Biology Chapter 4 Study Guide

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Can you match the characteristics with the correct organelle?

Chloroplast - organelle of photosynthesis - produces O2 as a waste product -contains thylakoids - found only in plant cells and some algae -converts solar energy to chemical energy Mitochondrion - produces CO2 as a waste product - found in both animal cells and plant cells -harvests chemical energy from food -organelle of cellular respiration

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer very serious problems after being infected with COVID-19?

an 82-year-old man with diabetes

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.

chloroplasts; mitochondria

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton.

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

Identify Structure A.

glycoprotein

A large proportion of seriously ill COVID-19 patients are presenting with which of the following strange combination of symptoms?

low oxygen levels and healthy lungs

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosome

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.

molecules moving freely past one another

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

Drag the correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the cell.

plant cell wall- strong protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?

presence of a cell wall

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes.

In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

Can you match the structures with their descriptions?

1. DNA is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information. RNA is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses. 3. The nucleus is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it houses most of a cell's DNA. 4. The nuclear envelope is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm. 5. A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a nuclear pore. 6. The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the nucleolus. 7. Chromosomes are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.

Drag the organelles to the appropriate bins.

Animal cells only lysosome Plant cells only chloroplast cell wall central vacuole Both animal and plant cells plasma membrane mitochondria Golgi apparatus nucleus endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosomes

Antibiotic resistance is increasingly prevalent in clinically important bacterial pathogens. Which of these methods represents the most recent innovation in searching for new antibiotics to replace those that have been rendered ineffective by the spread of antibiotic resistance?

Direct cultivation and screening of natural soil bacteria within the soil itself.

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus

Drag the correct label under each cell structure to identify whether it is found only in animal cells, only in plant cells, or in both types of cells. Labels can be used once or more than once.

Lysosome- animal not plant cell wall- plant not animal nucleus- both cloroplast- plant not animal ER- BOTH

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

RNA processing

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

Which three statements may correctly explain why the population size increases after time point C?

The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population. Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria.

The figure shows an idealized animal cell and plant cell. Can you identify the structures?

a- nucleus b- mitochondria c- endoplasmic reticulum d- plasma membrane e- golgi apparatus f- central vacuole g- cell wall h- chloroplast

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.

endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome

A COVID-19 patient is put on a ventilator. What is the goal of this?

increase blood oxygen

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.

mRNA

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What is the function of Structure E?

stabilization of the phospholipids

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?

vacuole ... storage

Can you identify the major theme illustrated by each of the following examples? If necessary, you may review the themes in Chapter 1 of your book.

- If you think of the cell as a factory, then the nucleus is its control center. Here, the master plans are stored and orders are given. Information flow - Because genes that increase resistance to cholera offer a survival advantage where the disease is common, those genes have slowly spread through the Bangladeshi population over the past 30,000 years. Evolution - Most of the living world depends on photosynthesis, which harnesses light from the sun to produce sugar molecules. Pathways that transform energy and matter - Surrounding the plasma membrane of most prokaryotic cells is a rigid cell wall, which protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. Relationship of structure to function

Can you label the structures of a plant cell?

A- central vacuole B- cell wall c- chloroplast d- golgi apparatus e- smooth endoplasmic f- rough endoplasmic recticulum (er) g- nucleus h- mitochondrion

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

You are a virologist working on a treatment for COVID-19 for patients whose condition deteriorates after 7 days. Because it's the response that appears to kick off a cascade of events, which of the following should you try to control?

inflammation

Identify Structure D.

phospholipid bilayer of membrane

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane; cell wall

Which time point on the graph shows when the antibiotic was first added?

b

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion.

Researchers discover a unique protein in the blood of COVID-19 patients suffering from blood clots throughout the body. Which of the following have they discovered?

disease biomarker

A plant cell has a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, absorbs water, and contains poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. This compartment is the _____.

central vacuole

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall