Biology Chapter 7

After 17.1 thousand years, what percentage of the original carbon-14 would be left in an organism's remains?

12.5%

How long ago were the organisms that produced the oldest fossil records alive?

3.5 billion years

When did the first life appear on the planet?

3.5 billion years ago

7.8-How old is the planet Earth

4.6 billion years old

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.

A common ancestor and all it's decendents

Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action?

All are evidence for evolution; Mosquitos becoming resistant to pesticides, Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time, and the different domesticated dog breeds customized for our needs.

What is an adaptation?

All of the Above; A specialized feature, The result of natural selection, The accumulation of favorable traits over time

Which of the following was a scientist around the time of Charles Darwin?

All of the above were scientist. Wallace, Lamarck, and Lyell.

Which of the following are examples of macroevolution?

All of the above; Mass Extinctions, Creation of new species, and Evolution of novel biological features.

Which of the following are considered fossils?

All of the above; Mineralized bones, Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone, Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber.

7.5- Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

All of the above; The comparison of body structures in modern organisms, The comparison of DNA sequences in different organisms, The study of the geographic distribution of species on Earth.

What is he leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosours?

An asteroid impact

Cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and kohlrabi are all the same species of plant. What is responsible for the differences in these vegetables?

Artificial Selection

7.3- Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

What is the name for the study of the geogrpahic distribution of species?

Biogeography

Sixty-five million years ago, approximately 50% of all species became extinct, including dinosaurs. This is the largest mass extinction in the fossil record.

Cenozoic

Today, we are in the________ geologic era

Cenozoic

Which of the following best defines microevolution?

Changes in genes within a population over time.

7.12-Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

Domain

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

Domain Eukarya

7.13- Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?

Extinct Species

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

7.7- The evolution of populations due to chance is

Genetic Drift

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with _______

Genetics

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?

Genus

What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution?

How many offspring an individual produces

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?

Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.

How might global warming result in most grizzly bears having fur that is less dense in the future.

In any population of bears, some have thick fur, and some have thin fur, and some are in between. As the the temps increase the thin fur bears population will increase, as the thick fur bears will decrease.

7.1- How did Darwin's Ideas on evolution conflict with contemporary religious dogma.

In contrast to biblical teaching, Darwin argued that the earth was very old, and that species are constantly changing.

Natural Selection acts on ______, and ________ evolve.

Individuals; populations

7.6- What defines a population in evolution?

Interbreeding members of the same species that share a common space.

In older classification schemes, the group called Reptilia was defined as consisting of lizards, turtles, and snakes. Birds were separated into the group called Aves. Why is Aves not a clade?

It does not include the reptiles

Which characteristic would NOT be advantageous for organisms in the million years after a catastrophic asteroid impact?

Large body size

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?

No

7.9- Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?

Nonbranching Evolution

7.4- In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers closer to the top.

Older

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

7.2- Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources.

The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________.

Plate tectonics

All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.

Prokaryotes are in two different domains

The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Which of these kingdoms includes members that are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme?

Protists

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ____________.

Survive and reproduce

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?

That species were permanent and unchanging.

According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?

The Asiatic Black Bear

Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of

The contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals.

Which of the following statement is correct regarding the phylogenetic tree above?

The polar bear and the brown bear are the most recently evolved species.

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

The population

What is radiometric dating?

The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes

What is the core theme that unifies all of biology?

The theory of evolution by natural selection.

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it?

Wallace, a colleague, was about to publish a similar manuscript.

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

comparative anatomy

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift

has more effect on evolution of a small population

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,

the frequency of the green allele will increase

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.

these two species are very closely related.