganisms that use energy from light to convert CO2 to organic compounds


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