Biology Chapters 39, 40, & 41 Exam

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is _____.

160 mm Hg

How long do human red blood cells circulate in the blood before they wear out and have to be replaced?

3 to 4 months

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.

4,900 mL/minute

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10 percent and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is _____.

40 mm Hg

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____.

5000 mL

Lymph hearts are pumping structures that drive lymph through the lymphatic system, returning it to the circulatory system at the large veins entering the heart. Researchers examined rate and strength of pumping of lymph hearts in two species of amphibians, a toad (Bufo marinus) and a frog (Rana catesbiana). During hemorrhage or dehydration, the volume of blood in the circulatory system falls. (E. A. DeGrauw and S. S. Hillman. 2004. General function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in Bufo marinus and Rana catesbiana. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4):594-600.) Refer to the paragraph on lymph hearts. What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have first?

Blood volume would increase

Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers?

Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and coughing is the remaining way to clean the lungs.

Which of these statements about erythrocytes is true?

Erythrocytes are shaped like biconcave disks

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation

Which of the following statements regarding blood pressure is false?

Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic pressure above 120 and/or diastolic above 80.

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing sphincters in the walls of arterioles III) adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins

I, II, and III

Which of the following statements regarding breathing and circulation in insects is false?

Terrestrial animals such as insects spend much more energy than aquatic animals to ventilate their respiratory surfaces

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause less movement of carbonic acid toward carbon dioxide production and are used as a prophylactic treatment of altitude sickness. Altitude sickness occurs when a hiker ascends to altitudes where the density of oxygen is low. How does this decrease the symptoms of high altitude sickness?

The excess bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine and the resulting increase in blood acidity leads to an increase in ventilation

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.

a closed circulatory system

You are a physician, and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise. You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. What is the most likely cause?

abnormal carbonic anhydrase

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

alveoli

Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?

always more

Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of greater than 260 mm Hg is likely to be _____.

an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain

What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?

an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood

The largest blood vessel in the human body is the

aorta

Most CO2 is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways?

attached to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions

Which of the following animals requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size?

bear

In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills,

blood and water flow in opposite directions

An adult human's red blood cells are formed in the

bone marrow

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

capillary

Which kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity?

capillary

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____.

carbon dioxide

Air leaving human lungs during exhalation contains

carbon dioxide and unused oxygen

Which of the following is the cause of more than half of all deaths in the United States?

cardiovascular disease

Adaptation to terrestrial life required major evolutionary changes. The change from gill breathing to lung breathing was accompanied by important changes in the

cardiovascular system

Plasma proteins are involved in all of the following activities except

carrying oxygen

Labored breathing, coughing, lung infections, and respiratory failure are characteristics defining

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Inhalation in humans is achieved by

contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles

Although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors, they both have a four-chambered heart. This is the result of

convergent evolution

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____.

diffusion

Cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose purpose is to

engulf foreign particles

The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the fish's ability to

extract oxygen from the water

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____.

four-chambered heart

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance from a circulatory system for gas exchange?

grasshopper

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____.

higher PO2

An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____.

increase its binding of H+

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____.

increased activity of the immune system

What is the most common cause of anemia?

iron deficiency

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of _____.

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?

medulla oblongata

Which of the following cells are phagocytes?

monocytes and neutrophils

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to

obtain energy from their food

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____.

pH

Which part of this figure depicts a pulmonary artery?

part C (tube going into the lung)

The function of passageways for gas exchange in birds is to

permit one-way ventilation of the lungs

During gas exchange, body cells

release CO2 and take up O2

When you exhale, you

remove CO2 from the body

The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the

respiratory surface

Which of the following animals has a single circuit of blood flow and two heart chambers?

salmon

The location of the heart's pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the

sinoatrial node

Which of the following can contribute to high blood pressure?

smoking

In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ________ just before entering the right atrium

superior vena cava

In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to

the heart

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from

the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin because

they have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates

Flying insects typically _____.

utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscle

Using a stethoscope, you listen to a beating heart and hear "lub-dup, lub-dup." These sounds are created by

valves in the heart closing

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases? The amount of oxygen in _____.

venous blood would decrease

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the

vital capacity

Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O2?

warm salt water

The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air.

pharynx

The liquid part of blood is called

plasma

At which point(s) in the figure is blood oxygen-rich?

points D and E

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

Which of the following statements regarding circulation is true?

A standing giraffe requires a great deal more pressure to pump blood to its head than an animal with a shorter neck

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow. Ron and Tiffany are studying circulatory system function. They designed an experiment to test whether the diameter of a tube would affect the rate of flow through the tube. They ran water from a large container through five tubes with different diameters for exactly 30 seconds for each tube. They measured the volume of liquid that passed through the tube in the 30-second period. They tested each tube three times and poured the water back into the container after each test. The results of the experiment are shown in the following table. Which statement best summarizes the results of the experiment?

The larger the tube diameter, the greater the flow volume

Which of the following statements about mammalian circulatory systems is false?

The left side of a mammal's heart sends blood to the lungs

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure

Evolutionary movement of aquatic vertebrates to land involved an intermediate individual that

had both gills and lungs

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____.

has more oxygen than seawater

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

have a high ratio of body surface area to volume

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow. Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water, but live on land as adults. The adults of many species also return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for one hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. If you could alter the shape of a frog so that it was long and thin instead of compact, the frog's oxygen transfer efficiency would

increase, because the frog would have more surface area in relation to body volume

Myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack,

is the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because

it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that

it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet.

The two basic types of circulatory systems that have evolved over time are

open and closed

After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow. Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water, but live on land as adults. The adults of many species also return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for one hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. From the data in the table, it's reasonable to conclude that

oxygen consumption per gram of body weight is the same for all tested species

What would be the consequences if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, the out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would _____.

reduce efficiency of gas exchange

What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

Gills are unsuitable for animals living on land because

the large surface area of gills would allow dehydration of the animal

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____.

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the

toxins in the smoke

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

transporting nutrients to body cells

Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans?

warming inhaled air

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _____.

water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions