Biology Chapter 9 Review
Good thing to know
An energy pyramid illustrates that energy available for consumers decreases as it travels through a food chain. Only about 10 percent of the energy in one trophic level passes onto the next. The energy is lost as plants and animals use the energy for life processes and it transforms into heat.
Organisms that are able to make their own food are know as _______?
Autotrophs
2 types of organisms
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
In addition to fungi, what other organism is responsible for returning nutrients to an environment by break down decaying matter?
Bacteria
Nitrogen
Bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and it to the soil where it is used by plants.
Decomposer
Break down organic matter.
A seal in the arctic feeds on fish and penguins. What type of consumer is the seal?
Carnivore
What is the result of Primary and secondary succession?
Climax community
Mushrooms are an example of what?
Decomposer
Secondary Consumers
Secondary Consumers are animals that eat animals. Many are omnivores, meaning that they eat both plants and animals.
Food chains
Show one path of how energy moves through an ecosystem.
Water cycle
The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.
What are pioneer species?
The first organisms to grow in a new environment.
Autotrophs
(Producers) Get their energy from the sun through a process called photosynthesis.
Food chain Limited
-Most food chains consist of no more than 4 transfers. -There's not enough energy left to add another "link" to the chain. -Only 10% of an organisms energy goes to the next trophic level.
Heterotrophs
(Consumers) Made up of herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers, and scavengers.
A habitat consists of grasses, beetles, lizards, and owls. If 57,000 kcal is available to the producers, how much energy is available to the secondary consumers?
570 kcal
If 65,000 kcal are available in the producers trophic level, how much energy is available to the secondary consumers?
650 kcal
Approximately what percentage of energy in a trophic level is lost as heat and other life processes?
90%
Which organism out of a tiger, a human, a mushroom, and a tree is an omnivore?
A human
What is a climax community?
A mature and stable community of plants and animals. This is reached towards the end of succession?
Which is a producer? A palm tree or A mushroom
A palm tree
Omnivors
Eats both plants and animals.
Carnivors
Eats only meat.
Herbivors
Eats only plants.
Scavengers
Eats the dead animals.
What is the name of the model we use to show the flow of energy through trophic levels in an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
The 4 pyramids
Energy, number, biomass, and toxins.
Examples of secondary succession.
Fire, farming, hurricanes.
Primary Succession
Formation of a brand new ecosystem. (No soil)
A habitat consists of grass, grasshoppers, frogs, and snakes. Which group would be considered the secondary consumer?
Frogs
2 types of organisms that break down dead or decaying material
Fungi and bacteria
_____ is another name for a consumer.
Heterotroph
A habitat consists of fruit trees, ladybugs, lizards, and hawks. Which group would be considered the primary consumer?
Ladybugs
Examples of Primary Succession.
Lava, rock, eroded island.
Pioneer species in primary succession.
Lichens, mosses. (They make soil)
Biotic
Living
Abiotic
Non-living
What is the name of the process that producers use to make their own food?
Photosynthesis
Oxygen, carbon, d
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Carbon
Plants take in carbon dioxide, from carbohydrates, and are eaten by another living creature.
What are the two types of Ecological successions?
Primary and Secondary
Primary Consumers
Primary consumers are animals that eat plants. They are called "primary" because they are the first level of consumers.
Which trophic level in an ecosystem contains the most available energy?
Producers
Producers
Producers transform energy from the sun into large amount of chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.
What is secondary succession?
Recovery of an old ecosystem. (Soil present)
Carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again.
Ecological succession
The process of change of ecological change in an ecosystem where one community is replaced by another community overtime.
Nitrogen cycle
The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.
Tertiary Consumers
Top predators are animals that eat secondary consumers. They are at the top of the food chain.
Water
Water cools, condenses, forms clouds, and falls as rain or snow.
Pioneer species of secondary succession.
Weeds, grasses.