Biology Chapter 3

Which molecule is made during the process of transcription? -All of these choices are correct. -rRNA -mRNA -tRNA

All of these choices are correct.

Why did scientists many years ago believe that protein was the storage molecule for genetic information, instead of DNA? - Proteins carry out a great range of cellular functions. - Proteins have a wider variety of three-dimensional shapes than DNA. - There are more building blocks for protein than there are for DNA. - All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which RNA type is the most abundant in mammalian cells? - tRNA - mRNA - rRNA - miRNA - snRNA

rRNA

When DNA or genetic information is passed between bacteria (and bacteria take up this material from their surrounding environment), this process is referred to as: -Translation -Transmutation Transcription -Transformation -Translocation

*Transformation -Translation -Transmutation Transcription -Transformation -Translocation

In the DNA sequence, the top strand is the template strand. 5'-GTAGCCGATAAT-3' 3'-CATCGGCTATTA-5' If the base pair G-C (in bold) is changed to T-A, what would the resulting nucleotide be in the mRNA? -A -C -G -U -T

A

DNA is often described as having a shape like a spiral staircase. Which of the spiral staircases in the photos is the better analogous representation of a DNA molecule?

A GROOVES

Which of the mRNA modifications is common in human cells? - All of these choices are correct. - 5' cap addition - intron removal and exon joining - 3' poly(A) tail addition - alternative splicing

ALL

What is the order of processes that support the central dogma? -DNA replication, translation, transcription -DNA replication, transcription, translation -DNA replication, translation, protein synthesis -transcription, DNA replication, translation

DNA replication, transcription, translation

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from: - DNA to RNA to protein. - DNA directly to protein. - protein to RNA to DNA. - RNA to protein to DNA. - RNA to DNA to protein.

DNA to RNA to protein

Muscle cells make different proteins than nerve cells because they have different sequences of DNA. True or False

False

No exceptions to the central dogma exist. RNA is always transcribed from DNA, and RNA is translated to produce proteins. true or false

False

The same strand in a DNA double helix is used as the template strand for transcription of every gene in a given chromosome. True or False

False

This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs. True or False

False

The production of an RNA molecule using DNA as a template is called translation. True or False

False its transcription

Consider Griffith's experiment. If he observed healthy mice after injecting these animals with dead virulent and live non-virulent bacteria, what could he have concluded? - Genetic information cannot be transferred between bacteria. - Genetic information is transferrable. - The RNA of the bacteria used in this experiment was degraded. - Genetic information cannot be transferred between mice. - None of the other answer options is correct.

Genetic information cannot be transferred between bacteria.

Which statement is true regarding Frederick Griffith's experiments? - He demonstrated that some unknown substance can transform a nonvirulent strain of bacteria to a virulent one. - He demonstrated the DNA serves as the genetic/hereditary material. - He demonstrated that (only) dead virulent bacteria cause pneumonia in mice. - His experiments relied on DNase and RNase to identify the genetic/hereditary material. - He demonstrated that proteins serve as the genetic/hereditary material.

He demonstrated that some unknown substance can transform a nonvirulent strain of bacteria to a virulent one.

Which statement is true regarding primary transcripts? - In prokaryotes, primary transcripts undergo polyadenylation and alternative splicing. - In eukaryotes, primary transcripts are polycistronic. - In eukaryotes, a primary transcript can be transcribed and translated a at the same time. - In prokaryotes, primary transcripts are synonymous with mRNA. -In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, introns are removed from the primary transcripts.

In prokaryotes, primary transcripts are synonymous with mRNA.

In the experiments conducted by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod, which hypothetical result would indicate that protein, not nucleic acid, was Griffith's transforming substance? - Only the extracts from heat-killed cells treated with DNase are unable to transform nonvirulent bacteria into virulent bacteria. - All of the extracts from heat-killed cells are able to transform nonvirulent bacteria. - Only the extracts from heat-killed cells treated with protease are unable to transform nonvirulent bacteria into virulent bacteria. - Only the extracts from heat-killed cells treated with RNase are unable to transform nonvirulent bacteria into virulent bacteria. - None of the extracts from heat-killed cells is able to transform nonvirulent bacteria.

