Biology Chapter 28 Review

True statement

Choanocytes have flagella that propel water through the body. Lophocytes secrete collagen. Porocytes control the flow of water through pores in the sponge body.

While collecting specimens, a marine biologist finds a sessile Cnidarian. The medusas that bud from it swim by contracting a ring of muscle in their bells. To which class does this specimen belong?

Class Scyphozoa

Crustaceans are _____

Ecdysozoans

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.22) The chiton (an organism, not to be confused with the starch called chitin) shown here exhibits the segmentation that is present (but not obvious) in many other members of its phylum. The chiton also has a radula for scraping seaweed off the rocks, a foot for locomotion, and a mantle cavity surrounding a visceral mass. The chiton is a member of the clade

Mollusca

true statement about the anatomy of a mollusk

Mollusks have a radula for grinding food. A digestive gland is connected to the stomach. The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle.

How does segmentation enhance annelid locomotion?

Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.33) The microscopic scientific model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living, soil-dwelling, unsegmented triploblastic pseudocoelomate that sheds an outer layer called a cuticle. C. elegans is a member of the phylum

Nematoda

A mantle and mantle cavity are present in:

Phylum Mollusca

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.15) Parasitic trematodes (flukes) are shown on the left, and a parasitic cestode (tapeworm) on the right. Both of these animals are long, flat, and flexible. They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic, but they are acoelomates. They belong to the phylum

Platyhelminthes

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.3) This illustration shows the basic anatomy of a member of the clade

Porifera

Which of the following is a key advantage provided by the exoskelton of terrestrial arthropods?

Prevents dessication Protects internal tissue Provides mechanical support

Describe the different classes of echinoderms using examples.

The Asteroidea are the sea stars, the Echinoidea are the sea urchins and sand dollors, the Ophiuroidea are the brittle stars, the Crinoidea are the sea lilies and feather stars, the Holothuroidea are the sea cucumbers.

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.27) Nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus belong to the _____ clade in the phylum _____.

cephalopod / Mollusca

The nematode cuticle contains ______.

chitin

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.6) This illustration shows the two germ layers and life stages of a typical

cnidarian

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.44) These planktonic larval stages belong to a shrimp (left), a barnacle (center), and a crab (right). To reach adulthood, they will need to undergo a dangerous process called

ecdysis

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.35) A microscopic tardigrade ("moss piglet" or "water bear") lives in a film of freshwater, and can survive dry spells in a desiccated state. Tardigrades are so strange, they have an entire phylum of their own. But like arthropods they have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, segmentation, and a cuticle that contains chitin and is periodically molted. Tardigrades are

ecdysozoans

The rhynchocoel is a ________.

fluid-filled cavity

The embryonic development in nematodes can have up to ______ larval stages.

four

Cubozoans are ________.

medusoids

Which group of flatworms are primarily ectoparasites of fish?

monogeneans

The large central opening in the Parazoan body is called the:

osculum

Echinoderms have ______.

pentaradial symmetry

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.18) This illustration (of an organism much smaller than it looks) shows the basic anatomy of a(n)

rotifer

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.47) Although they are members of the bilaterian clade, sea stars have a pentaradial symmetry in the adult life stage. They move around (and open their prey) by sucking water up through their tube feet and sending it through canals in their arms. This movement of water is finely controlled by the valve on top (madreporite). The closest cousins of the sea stars are

sea urchins and sea cucumbers

Annelids have a:

true coelom

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.4 and see also Figure 27.7) Porifera (sponges) are considered the simplest animals because they have no _____, but ctenophores (comb jellies) are also considered basal because like the sponges, they have no _____.

true tissues from embryonic germ layers/ Hox genes

The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _______.

water

(OpenStax Biology 2e Figure 28.45) Typical members of the _____ clade have compound eyes, three body regions, and three pairs of legs. They breathe through spiracles, and they are the only group of arthropods that have evolved _____.

hexapod / wings

Flies are _______.

hexapods

Cnidocytes are found in _____.

Phylum Cnidaria

Most sponge body plans are slight variations on a simple tube-within-a-tube design. Which of the following is a key limitation of sponge body plans?

The reliance on osmosis/diffusion requires a design that maximizes the surface area to volume ratio of the sponge.

Which of the following does distinguish humans as a member of phylum chordata?

-A spinal cord runs along an adult human's dorsal side. -Human embryos exhibit pharyngeal arches and gill slits. -The human coccyx forms from an embryonic tail.

true statement about insects

-Insects have both dorsal and ventral blood vessels. -Insects have spiracles, openings that allow air to enter into the tracheal system. -Most insects have a well-developed digestive system with a mouth, crop, and intestine.

Describe the various superclasses that phylum Arthropoda can be divided into.

-It include the Hexapoda, which are mandibulates with six legs -The Myriapoda, which are mandibylates with many legs and include the centipedes and millipedes -the Crustacea, which are mostly marine mandibulates --Chelicerata, which include the spiders and scorpions and their kin.

Mesohyl contains:

A collagen-like gel and suspended cells for various functions

The sister taxon of the Chordata is the ______.

Ambulacraria

Compare and contrast the segmentation seen in phylum Annelida with that seen in phylum Arthropoda.

Arthropoda have an exoskeleton, which is missing in annelids. Arthropod segmentation is more specialized with more major organs concentrated in body tagma. Annelid segmentation is usually more uniform with the intestine extending through most segments.