Biology Chapter 4

A, U

A binds with ______ and ________

10%

A certain DNA molecule is determined to have a guanine content of 40 percent. If a RNA molecule is synthesized from this particular DNA, what percentage of uracil will be in the RNA?

endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

hydroxyl

A nucleotide's 3' end has ____________________

phosphate

A nucleotide's 5' end has ____________________

complementary strand

A strand of RNA or DNA with a base sequence that forms via complementary base-pairing with the template strand

x-ray crystallography

A technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, by analysis of the diffraction patterns produced by X-rays beamed at crystals of the molecule

No. Catalytic activity in ribozymes depends on the tertiary structure generated from single-stranded molecules. Double-stranded nucleic acids do not form tertiary structures.

According to the RNA model, a ribosome would replicate by creating a double-stranded RNA intermediate. Would you expect the intermediate to have the same catalytic activity as the original ribozyme?

G

C binds with _____

phosphodiester linkage

Condensation reactions form a ___________________ ________________.

sequence, bases

DNA information is contained in the ______________ of the __________

Lack of the -OH group on each 2′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar decreases its reactivity. The double-stranded nature of the molecule increases its stability. The hydrophobic interior of DNA is difficult to disrupt due to hydrophobic bonding between the nonpolar nitrogenous bases that orient toward the center.

DNA is described as being far less capable of catalytic activity than RNA or protein. This can be attributed to which of these reasons?

stable, catalytic molecule

DNA is more _________ than RNA and is not a ____________ ___________

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stands for _________________________________

ribose

For nucleic acids to form on ancient Earth, you must have ________.

20%

If nucleotides from the DNA of a human were quantified and 30% of the were adenine, what percentage of guanine nucleotides would be present?

22

If the guanine content of a certain segment of double stranded DNA is 28 percent, what is the adenine content?

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called ____________________

endergonic, enzymes

Polymerization of nucleic acids is _______________. It also requires _______________.

catalize, replicate

RNA can ____________ and __________.

stable, RNA replicase

RNA isn't very _________ and isn't all ________ __________.

ribonucleic acid

RNA stands for _______________________

5 prime is a phosphate and 3 prime is a hydroxyl

Single strands of nucleic acids are directional, meaning that there are two different ends. What functional groups define the two different ends of a strand?

copied, monomers

The first "living molecule" would have to: -Provide a template that could be ___________ -Catalyze polymerization reactions that would link _____________

pyridimines

The number of purines equals ___________________

double helix

The secondary structure of DNA, consisting of two antiparallel DNA strands wound around each other.

DNA; single-stranded

This table gives the results of assays of percentages of bases from nucleic acids isolated from different sources. The nucleic acid from source 3 is ________ (DNA or RNA) and ________ (double stranded or single stranded).

It depends

Viruses are particles that infect cells. In some viruses, the genetic material consists of two strands of RNA, bonded together via complementary base pairing. Would these antiparallel strands form a double helix?

antiparallel configuration, double helix

Watson and Crick determined that DNA runs in an ______________ ________________ and forms a ____________ ___________

DNA and RNA

What are 2 types of nucleotides?

adenine and guanine

What are the 2 bases found in purines?

thymine, uracil, and cytosine

What are the 3 bases found in pyrimidines?

A, U, G, C

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

major and minor groove

What are the two grooves in DNA?

purines and pyrimidines

What are the two groups of nitrogenous bases?

the sequence of ribonucleotides

What determines the primary structure of RNA?

double phosphate backbone and no 2' hydroxyl

What is responsible for the increased stability of DNA compared to RNA?

sequences of bases in DNA

What is the primary structure of DNA?

four nitrogenous bases, sugar-phosphate backbone

What is the primary structure of RNA?

a sugar-phosphate backbone

What is the primary structure of a DNA molecule?

a double helix

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

temporary double helix, hairpin loop

What is the secondary structure of RNA?

ATCGATATC

What would be the sequence of the strand of DNA that is made from the following template: GATATCGAT

complementary pairing between bases is required for copying nucleic acids

Which of the following describes the synthesis of nucleic acids?

polymerization

_______________ allows two identical strands of DNA to be copied exactly

purines

a class of double ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides

pyrimidines

a class of single ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

ribosomes

a large macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins by using the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA; consists of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins

nucleic acids

a macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers; generally used by cells to store or transmit hereditary information; includes ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

nucleotides

a molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases; equivalent to a nucleoside plus one or more phosphate groups

adeonosine triphosphate (ATP)

a molecule consisting of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups that are linked together with covalent bonds that have high potential energy; universally used by cells as a monomer for RNA synthesis and to store and transfer chemical energy

deoxyribonucleotides

a nucleotide consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, one or more phosphates, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.

ribonucleotides

a nucleotide consisting of a ribose sugar, one or more phosphates, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.

hairpin loop

a secondary structure in RNA consisting of a loop of single-stranded RNA at the end of a double helix that is formed by complementary base pairing within the same strand

template strand

a strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand via complementary base-pairing

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

a usually single-stranded nucleic acid composed of ribonucleotides; functions as catalytic components of ribosomes (RNA), transporters of amino acids (tRNA), and messages of the DNA code required for protein synthesis (mRNA), among others

ribosyme

any RNA molecule that can act as a catalyst to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

phosphodiester linkage

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA. Forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide.

antiparallel

describes the opposite orientation of nucleic acid strands that are hydrogen-bonded to one another, with one strand running in the 5' to 3' direction and the other in the 3' to 5' direction

RNA world hypothesis

proposal that at a particular stage in the evolution of life, RNA both stored genetic information and catalyzed its own replication and that RNA emerged before DNA and proteins during chemical evolution.

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

complementary base pairing

the association between specific nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding; adenine pairs with thymine (DNA), or uracil (RNA), and guanine pairs with cytosine