Only the extracts from heat-killed cells treated with protease are unable to transform nonvirulent bacteria.

What is the name of the enzyme complex that forms at the start of transcription? -RNA helicase -DNA polymerase -RNA polymerase -DNA gyrase

RNA polymerase

RNA splicing is a component of: - None of the other answer options is correct. - RNA translation. - RNA transcription. - RNA replication. - RNA processing.

RNA processing

Promoters of many genes have mostly adenines and thymines. What is the most likely reason for this high proportion of adenines and thymines? - RNA polymerases are better at incorporating uracils and thymines into RNA molecules than incorporating guanines and cytosines. - Accessory proteins, such as sigma factors or transcription factors, bind more easily to AT-rich sequences than to GC-rich sequences. - It is possible to create more unique sequences for recognition with adenines and thymines than with guanines and cytosines. - None of the other answer options is correct. - This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

Promoters of many genes have mostly adenines and thymines. What is the most likely reason for this high proportion of adenines and thymines? - RNA polymerases are better at incorporating uracils and thymines into RNA molecules than incorporating guanines and cytosines. - Accessory proteins, such as sigma factors or transcription factors, bind more easily to AT-rich sequences than to GC-rich sequences. - It is possible to create more unique sequences for recognition with adenines and thymines than with guanines and cytosines. - None of the other answer options is correct. - This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

Transcription and translation differ in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes in which of these ways? - Prokaryotic ribosomes are located inside their nuclei, and eukaryotic ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm. -None of these choices are correct. - Translation of prokaryotic mRNA can occur as the mRNA is being transcribed, which is not possible in eukaryotes. -Transcription of mRNA requires RNA polymerase in eukaryotes, but RNA polymerase is not required in prokaryotes.

Translation of prokaryotic mRNA can occur as the mRNA is being transcribed, which is not possible in eukaryotes.

In order to evaluate gene expression, a researcher needs to determine if a protein is produced from her gene of interest. TRUE OR FALSE

True

In the sequence 5'-AGGCCT-3', an available phosphate group would be found at the nucleotide labeled "A." TRUE OR FALSE

True

Many mutations in the protein coding sequence are detrimental to organisms that acquire them, but other mutations are beneficial and allow evolution of that species. True or False

True

Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. True or False

True

RNA catalysis can be selected in laboratory experiments. True or False

True

In transcription, the energy to attach each successive ribonucleotide to the growing RNA chain comes from: - cleavage of the 2' hydroxyl group on the ribose of the incoming nucleotide. - the RNA polymerase itself. - cleavage of the high-energy phosphate bonds of the growing transcript. - cleavage of the high-energy phosphate bonds of the incoming nucleotide.

cleavage of the high-energy phosphate bonds of the incoming nucleotide.

In order to test the effects of a new drug, you isolate the messenger RNA molecules from both treated and untreated eukaryotic cells and separate them according to size, using gel electrophoresis. In each lane of the gel, the shorter RNA molecules migrate more quickly through the gel and end up near the bottom of the gel, whereas the longer RNAs migrate more slowly and remain near the top. The samples that were loaded into each of the four lanes are: Lane 1: the primary RNA transcripts isolated from the nucleus of untreated cells Lane 2: the primary RNA transcripts isolated from the nucleus of cells treated with the drug being tested Lane 3: RNA isolated from the cytosol of untreated cells Lane 4: RNA isolated from the cytosol of cells treated with the drug being tested Which conclusion is most likely to be correct? - These results suggest that the drug digests DNA. - These results suggest that the drug inhibits post-translational processing of this gene. - These results suggest that the drug inhibits DNA replication. - These results suggest that the drug affects RNA processing. - These results suggest that the drug contains a protease that targets this gene product.

hese results suggest that the drug affects RNA processing.

Refer to the image. Where does the energy come from to add a uracil to the 3' end of a transcript? -the hydrolysis of a terminal phosphate from the incoming UTP molecule -the energy released by allowing the uracil to complementary base pair with an adjacent thymine - the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate from the incoming UTP molecule - the cell's supply of ATP -the hydrolysis of two phosphate groups from the incoming UTP molecule

the hydrolysis of two phosphate groups from the incoming UTP molecule