Biology Chapter 6 10th grade

Nucleus

Center of an atom, contains neutrons and protons.

Chemical Change

Change from one substance to a new substance - chemical makeup changes to a new and different substance. Example: iron rusting, wood burning to ashes

Physical Change

Changes from one state of matter to another chemical makeup stays the same. Example: ice to water to steam. All 3 states are H2O

Mixture

Combination of two or more different substances in which each substance keeps it individual characteristics, can have a uniform composition (homogenous) or have distinct areas of substances (heterogeneous)

Nucleic Acid

Complex macromolecule that stores and communicate genetic information.

Molecule

Compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds.

Amino Acid

Carbon compound joined by peptide bonds, building block of protein.

Macromolecules

Large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Activation Energy

Minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

Enzyme

Protein that speed up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction.

Solution

Homogeneous mixture formed when a substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent)

Protons

Positively charged particles in an atoms nucleus.

Acid

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolve in water, an acid solution has a PH less than 7

Base

Substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, a basic solution has a PH greater than 7.

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy.

Plasma

This state occurs when the temperature of a gas becomes so high the gas particles break apart into their electrically charged pieces. Examples: outer layers of stars, flame of a fire, electricity, and lighting.

Isotope

Two or more atoms of the same elements having different numbers of neutrons.

Convalent Bond

Type of chemical bond formed when atoms shared electrons

Hydrogen Bond

Weak electrostatic bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom.

Neutrons

Particles without a charge in an atoms nucleus

What is a mixture

A mixture occurs when 2 or more elements are combined together with no chemical change taking place.

How do substances change from one state of matter to another?

A substance can change from one state to the other, if it's particles activity and spacing are changed.

Nucleotide

A subunit of nucleic acid for medicine from a simple sugar a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Neutrons

Are also in the nucleus and are neutral or have no charge

Protons

Are located in the nucleus and have a positive charge

Ions

Atoms that is negatively or positively charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons.

Vander waals force

Attractive forces between molecules

Atom

Building block of matter, contains subatomic particles neutrons, protons, and electrons.

Ionic bonds

Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms.

Chemical Reaction

Energy requiring process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different substance.

Activation Energy

Energy used to convert potential energy into kinetic and potential energy are closely related and can be change into one. Example: cranking car.

Lipid

Hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen, fats, oils, and waxes are these?

Collid

Is a gelatinous substance in which one or more solids are dispersed through a liquid. Example: mayonnaise and cytoplasm.

PH

Is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

Solution

Is a mixture in which are substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent - usually liquid) Example: koolaid

Suspension

Is a mixture involving larger particles which will eventually settle the bottom. Example: orange juice

Potential Energy

Is energy they had the ability to do work or cause change but is not actively being used, chemical or stored energy. Example: uncranked car

Ionic Bonds

Join atoms due to the transfer of electrons from one atoms to another. Example: is the formation of sodium chloride. (Table salt)

Covalent Bonds

Join atoms together as the atoms share electrons to fill their outer energy levels. Example: Water, molecules form by covalent bonding.

Polymer

Large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds linked by convalescing bonds.

PH

Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Buffer

Mixture that can react with an acid or base to maintain the PH within a specific range.

Polar Molecule

Molecule with oppositely charged regions.

Electrons

Negatively charged particle that occupies space around an atom's nucleus.

Electrons

Orbit the nucleus within energy levels and have a negative charge.

Carbohydrate

Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.

Protein

Organic compound made of amino acid joined by peptide bonds; primary building block of organism.

Solids

Particles have a definite shape and volume; the particles are packed close together and vibrate slowly but constantly. Example: ice and bones

Gases

Particles have no definite shape and no definite volume, particles move much more freely and rapidly causing the particles to be spaced so far apart that most gases are invisible. Example: water vapor )steam) and oxygen.

Liquids

Particles have no definite shapes but have a definite volume; particles have a greater space between them and vibrate move actively and freely; they flow and take the shape of their container. Example: water & blood

Elements

Pure substance composed of only one type of atom; cannot be broken down into another substance by physical or chemical means.

Compounds

Pure substance with unique properties formed when two or more different elements combine.

PH scale

Range from 0-14 with 7 being neutral. Substances below 7 are acidic and above 7 are basic.

Substrate

Reactants to which an enzyme binds.

Active Site

Specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme.

Product

Substance formed by a chemical reaction located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation.

Solvent

Substance in which another substance is dissolved

Reactants

Substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts, located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion or action. It is actually doing work or causing change. Example: moving car